AFRICA163.43

Clock Buddy #1What do you already know about Africa?What do you want to learn about Africa?

Did You Know?2nd largest continent in the worldOne-fifth of Earths land surfaceEarliest evidence of human beings

Africas Geography

Clock Buddy #2Based on the geography of Africa, predict how this may have affected the development of early African societies.

Environmental Challenge #1:DESERTS: Sahara (North Africa) Kalahari (South Africa)

The Geography of Africa

The Geography of Africa

Environmental Challenge #2:RAIN FOREST:UninhabitableBreeding ground for insects and disease

Positive Environmental Factor:SAVANNA:Grassy plains; 2 dry seasons & 2 rainy seasons per yearSupport abundant agricultural production

The Geography of Africa

Clock Buddy #3Have you ever had to move or did someone close to you move? Why did you/they move?

Analyze the factors (push/pull)that cause people to move and what determines the new location to which they move.

Bantu-speaking Africans in early Nigeria started migrating around 500BCMoved south and eastSpread their language and culture

People on the Move

Reasons for migration:Slash and Burn FarmingOverpopulation and search for more land

People on the Move

Africa: The Influence of Trade

Clock Buddy #4Do you have a good friend? Why are you friends?

What tends to happen when you start hanging around the same person for a long time?

Located on Red Sea in present day EthiopiaThrough trade (ivory!) Aksum (350AD) absorbed many elements of Roman culture, including Christianity

East Africa: Early Kingdom of Aksum

East Africa: Coastal Trade CitiesBantu-speaking people established coastal villagesMuslim and Persian traders settled in port cities around 639ADSwahili was formed: blended language of Bantu and ArabicBlending of religions of Christianity, Islam and traditional beliefs

Clock Buddy #5Have you ever traded with someone for something? What factors are necessary for a mutually successful trade?

How do scarcity and abundance affect trade?

GhanaMaliSonghaiWest Africa: The Gold-Salt Kingdoms

All 3 kingdoms controlled the GOLD-SALT trade at some point in time Occurred in west Africa near the northern part of the Niger RiverThe Gold-Salt Trade

Although rich in gold, West Africas savanna & rain forests LACKED saltFortunately, the Sahara Desert contained large deposits of salt

The Gold-Salt Trade

Arab traders crossed the Sahara with SALT, cloth & manufactured goodsWest African traders collected gold from the forested regions

The Gold-Salt Trade

The Gold-Salt TradeMet in trading cities where they would exchange goods

(AD 500 to 1200)

Ghana: The Trading Kingdom

Ghana: The Trading KingdomGhana had many resources, but its location delayed its development as a trading empireProblems:No sea accessBlocked by the Sahara

Ghana: The Trading KingdomEventually Arab traders from North Africa learned how to cross the Sahara DesertAllowed Ghana to participate in the Gold-Salt Trade

Impact of Gold-Salt Trade:Introduction of Islam (though it was never fully adopted)Increase in wealth due to TAXES on trade

Ghana: The Trading Kingdom

Ghana: The Trading KingdomGhanas wealth enabled the kingdom to build a large armyUsed to:Conquer neighboring regionsCapture people to sell as slaves to Muslim traders

Ghanas Decline:War with a nearby kingdom weakened Ghanas empireLed to internal division & eventual declineGhana: The Trading Kingdom

The Kingdom of Mali (AD 1235 to 1400)

After Ghanas decline, no one kingdom controlled the Gold-Salt TradeConsequently the Gold-Salt Trade experienced a declineThe Kingdom of Mali

In 1230 Mali rose to power on the same territoryQuickly expanded to the Atlantic Ocean under the rule of SundiataGained control of the Gold-Salt Trade

The Kingdom of Mali

Clock Buddy #6What can you infer about Mansa Musa in this picture?

The Kingdom of MaliMansa Musa is often considered the greatest ruler of MaliUnder Mansa Musas Reign: Mali, like Ghana, became very wealthy due to its control of the Gold-Salt Trade

Mansa Musa & Religion:Was a devout MuslimIn 1324 made a pilgrimage to Mecca Led to MANY changes in MaliThe Kingdom of Mali

Mansa Musa built mosques, schools & libraries where people could study IslamAs a result Timbuktu, the capital city, became a cultural center for IslamThe Kingdom of Mali

Malis Decline:Weak rulers after Mansa Musa Internal & external problemsIn 1433 Timbuktu was capturedDECLINE!The Kingdom of Mali

The Kingdom of Songhai (1450 to 1600)

Sunni Ali:Conquered the cities of Mali, including Timbuktu Expanded the empire to include most of the West African savanna

The Kingdom of Songhai

The Kingdom of SonghaiSonghai entered a Golden Age under Askia MuhammadAskia Muhammad & Religion:Songhais first Muslim leader

The Kingdom of SonghaiIn order to demonstrate his commitment to Islam Muhammad made a pilgrimage to Mecca

The Kingdom of SonghaiDuring this time Muhammad made contact with North African traders & the Gold-Salt Trade was once again resumed with Songhai having complete control

The Kingdom of SonghaiAskia Muhammad & Government:Divided Songhai into 5 provinces, each with its own government, tax collector, court & trade inspector VERY EFFICIENT!Laws based on the Koran

Clock Buddy #7Conclude: Describe 3 factors that influenced the development of early African societies