America and America and World War IIWorld War II

APUSHAPUSH

Mr. McElhaneyMr. McElhaney

AP OutlineAP Outline 21. The Second World 21. The Second World

WarWar The rise of fascism and The rise of fascism and

militarism in Japan, Italy, militarism in Japan, Italy, and Germany and Germany

Prelude to war: policy of Prelude to war: policy of neutrality neutrality

The attack on Pearl HarborThe attack on Pearl Harbor and United States and United States declaration of war declaration of war

Fighting a multi-front war Fighting a multi-front war Diplomacy, war aims, and Diplomacy, war aims, and

wartime conferences wartime conferences The United States as a The United States as a

global power in the Atomic global power in the Atomic Age Age

22. The Home Front 22. The Home Front During the WarDuring the War

Wartime mobilization of Wartime mobilization of the economy the economy

Urban migration and Urban migration and demographic changes demographic changes

Women, work, and family Women, work, and family during the war during the war

Civil liberties and civil Civil liberties and civil rights during wartime rights during wartime

War and regional War and regional development development

Expansion of government Expansion of government powerpower

Terms to Terms to KnowKnow

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles Good Neighbor PolicyGood Neighbor Policy Buenos Aires Conference, 1936Buenos Aires Conference, 1936 Washington Naval Conference, 1922Washington Naval Conference, 1922 Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928 Stimson DoctrineStimson Doctrine Trade Agreements ActTrade Agreements Act Election of 1940Election of 1940 Axis Alliance, Axis Alliance, MussoliniMussolini, Hitler, Hitler Appeasement/Munich Agreement Appeasement/Munich Agreement Lend-Lease Act, 1941Lend-Lease Act, 1941 German-Soviet Non-Aggression PactGerman-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact Selective Training and Service ActSelective Training and Service Act Tripartite Pact Tripartite Pact Maginot LineMaginot Line Battle of Britain/ Operation Sea LionBattle of Britain/ Operation Sea Lion Atlantic Charter, 1941Atlantic Charter, 1941 Hideki Tojo/Japan, Hideki Tojo/Japan, China, EmbargoChina, Embargo War Powers ActWar Powers Act Charles A. Lindbergh (1930s)Charles A. Lindbergh (1930s) America First CommitteeAmerica First Committee Reciprocal Trade Agreements, Reciprocal Trade Agreements,

1934-19401934-1940 Europe then JapanEurope then Japan Mobilization, National War Labor Mobilization, National War Labor

Board Board Japanese-American Internment, Japanese-American Internment,

Korematsu v. USKorematsu v. US

War in the PacificWar in the Pacific War in Africa, EuropeWar in Africa, Europe Eisenhower,Eisenhower, Second FrontSecond Front, D-Day, , D-Day,

Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (G.I. Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (G.I.

Bill) Bill) Neutrality Acts, 1935-1940Neutrality Acts, 1935-1940 Four Freedoms SpeechFour Freedoms Speech Rosie the Riveter,Rosie the Riveter, War Production War Production

BoardBoard African Americans in WarAfrican Americans in War Tuskegee Airmen, Tuskegee Airmen, Phillip RandolphPhillip Randolph Holocaust and Jewish Holocaust and Jewish Wartime ConferencesWartime Conferences

CasablancaCasablanca CairoCairo TeheranTeheran QuebecQuebec YaltaYalta PotsdamPotsdam

Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project Robert Oppenheimer Robert Oppenheimer Los Alamos, Alamogordo Los Alamos, Alamogordo Harry S. TrumanHarry S. Truman Decision to drop bomb, NagasakiDecision to drop bomb, Nagasaki Marshall PlanMarshall Plan Iron CurtainIron Curtain

Questions- Pre-World Questions- Pre-World War II War II

Basic questions you should be able to answer:Basic questions you should be able to answer: How does the US public respond to Japanese, How does the US public respond to Japanese,

Italian, and German militarism and aggression in Italian, and German militarism and aggression in the 1930’s?the 1930’s?

Was it inevitable that the United States was going Was it inevitable that the United States was going to join the War? to join the War?

How does the Roosevelt administration try to stay How does the Roosevelt administration try to stay out of the growing conflicts in Europe and Asia out of the growing conflicts in Europe and Asia and what finally pushes the US into the conflict?and what finally pushes the US into the conflict?

How was FDR’s “Good Neighbor” policy a How was FDR’s “Good Neighbor” policy a departure for American politicians since the departure for American politicians since the 1890’s?1890’s?

Quiz 3-13Quiz 3-13

Respond to two of the following:Respond to two of the following:

1.1. How did FDR reinforce the policy How did FDR reinforce the policy toward Latin America begun by the toward Latin America begun by the Hoover administration?Hoover administration?

2.2. Explain how the Stimson Doctrine is Explain how the Stimson Doctrine is applied in relation to China.applied in relation to China.

3.3. What action does Congress take in What action does Congress take in an effort to support American an effort to support American neutrality?neutrality?

United States Status United States Status After WWIAfter WWI After WWI US is considered After WWI US is considered IsolationistIsolationist by many, by many,

because of the desire to stay out of international because of the desire to stay out of international politics (not a member of League of Nations…politics (not a member of League of Nations…Wilson and Republicans)Wilson and Republicans)

Few international treaties:Few international treaties: Washington Naval Conference- Washington Naval Conference- limits naval armamentslimits naval armaments Kellogg-Briand Pact-outlaws warKellogg-Briand Pact-outlaws war Dawes Plan- Dawes Plan- reorganizes German WWI debt paymentsreorganizes German WWI debt payments Trade drives American motivesTrade drives American motives Reduction of interference in Reduction of interference in Latin America Latin America (Good (Good

Neighbor)Neighbor) Above all- popular opinion in US is to stay out of Above all- popular opinion in US is to stay out of

foreign wars!foreign wars!

FDR and Foreign AffairsFDR and Foreign Affairs Similar to Wilson, FDR wanted to use power to Similar to Wilson, FDR wanted to use power to

maintain ordermaintain order Moral and just principlesMoral and just principles However, must abide by public opinion which is However, must abide by public opinion which is

IsolationistIsolationist InterventionistInterventionist

Appoints Appoints Cordell HullCordell Hull as Secretary of State as Secretary of State Basic views:Basic views:

Isolation is not a lasting policyIsolation is not a lasting policy Technology impacts distance of oceansTechnology impacts distance of oceans Important to maintain American interests Important to maintain American interests

Reciprocal Reduction of Tariffs- will help the Reciprocal Reduction of Tariffs- will help the economy= countries that reduce tariffs, US will economy= countries that reduce tariffs, US will also reduce tariffs= more trade for both partnersalso reduce tariffs= more trade for both partners

““Good Neighbor” PolicyGood Neighbor” Policy FDR wanted to continue the cordial relations FDR wanted to continue the cordial relations

with the world and Latin America in particularwith the world and Latin America in particular Continued attempt begun with HooverContinued attempt begun with Hoover Cooperation and non-interventionistCooperation and non-interventionist Example: 1933 Montevideo International Example: 1933 Montevideo International

Conference- UruguayConference- Uruguay Repudiated the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Repudiated the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe

Doctrine Doctrine Withdrew troops from HaitiWithdrew troops from Haiti Did not send troops to CubaDid not send troops to Cuba 1936 FDR visited Buenos Aires, arranged 1936 FDR visited Buenos Aires, arranged

meeting of LA nations supporting peace meeting of LA nations supporting peace movementmovement

Mussolini-Italian Right Mussolini-Italian Right Wing DictatorWing Dictator

Came to power in 1922 Came to power in 1922 Fascisti De Combatamento. (Fascist)Fascisti De Combatamento. (Fascist) Right Wing, anti-Socialist and CommunistRight Wing, anti-Socialist and Communist Wanted greatness like the Roman Empire Wanted greatness like the Roman Empire

for Italyfor Italy Repressive but not too extreme- (no Repressive but not too extreme- (no

concentration camps)concentration camps) NationalistNationalist Invades Somalia (1935) and Ethiopia in Invades Somalia (1935) and Ethiopia in

19361936

Haile SelassieHaile Selassie Ethiopian Emperor-Ethiopian Emperor- Condemned the Condemned the

invasion of his country in the invasion of his country in the League of NationsLeague of Nations

This was a perfect example of the This was a perfect example of the failure of the League- no way to failure of the League- no way to enforce peace- beyond economic enforce peace- beyond economic sanctionssanctions

Haile SelassieHaile Selassie is regarded as the is regarded as the Messiah of the African race by Messiah of the African race by followers of the Rastafarian followers of the Rastafarian movement. The word ''Rastafarian'' movement. The word ''Rastafarian'' comes from Selassie's pre-comes from Selassie's pre-coronation name, Ras Tafari. coronation name, Ras Tafari.

Hitler Rises to PowerHitler Rises to Power

Germany has problemsGermany has problems Economic DepressionEconomic Depression Conflict with Socialist/Communists Conflict with Socialist/Communists

against Right Wing Groups- Nazis are one against Right Wing Groups- Nazis are one groupgroup

Nazis gain significant power in Reichstag Nazis gain significant power in Reichstag (German legislature) 1933 and Hitler (German legislature) 1933 and Hitler ascends to Chancellor (similar to Prime ascends to Chancellor (similar to Prime Minister-executive branch)Minister-executive branch)

Factors that Contributed to Factors that Contributed to Hitler’s RiseHitler’s Rise

Economic depressionEconomic depression Treaty of Versailles (Peace Treaty Treaty of Versailles (Peace Treaty

Germany and Allies World War I)Germany and Allies World War I) Striped Germany of land (East Prussia, Danzig Striped Germany of land (East Prussia, Danzig

and empire)and empire) Striped Germany of military, navy, air forceStriped Germany of military, navy, air force Allies had a right to intervene (Saar Basin Allies had a right to intervene (Saar Basin

Rhineland, many resources)Rhineland, many resources) German had to take explicit blame for the warGerman had to take explicit blame for the war Pay War RepartitionsPay War Repartitions

Socialists/Communists vs Right Wing Socialists/Communists vs Right Wing groups were fighting for controlgroups were fighting for control

Created conditions for popularity of Nazis Created conditions for popularity of Nazis for some German votersfor some German voters

Hitler and HindenburgHitler and Hindenburg

New Chancellor and Old President of New Chancellor and Old President of Weimar RepublicWeimar Republic

Hitler-Once in PowerHitler-Once in Power Hitler vows to make Germany great againHitler vows to make Germany great again To “Claim its rightful place in the Sun.”To “Claim its rightful place in the Sun.” Reichstag fire = Hitler has emergency powersReichstag fire = Hitler has emergency powers Hitler begins to implement his plan- (found in Hitler begins to implement his plan- (found in

his book his book Mein KampfMein Kampf)) Rearm GermanyRearm Germany Unite the GermanUnite the German people in one country (all people in one country (all

German speaking people; German speaking people; 1938 1938 Anschluss-Anschluss- politicalpolitical unity between Austria and Germany, later unity between Austria and Germany, later (Sudetenland) Czechoslovakia and East Prussia (Sudetenland) Czechoslovakia and East Prussia (part of Poland) (part of Poland)

Ethnically CleanseEthnically Cleanse German Territory (all non- German Territory (all non-Aryan…Jews, Gypsies) Aryan…Jews, Gypsies)

Expand East “Expand East “LebensraubLebensraub”-”- into Russian lands, into Russian lands, Destroy communistsDestroy communists

European AppeasementEuropean Appeasement One of the huge lessons of World War II that is One of the huge lessons of World War II that is

brought up again and again is the idea of brought up again and again is the idea of AppeasementAppeasement (giving in to demands as an (giving in to demands as an expedient to avoid a conflict or difficult struggle)expedient to avoid a conflict or difficult struggle)

The powers of The powers of France, Great BritainFrance, Great Britain and others in and others in Europe have been accused of appeasing Hitler Europe have been accused of appeasing Hitler when they should have stopped his early demands.when they should have stopped his early demands.

The idea is that perhaps Hitler could have been The idea is that perhaps Hitler could have been stopped. Before he was too powerful.stopped. Before he was too powerful.

By giving in to Hitler’s demands, it encouraged By giving in to Hitler’s demands, it encouraged him to push further and brought another Global him to push further and brought another Global WarWar

British Prime Minister British Prime Minister Neville ChamberlainNeville Chamberlain will will always be remembered for his appeasement of always be remembered for his appeasement of Hitler. (“Peace in Our Time”) Munich AgreementHitler. (“Peace in Our Time”) Munich Agreement

Why did the Allies appease Why did the Allies appease Hitler?Hitler?

Treaty of Versailles-Treaty of Versailles- Peace was too harsh Peace was too harsh All consuming desire for peaceAll consuming desire for peace RearmamentRearmament Nationalism- create one nation, racial, ethnic Nationalism- create one nation, racial, ethnic

homogeneity, with strength and a traditional homogeneity, with strength and a traditional spiritual locationspiritual location

Anschluss-Anschluss- Chamberlain and Munich= Chamberlain and Munich= SudetenlandSudetenland, , 1939 Poland and the Polish Corridor-1939 Poland and the Polish Corridor-

Danzig- Danzig- Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression PactNazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact 1941 Lebensraum and Operation Barbarossa-1941 Lebensraum and Operation Barbarossa-

Failure of the League of Failure of the League of Nations Nations

Recall the League of Nations was Recall the League of Nations was designed to prevent wardesigned to prevent war

Problems: US is not part of Problems: US is not part of It did not have an enforcement capability- It did not have an enforcement capability-

especially could not use forceespecially could not use force Only weapon was economic embargo and Only weapon was economic embargo and

public pressurepublic pressure When Japan, then Italy, and later Germany When Japan, then Italy, and later Germany

pursue aggression invading other pursue aggression invading other countries (Manchuria, Somalia, Ethiopia, countries (Manchuria, Somalia, Ethiopia, Spanish Civil War, and Czchoslovakia)Spanish Civil War, and Czchoslovakia)

The international body will have little or The international body will have little or no effect no effect

China Still Weak China Still Weak

After WWI China remains weakAfter WWI China remains weak ““Open Door”Open Door” Reinforced Reinforced Nationalists (Kuomintang) Sun-Yat Nationalists (Kuomintang) Sun-Yat

Sen and Chiang Kai-shek- Friendly Sen and Chiang Kai-shek- Friendly to United States Fighting over to United States Fighting over control with Communist forces of control with Communist forces of Mao Tse TungMao Tse Tung

JapanJapan Wanted to expand it’s empire similar to Wanted to expand it’s empire similar to

France, Britain, and the US.France, Britain, and the US. Want to control China’s abundant natural Want to control China’s abundant natural

resourcesresources Japan was angry regarding theJapan was angry regarding the Washington Washington

Naval ConferenceNaval Conference (1921- Harding Admin, set (1921- Harding Admin, set limit for Japanese Navy, subordinate position limit for Japanese Navy, subordinate position to US and Britain, reinforced the “Open Door” to US and Britain, reinforced the “Open Door” policy, all nations can trade with China.policy, all nations can trade with China.

Japanese nationalists rise in power and Japanese nationalists rise in power and asserted that power in Manchuriaasserted that power in Manchuria

Japan invades Manchuria Japan invades Manchuria 19311931

Russo-Japanese War-Russo-Japanese War- begins Japanese begins Japanese interest in Manchuria (Rivals of Russians, interest in Manchuria (Rivals of Russians, and economic interests, raw materials)and economic interests, raw materials)

Japanese military asserted rights to Japanese military asserted rights to ManchuriaManchuria

Military- incident with Chinese forces is an Military- incident with Chinese forces is an excuse for full takeover of Manchuria, new excuse for full takeover of Manchuria, new name is name is ManchukuoManchukuo. .

Later to further weaken China, Japan will Later to further weaken China, Japan will bomb Shanghai- over a boycott of Japanese bomb Shanghai- over a boycott of Japanese goodsgoods

Results of Japanese Results of Japanese invasion of Manchuriainvasion of Manchuria

US President was Hoover (1932)US President was Hoover (1932) Hoover responds with the Hoover responds with the Stimson Doctrine-Stimson Doctrine-

(Secretary of State under Hoover) refusing to (Secretary of State under Hoover) refusing to acknowledge results of gains made by acknowledge results of gains made by aggression-aggression-

US will not recognize territorial changes-US will not recognize territorial changes- League of NationsLeague of Nations condemns the attack on China condemns the attack on China Japan subsequently withdraws from League of Japan subsequently withdraws from League of

Nations (League is essentially ignored)Nations (League is essentially ignored) No country wants war and China will suffer No country wants war and China will suffer

greatly when Japan attacks full scale invasion greatly when Japan attacks full scale invasion 1936(caution very graphic see Rape of Nanjing)1936(caution very graphic see Rape of Nanjing)

300,000 civilians killed300,000 civilians killed Japan proclaims new order in Asia, and Japan proclaims new order in Asia, and

essentially closes the “Open Door”essentially closes the “Open Door”

Chinese FightChinese Fight

Chiang Kai-shekChiang Kai-shek resists the Japanese resists the Japanese and moves capital to Chunking and and moves capital to Chunking and even unites with the the even unites with the the Communists- Mao Tse Tung for the Communists- Mao Tse Tung for the duration of the war.duration of the war.

American NeutralityAmerican Neutrality The The Neutrality Act of 1935-Neutrality Act of 1935- members of congress, members of congress,

wanted to keep America out of warwanted to keep America out of war Popular idea, US entered WWI because of bankers and Popular idea, US entered WWI because of bankers and

industrialistsindustrialists Imposed an embargo on warring nationsImposed an embargo on warring nations Forbade American sale of war goods and ships from Forbade American sale of war goods and ships from

transporting munitionstransporting munitions to belligerent countries to belligerent countries Gave president power to prohibit Americans traveling on Gave president power to prohibit Americans traveling on

belligerent shipsbelligerent ships Neutrality Act 1936-Neutrality Act 1936- forbade loans to belligerent forbade loans to belligerent

countriescountries Neutrality Act 1937-Neutrality Act 1937- response to the response to the Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War

Goods from the US to warring nations had to Goods from the US to warring nations had to be paid be paid for in cash for in cash (2 years only)(2 years only)

More NeutralityMore Neutrality

Many groups in America wanted IsolationMany groups in America wanted Isolation Irish, German- AmericansIrish, German- Americans Midwesterners, Anti-Communists, Anti-Semites, Midwesterners, Anti-Communists, Anti-Semites,

liberals who wanted continue reform, and pacifistsliberals who wanted continue reform, and pacifists

Ludlow Amendment-Ludlow Amendment- Isolationist support was so Isolationist support was so great that- an amendment to Constitution was great that- an amendment to Constitution was proposed, that only in case of attack or invasion proposed, that only in case of attack or invasion could US declare war. (not approved)could US declare war. (not approved)

Quarantine SpeechQuarantine Speech

1937 FDR 1937 FDR The The Quarantine SpeechQuarantine Speech FDR on 1937 calling for an FDR on 1937 calling for an

international "quarantine of the aggressor nations" as international "quarantine of the aggressor nations" as an alternative to the political climate of American an alternative to the political climate of American neutrality and isolationism that was prevalent at the neutrality and isolationism that was prevalent at the time. time.

The speech The speech intensified intensified America's isolationist mood, America's isolationist mood, causing protest by isolationists and foes to intervention. causing protest by isolationists and foes to intervention.

The speech was a response to aggressive actions by The speech was a response to aggressive actions by Italy and Japan, and suggested the use of economic Italy and Japan, and suggested the use of economic pressure, a forceful response, but less direct than pressure, a forceful response, but less direct than outright aggression. outright aggression.

FDR Tries to Aide ChineseFDR Tries to Aide Chinese

Flying TigersFlying Tigers American American

“Volunteers”“Volunteers” Fighting for Fighting for

ChineseChinese Read More on Read More on

the Webthe Web

Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War Loyalists-Democratically elected Socialists are Loyalists-Democratically elected Socialists are

attacked by attacked by Francisco Franco-Francisco Franco- Insurgents- Generalissimo Francisco Franco- Nazis Insurgents- Generalissimo Francisco Franco- Nazis

and Italian Fascists support with and Italian Fascists support with 50,000 troops50,000 troops, , planes, and tanks.planes, and tanks.

Loyalists are supported by Loyalists are supported by Soviet UnionSoviet Union and and International Brigades (Foreign volunteers- For International Brigades (Foreign volunteers- For Whom Whom the Bell Tollsthe Bell Tolls))

American Neutrality ActsAmerican Neutrality Acts – hurt the – hurt the loyalist cause- Americans will not help loyalist cause- Americans will not help the Spanish Gov.the Spanish Gov.

FDR wanted to help but was hampered FDR wanted to help but was hampered by isolationist law makersby isolationist law makers

Picasso’s painting of German bombing of ancient city of Gurenica, during Span Civ War-

German-Soviet Non German-Soviet Non Aggression PactAggression Pact

August 23, 1939- Hitler and Stalin sign a August 23, 1939- Hitler and Stalin sign a secret agreement to partition Poland- secret agreement to partition Poland-

Germans invade Poland in the WestGermans invade Poland in the West Russians invade Poland in the EastRussians invade Poland in the East World War II in Europe begins- France World War II in Europe begins- France

and Britain had guaranteed Polish and Britain had guaranteed Polish sovereigntysovereignty

US responds with a renewed US responds with a renewed Neutrality act 1939- “cash and carry” Neutrality act 1939- “cash and carry”

Non-Aggression PactNon-Aggression Pact

Non Aggression PactNon Aggression Pact

Germans and Germans and Soviets share Soviets share Poland-1939Poland-1939

The The “Phony War”“Phony War” Refers to the period between Refers to the period between Poland’s Poland’s

SurrenderSurrender and the attack on France and Britain. and the attack on France and Britain. September 1939-April 1940September 1939-April 1940 Germany rapidly beat Poland “Blitzkrieg”Germany rapidly beat Poland “Blitzkrieg” France and Britain mobilized and waited for France and Britain mobilized and waited for

attackattack April 1940 Denmark, Norway, April 1940 Denmark, Norway, May 1940 Belgium and FranceMay 1940 Belgium and France Dunkirk-Dunkirk- 300,000 British troops escape the 300,000 British troops escape the

continent- Churchill now in chargecontinent- Churchill now in charge Paris Falls June 1940Paris Falls June 1940 England stands alone “Battle of England stands alone “Battle of

Britain”Britain”

Battle of Britain Battle of Britain Brits were alone as of June 1940Brits were alone as of June 1940 Winston Churchill, the new prime minister summed up Winston Churchill, the new prime minister summed up

the British attitude: the British attitude: ““We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end.

We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and the oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and the oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our growing strength in the air, we shall defend our

island, whatever the cost may be. island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets,the fields and in the streets, we we shall fight in the hillsshall fight in the hills; we shall ; we shall never surrender.”never surrender.”

What will What will

“…“…in God's good time, the New in God's good time, the New World, with all its power and might, World, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old." liberation of the old."

United States Reacts to WarUnited States Reacts to WarDebate 1940: Debate 1940:

Isolationist or InternationalistIsolationist or Internationalist IsolationistsIsolationists America First America First

CommitteeCommittee Charles A LindbergCharles A Lindberg ““Intervention is Intervention is

detrimental to detrimental to American American interests”interests”

InternationalistsInternationalists Committee to Defend Committee to Defend

AmericaAmerica Best way to keep US Best way to keep US

out of war is to Help out of war is to Help allies fight the allies fight the GermansGermans

Roosevelt is Roosevelt is sympathetic sympathetic

““Defend America by Defend America by Aiding the Allies”Aiding the Allies”

FDR Calls for FDR Calls for PreparednessPreparedness

May May 19401940 FDR calls Congress to FDR calls Congress to create an air force of 50,000 planescreate an air force of 50,000 planes

And capacity to produce 50,000 And capacity to produce 50,000 planes per yearplanes per year

By June 1940 $3 Billion was By June 1940 $3 Billion was appropriated for defenseappropriated for defense

By October 1940, $17 Billion was By October 1940, $17 Billion was appropriated for defense including appropriated for defense including NavyNavy

FDR Aids the AlliesFDR Aids the Allies

Summer 1940 FDR asks congress to Summer 1940 FDR asks congress to allow trade of 50 destroyers in allow trade of 50 destroyers in exchange for 99 year leases for exchange for 99 year leases for bases in the Atlanticbases in the Atlantic

Although population does not want Although population does not want to enter the war, 73% support aid to to enter the war, 73% support aid to Britain.Britain.

1941 Lend Lease1941 Lend Lease 1941 Lend Lease:1941 Lend Lease: Program to offer aid to BritsProgram to offer aid to Brits FDR in a “Fireside Chat” “If a neighbor’s FDR in a “Fireside Chat” “If a neighbor’s

home were on fire…”home were on fire…” ““lease, lend or otherwise dispose of” any lease, lend or otherwise dispose of” any

items not vital to the nation’s defense.items not vital to the nation’s defense. US is closer to the War- US is closer to the War- (US Ships secretly (US Ships secretly

were supporting the British Navy by were supporting the British Navy by searching and reporting on U-boat searching and reporting on U-boat locations)locations)

Hitler afraid to attack American ShipsHitler afraid to attack American Ships

Atlantic Charter AUGUST Atlantic Charter AUGUST 14, 194114, 1941

The President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister, Mr. Churchill, The President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister, Mr. Churchill, representing His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, being met together, representing His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, being met together, deem it right deem it right to make known certain common principlesto make known certain common principles in the national policies of in the national policies of their respective countries on which they base their hopes for a better future for the their respective countries on which they base their hopes for a better future for the world.world.

First, their countries seek no aggrandizement, territorial or other;First, their countries seek no aggrandizement, territorial or other; Second, they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely Second, they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely

expressed wishes of the peoples concerned;expressed wishes of the peoples concerned; Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under

which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self government which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them;restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them;

Fourth, they will endeavor, with due respect for their existing obligations, to further Fourth, they will endeavor, with due respect for their existing obligations, to further the enjoyment by all States, great or small, victor or vanquished, of access, on equal the enjoyment by all States, great or small, victor or vanquished, of access, on equal terms, to the trade and to the raw materials of the world which are needed for their terms, to the trade and to the raw materials of the world which are needed for their economic prosperity;economic prosperity;

Fifth, they desire to bring about the fullest collaboration between all nations in the Fifth, they desire to bring about the fullest collaboration between all nations in the economic field with the object of securing, for all, improved labor standards, economic field with the object of securing, for all, improved labor standards, economic advancement and social security;economic advancement and social security;

Sixth, after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny, they hope to see established a Sixth, after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny, they hope to see established a peace which will afford to all nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own peace which will afford to all nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own boundaries, and which will afford assurance that all the men in all lands may live out boundaries, and which will afford assurance that all the men in all lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want;their lives in freedom from fear and want;

Seventh, such a peace should enable all men to traverse the high seas and oceans without hindrance;Seventh, such a peace should enable all men to traverse the high seas and oceans without hindrance; Eighth, they believe that all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well as spiritual reasons must come to the Eighth, they believe that all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well as spiritual reasons must come to the

abandonment of the use of force. Since no future peace can be maintained if land, sea or air armaments continue abandonment of the use of force. Since no future peace can be maintained if land, sea or air armaments continue to be employed by nations which threaten, or may threaten, aggression outside of their frontiers, they believe, to be employed by nations which threaten, or may threaten, aggression outside of their frontiers, they believe, pending the establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security, that the disarmament of such pending the establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security, that the disarmament of such nations is essential. They will likewise aid and encourage all other practicable measure which will lighten for nations is essential. They will likewise aid and encourage all other practicable measure which will lighten for peace-loving peoples the crushing burden of armaments.peace-loving peoples the crushing burden of armaments.

Meeting Before the WarMeeting Before the War

Before US enters War: August, 1941 Before US enters War: August, 1941 NewfoundlandNewfoundland Secret, FDR and Churchill meet to coordinate Secret, FDR and Churchill meet to coordinate Create the Create the Atlantic CharterAtlantic Charter (a statement of (a statement of

principles agreed upon)principles agreed upon) Condemned AggressionCondemned Aggression Endorsed National Self DeterminationEndorsed National Self Determination Self Government as a universal rightSelf Government as a universal right Collective SecurityCollective Security Opposed forced, undemocratic territorial changesOpposed forced, undemocratic territorial changes

Significance: Became a great statement of Significance: Became a great statement of Anglo-American Ideals and a precursor to Anglo-American Ideals and a precursor to the Post War ideals of the United Nationsthe Post War ideals of the United Nations

Selective Service Act Selective Service Act Sept. 1940Sept. 1940

TIMETIME (September 23, 1940) (September 23, 1940)               Last week Congress passed the conscription bill. This week Last week Congress passed the conscription bill. This week

the President signed it. A new thing had entered U.S. life: although the President signed it. A new thing had entered U.S. life: although the U.S. had conscripted its citizens in two wars, never before had the U.S. had conscripted its citizens in two wars, never before had it conscripted them in peace. Some 16,500.000 men, aged 21 to it conscripted them in peace. Some 16,500.000 men, aged 21 to 36, forthwith became liable to compulsory military service. How, 36, forthwith became liable to compulsory military service. How, when, whether conscription would actually touch them was when, whether conscription would actually touch them was prescribed in 1) the bill, and 2) the selective system which the prescribed in 1) the bill, and 2) the selective system which the Army & Navy had long since prepared against a martial day. Army & Navy had long since prepared against a martial day.

            The Bill laid down the general philosophy, rules, scope of The Bill laid down the general philosophy, rules, scope of conscription: conscription:

            No more than 900,000 conscripts can be called in any one year No more than 900,000 conscripts can be called in any one year (the  Army plans to call 800,000 a year). They will be kept in (the  Army plans to call 800,000 a year). They will be kept in training for  one year, will then enter an enlisted reserve where training for  one year, will then enter an enlisted reserve where they will be subject to recall for emergency service for ten years or they will be subject to recall for emergency service for ten years or until they are 45. They will not be subject to periodic recalls for until they are 45. They will not be subject to periodic recalls for further training. But if Congress finds the nation in peril before further training. But if Congress finds the nation in peril before their initial year's  service ends, they can be held under arms their initial year's  service ends, they can be held under arms indefinitely. indefinitely.

Election of 1940 then the Election of 1940 then the DraftDraft

FDR decides to Run for a third termFDR decides to Run for a third term The Nation Needs emergency situation:The Nation Needs emergency situation:

War in EuropeWar in Europe Problems in AsiaProblems in Asia Wants to protect New Deal reformsWants to protect New Deal reforms

Ran against Wendell WillkieRan against Wendell Willkie

FDR Wins- then begins the processFDR Wins- then begins the process Prepare for War:Prepare for War:

DraftDraft Armament build upArmament build up

FDR Wins Unprecedented FDR Wins Unprecedented 33rdrd Term Term

Roosevelt’s Roosevelt’s Four Freedom’s Four Freedom’s SpeechSpeech January 1941 January 1941

To congress, State of the Union, To congress, State of the Union, focus onfocus on war war preparednesspreparedness

“…“…the future of all the American Republics is the future of all the American Republics is today in serious danger. today in serious danger.

That is why this Annual Message to the Congress That is why this Annual Message to the Congress is unique in our history. is unique in our history.

The need of the moment is that our actions and The need of the moment is that our actions and our policy should be devoted primarily-almost our policy should be devoted primarily-almost exclusively--to meeting this foreign peril. Forexclusively--to meeting this foreign peril. For all all our domestic problems are now a part of the great our domestic problems are now a part of the great emergency. emergency.

Just as our national policy in internal affairs has Just as our national policy in internal affairs has been based upon a decent respect for the rights been based upon a decent respect for the rights and the dignity of all our fellow men within our and the dignity of all our fellow men within our gates, so our national policy in foreign affairs has gates, so our national policy in foreign affairs has been based on a decent respect for the rights and been based on a decent respect for the rights and dignity of all nations, large and small. And the dignity of all nations, large and small. And the justice of morality must and will win in the end. justice of morality must and will win in the end.

Four Freedoms Four Freedoms ContinuedContinued

““The The first is freedom of speechfirst is freedom of speech and expression-- and expression--everywhere in the world. everywhere in the world.

The The second is second is freedom of every person to freedom of every person to worship Godworship God in his own way--everywhere in the in his own way--everywhere in the world. world.

The The third is third is freedom from want-freedom from want--which, -which, translated into world terms, means economic translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants-everywhere healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants-everywhere in the world. in the world.

The The fourth is fourth is freedom from fear-freedom from fear--which, -which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor--anywhere in the world.”against any neighbor--anywhere in the world.”

Significance of “Four Significance of “Four Freedoms” SpeechFreedoms” Speech

Represents FDR’s view that America Represents FDR’s view that America needs to prepare for war and needs to prepare for war and support Britain.support Britain.

FDR Prepares for WarFDR Prepares for War Increased Military appropriationsIncreased Military appropriations Aliens are fingerprinted Aliens are fingerprinted Peace time draft to raise 2 million Peace time draft to raise 2 million

troopstroops

October 1941 North October 1941 North AtlanticAtlantic

FDR was determined to continue to support FDR was determined to continue to support England with England with “Lend Lease”“Lend Lease” material material

Extended an American defense zone around Extended an American defense zone around IcelandIceland

Authorized Navy Destroyers to escort British Authorized Navy Destroyers to escort British merchant ships, and shoot U-Boats on sightmerchant ships, and shoot U-Boats on sight

Greer and Reuben James Incidents cause the Greer and Reuben James Incidents cause the US Congress US Congress repeal last Neutrality Acts-repeal last Neutrality Acts-

Allowed arming of merchant shipsAllowed arming of merchant ships Transport of goods through war zones Transport of goods through war zones Navy Escorts allowed (Navy Escorts allowed (FDR- was hoping for FDR- was hoping for

an incident)an incident)

Why did the Japanese Why did the Japanese Bomb Pearl Harbor?Bomb Pearl Harbor?

Japanese wanted to expand their empire into China. China had Japanese wanted to expand their empire into China. China had abundant natural resources that would benefit the Japanese desire to abundant natural resources that would benefit the Japanese desire to build industry. In early 1930s Japan began aggression in Manchuria build industry. In early 1930s Japan began aggression in Manchuria (Manchckou) and later in 1937 began a full invasion of the Chinese (Manchckou) and later in 1937 began a full invasion of the Chinese mainland.mainland.

The United States response was at first mild, Hoover-Stimson The United States response was at first mild, Hoover-Stimson Doctrine. As Japan began the invasion of mainland China the US Doctrine. As Japan began the invasion of mainland China the US policy began to change to one of more active complaints and pressure policy began to change to one of more active complaints and pressure on Japan in the form of economic embargo. At first the embargo only on Japan in the form of economic embargo. At first the embargo only addressed limited goods like scrap metals, later oil was being added, addressed limited goods like scrap metals, later oil was being added, all in an effort to dissuade the Japanese from further aggression in all in an effort to dissuade the Japanese from further aggression in China.China.

Japan knew that war was probable so they made a plan to destroy the Japan knew that war was probable so they made a plan to destroy the American Navy at Pearl Harbor and invade the natural resource rich American Navy at Pearl Harbor and invade the natural resource rich area of South East Asia, including: Malaysia, Indonesia (lots of oil), area of South East Asia, including: Malaysia, Indonesia (lots of oil), Philippines, and Indochina (lots of rubber, tin)Philippines, and Indochina (lots of rubber, tin)

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

American Reaction to Pearl Harbor American Reaction to Pearl Harbor American reaction to Pearl Harbor was American reaction to Pearl Harbor was swift and violent.  swift and violent. 

Immediate calls for war and revenge Immediate calls for war and revenge were heard throughout the country.  were heard throughout the country. 

Congress declared war and thousands Congress declared war and thousands of soldiers volunteered to fight.  of soldiers volunteered to fight. 

Americans were mad and they would Americans were mad and they would never forget the treachery of the never forget the treachery of the Japanese. Japanese.

Big Questions: Winning Big Questions: Winning the Warthe War

To what extent was the (industrial) To what extent was the (industrial) mobilization for war a key factor in the mobilization for war a key factor in the American victory?American victory?

How is the American home front and How is the American home front and mobilization in mobilization in WWI WWI similar to the home similar to the home front and mobilization in front and mobilization in WWIIWWII and how and how are they different?are they different?

Basics of WWIIBasics of WWII

1.1. The Home Front The Home Front During the WarDuring the War

Wartime mobilization of Wartime mobilization of the economy the economy

Urban migration and Urban migration and demographic changes demographic changes

Women, work, and Women, work, and family during the war family during the war

Civil liberties and civil Civil liberties and civil rights during wartime rights during wartime

War and regional War and regional development development

Expansion of Expansion of government powergovernment power

Fighting a multi-front war Fighting a multi-front war

Diplomacy, war aims, Diplomacy, war aims, and wartime and wartime conferences conferences

The United States as a The United States as a global power in the global power in the Atomic Age Atomic Age

Be able to summarize the Be able to summarize the followingfollowing

American response to Pearl HarborAmerican response to Pearl Harbor Arsenal of DemocracyArsenal of Democracy Financing the warFinancing the war Size of governmentSize of government Internment of Japanese AmericansInternment of Japanese Americans

““A date that will live in A date that will live in Infamy”Infamy” President Franklin D. RooseveltPresident Franklin D. Roosevelt: Yesterday, December : Yesterday, December

7, 1941—a date which will live in infamy—the United States 7, 1941—a date which will live in infamy—the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.

The United States was at peace with that nation, and, at The United States was at peace with that nation, and, at the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with its the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with its government and its emperor looking toward the government and its emperor looking toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific. Indeed, one hour after maintenance of peace in the Pacific. Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in the Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in the American island of Oahu, the Japanese ambassador to the American island of Oahu, the Japanese ambassador to the United States and his colleague delivered to our secretary United States and his colleague delivered to our secretary of state a formal reply to a recent American message. of state a formal reply to a recent American message. While this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue While this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or armed attack.or hint of war or armed attack.

It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii from Japan It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii from Japan makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago. During the intervening time many days or even weeks ago. During the intervening time the Japanese government has deliberately sought to the Japanese government has deliberately sought to deceive the United States by false statements and deceive the United States by false statements and expressions of hope for continued peace.expressions of hope for continued peace.

Jay Noreski: Jay Noreski: Yes sir. My name is Noreski. Jay Noreski. I’m Yes sir. My name is Noreski. Jay Noreski. I’m a World War veteran. 1917 and 18. The last time I went to a World War veteran. 1917 and 18. The last time I went to fought for democracy. They told me to fight for democracy. fought for democracy. They told me to fight for democracy. And I went over. I volunteered. But next time, I’m going to And I went over. I volunteered. But next time, I’m going to fight. There’s hate in my heart. What’s in me, what’s in my fight. There’s hate in my heart. What’s in me, what’s in my veins. I’m gonna kill, slaughter those Nazi ones if I come veins. I’m gonna kill, slaughter those Nazi ones if I come across a wounded one, wouldn’t interest me. I’d kill my own across a wounded one, wouldn’t interest me. I’d kill my own father if he dared fight against this country. I’m an father if he dared fight against this country. I’m an American, not by birth, but by choice. And I’m mighty damn American, not by birth, but by choice. And I’m mighty damn proud of it. What are you going to do in this county to chase proud of it. What are you going to do in this county to chase every damn skunk—German, Russian, Japanese, where they every damn skunk—German, Russian, Japanese, where they come from—and never bring them back in this country. If I come from—and never bring them back in this country. If I had—I wish I was the President for about one year, I wouldhad—I wish I was the President for about one year, I would—there’d be not a goddamn skunk left here in this country. —there’d be not a goddamn skunk left here in this country. And I’m gonna tell you something else—United States never And I’m gonna tell you something else—United States never lost a war yet and never gonna lose it because five guys, we lost a war yet and never gonna lose it because five guys, we might [inaudible] about our presidents, about our might [inaudible] about our presidents, about our Congressmen, about our—what do you call it? in charge of a Congressmen, about our—what do you call it? in charge of a state? state?

Andrew Smith: Andrew Smith: My name’s Andrew Smith. And I tell you, what I My name’s Andrew Smith. And I tell you, what I feel about the war, they’ve been talking war long enough. And feel about the war, they’ve been talking war long enough. And they’ve been talking long time that we should have been in it. they’ve been talking long time that we should have been in it. Way I feel about it—if it’d been up to me we’d a been fighting a Way I feel about it—if it’d been up to me we’d a been fighting a year ago. When Hitler first started they’d been fighting, see, they year ago. When Hitler first started they’d been fighting, see, they would have stopped him before he got as far as they are. They’d would have stopped him before he got as far as they are. They’d have stopped him, in fact, that’s what I think this one’s gonna have stopped him, in fact, that’s what I think this one’s gonna come up to be to stop him. And that’s the good thing that this come up to be to stop him. And that’s the good thing that this really started, I think. As far as Japan’s concerned, why it’s just really started, I think. As far as Japan’s concerned, why it’s just like he just said, it’s a stab in the back. They started something like he just said, it’s a stab in the back. They started something that nobody else, nobody gonna start, you know, and the man was that nobody else, nobody gonna start, you know, and the man was supposed to be here, supposed to’ve been talking peace to our supposed to be here, supposed to’ve been talking peace to our President, and they starting war over there. Well, I don’t think it President, and they starting war over there. Well, I don’t think it was justice. No justice there. Negro people would do their very was justice. No justice there. Negro people would do their very best if they had a chance to do what they can, that they would do best if they had a chance to do what they can, that they would do their very best to do what they can. See? But, if they have a their very best to do what they can. See? But, if they have a chance to do it. All they want is a chance. Because if they don’t chance to do it. All they want is a chance. Because if they don’t get a chance, that’s the only reason they don’t do it because they get a chance, that’s the only reason they don’t do it because they really don’t get a chance. See? But if they get a chance, why I really don’t get a chance. See? But if they get a chance, why I really think they would do their very best, especially if they all really think they would do their very best, especially if they all feel like I feel. feel like I feel.

Key Ideas: America’s Key Ideas: America’s Response to Pearl Harbor Response to Pearl Harbor and Warand War

US had started to prepare 1940US had started to prepare 1940 Airplane production/designAirplane production/design Draft/Selective Service-1940Draft/Selective Service-1940 Build the Build the “Arsenal of Democracy”-“Arsenal of Democracy”-Harness the Harness the

Industrial and Economic power of the US- and focus it Industrial and Economic power of the US- and focus it toward War. toward War.

Focus on building War material- Specifically Air power, Focus on building War material- Specifically Air power, Bombers, B17, B24, B29Bombers, B17, B24, B29

Germany was the biggest threat, Focus of first phase Germany was the biggest threat, Focus of first phase of Warof War

Then JapanThen Japan

Japan OffensiveJapan Offensive Hitler and MussoliniHitler and Mussolini both declared war on both declared war on

the United States as a sign of support for the the United States as a sign of support for the Japanese. Japanese.

Japan Attacks Polynesian Asia Japan Attacks Polynesian Asia Immediately following the attack on Pearl Immediately following the attack on Pearl Harbor Harbor Japanese forces began a systematic Japanese forces began a systematic invasioninvasion of the Pacific.  Malaysia, Singapore, of the Pacific.  Malaysia, Singapore, Burma, French Indochina, and the Philippines Burma, French Indochina, and the Philippines were overrun.  American forces in the were overrun.  American forces in the Philippines were outnumbered and Philippines were outnumbered and overwhelmed by Japanese forces. overwhelmed by Japanese forces.

12,000 American prisoners12,000 American prisoners were taken in the were taken in the fall of the last Philippine strong hold called fall of the last Philippine strong hold called BataanBataan. .

““Bataan Death March”Bataan Death March”

Philippines Fall to Philippines Fall to Japanese linkJapanese link

April 9, 1942 - U.S. forces on Bata-April 9, 1942 - U.S. forces on Bata-an surrender unconditionally to the an surrender unconditionally to the Japanese.Japanese.Link another linkLink another link

How does America respond How does America respond to Pearl Harbor?to Pearl Harbor?

Reading focus question:Reading focus question: How does the war impact American How does the war impact American

society?society? Use specific examples from readingUse specific examples from reading

American “Arsenal of American “Arsenal of Democracy”Democracy”

America Mobilizes for War= (WPB) America Mobilizes for War= (WPB) War Production Board-War Production Board- goal is to goal is to

transform industrial production to War transform industrial production to War production, organize all industrial outputproduction, organize all industrial output

Board had much power to control resources:Board had much power to control resources: Limited civilian goods-Limited civilian goods- Rationing of food, Rationing of food,

fuel… fuel… Automobile production stopped Automobile production stopped Conservation and recycle movement, rubber, Conservation and recycle movement, rubber,

metal, grease, metal, grease,

““Arsenal of Democracy”Arsenal of Democracy”

$320 Billion government spending- $320 Billion government spending- 1940-19451940-1945

Huge amount was 6 times that of Huge amount was 6 times that of Roosevelt’s first two terms.Roosevelt’s first two terms.

Financing the WarFinancing the War

Taxes increaseTaxes increase IncomeIncome

1941: 7 million people file taxes1941: 7 million people file taxes 1944: 42 million people file taxes1944: 42 million people file taxes Government starts withholding $ from Government starts withholding $ from

workersworkers Loans/War BondsLoans/War Bonds

$100 billion in bonds sold$100 billion in bonds sold

Problem of InflationProblem of Inflation

Prices rise with full inflationPrices rise with full inflation Full employment: GDP Doubles 1940-Full employment: GDP Doubles 1940-

1945 to $211.9 billion1945 to $211.9 billion Office of Price Administration is Office of Price Administration is

created to manage pricescreated to manage prices Freezes pricesFreezes prices Rations- Gas, tires, meat, sugar, Rations- Gas, tires, meat, sugar,

shoes, coffee, canned goods (Ration shoes, coffee, canned goods (Ration books-needed coupons to purchase books-needed coupons to purchase goods)goods)

The Size of Government The Size of Government ExplodesExplodes

Hundreds of agencies created:Hundreds of agencies created: National War Labor Boards-National War Labor Boards- to to

manage labor practices and prevent manage labor practices and prevent strikesstrikes

Office of War Mobilization-Office of War Mobilization- to help to help coordinate agenciescoordinate agencies

Local Local Draft BoardsDraft Boards

Internment of Japanese Internment of Japanese AmericansAmericans

Japanese immigrants had increased in the United States Japanese immigrants had increased in the United States since the early 1900s (See Gentlemen's Agreement- since the early 1900s (See Gentlemen's Agreement- TRoosevelt 1907)TRoosevelt 1907)

Issei-JapaneseIssei-Japanese immigrants, born in Japan immigrants, born in Japan Nisei-Nisei- US citizens- children of Japanese immigrants US citizens- children of Japanese immigrants When Japan bombed Pearl Harbor a great backlash was When Japan bombed Pearl Harbor a great backlash was

directed at Japanese Americansdirected at Japanese Americans February 1942 FDR signed an Executive OrderFebruary 1942 FDR signed an Executive Order 9066 9066 ““Remove any and all persons who might pose a threat to Remove any and all persons who might pose a threat to

national security.”national security.” March 18, 1942 - War Relocation AuthorityMarch 18, 1942 - War Relocation Authority established established

in the U.S. which eventually will round up 120,000 in the U.S. which eventually will round up 120,000 Japanese-Americans and transport them to barb-wired Japanese-Americans and transport them to barb-wired relocation centers. relocation centers.

Farwell to ManzanarFarwell to Manzanar:: Book about Japanese Internment Book about Japanese Internment

Japanese RelocationJapanese Relocation

Were accused of potentially aiding Were accused of potentially aiding Japanese espionageJapanese espionage

Racist attitudes greed were also factors Racist attitudes greed were also factors some people wanted the opportunity to some people wanted the opportunity to take Japanese land take Japanese land

Japanese Internment Japanese Internment CampsCamps

Japanese were Japanese were relocated in Camps:relocated in Camps:

Some Japanese sued for Some Japanese sued for their rights:their rights:

Korematus v. the Korematus v. the United StatesUnited States

Supreme Court upheld Supreme Court upheld the the

Internment of the Internment of the Japanese Japanese

Japanese Japanese internmentinternmentIn the entire course of the war, 10 people were In the entire course of the war, 10 people were

convicted of spying for Japan, all of whom were convicted of spying for Japan, all of whom were Caucasian. Caucasian. Roosevelt interned 120,000 JapaneseRoosevelt interned 120,000 Japanese2/3 were American citizens and had never shown 2/3 were American citizens and had never shown disloyaltydisloyalty

Japanese American Japanese American Heroes Heroes

33,000 Japanese Americans served33,000 Japanese Americans served Japanese-Americans sign up and Japanese-Americans sign up and

fight for the U.S. in Europe, fight for the U.S. in Europe, including the including the 442nd Regimental 442nd Regimental Combat TeamCombat Team,, the most decorated the most decorated unit in U.S. history.unit in U.S. history.

African Americans and African Americans and the Warthe War

A. Phillip Randolph- African A. Phillip Randolph- African American LeaderAmerican Leader

Wanted more Civil Rights for African Wanted more Civil Rights for African AmericansAmericans

End of segregation in War End of segregation in War Industries,Industries, Presidential Executive Presidential Executive Order 8802Order 8802

Segregation in Military continuedSegregation in Military continued

Women and the WarWomen and the War Rosie the Rosie the

Riveter:Riveter: Women go Women go

to work in to work in munitions munitions factories, factories, other jobs, other jobs, and the and the militarymilitary

War in EuropeWar in Europe Allies agreed that Europe was Allies agreed that Europe was first priorityfirst priority NovemberNovember 1942 1942 North Africa North Africa 1942 Bombing 1942 Bombing

campaign against Germany beguncampaign against Germany begun July 1942 Battle of StalingradJuly 1942 Battle of Stalingrad begins-ends January begins-ends January

1943 turning point in the war.- Germany is 1943 turning point in the war.- Germany is doomeddoomed

1943- Sicily-1943- Sicily- September 1943 Italy SurrendersSeptember 1943 Italy Surrenders (German Army (German Army

occupies and holds Northern Italy)occupies and holds Northern Italy) 1944 Rome Falls1944 Rome Falls June 6, 1944 D-Day-June 6, 1944 D-Day- Allied Invasion of Normandy Allied Invasion of Normandy

France, the Second Front is opened.France, the Second Front is opened. December 16, 1944 Battle of the BulgeDecember 16, 1944 Battle of the Bulge (German (German

counter attack in the Ardennes Forrest, 200K counter attack in the Ardennes Forrest, 200K Germans attack Allies)Germans attack Allies)

May 8, 1945 Germany SurrendersMay 8, 1945 Germany Surrenders (Hitler is dead, (Hitler is dead, Russians conquer Berlin) Russians conquer Berlin) V-E DayV-E Day

Air Power is a Key Air Power is a Key StrategyStrategy

EisenhowerEisenhower Supreme Allied Commander WWIISupreme Allied Commander WWII Dwight David EisenhowerDwight David Eisenhower

War in the PacificWar in the Pacific Strategy of Strategy of Island Hopping:Island Hopping:

bypass some islands bypass some islands controlled by Japanese and controlled by Japanese and attack specific islands, to attack specific islands, to obtain air bases in an effort obtain air bases in an effort to bomb Japan more to bomb Japan more efficiently and to build up efficiently and to build up forces in an effort to invade forces in an effort to invade Japan.Japan.

Timeline of WWII Timeline of WWII (everything you wanted to (everything you wanted to know and more) know and more)

March 11, 1942March 11, 1942 - Gen. - Gen. MacArthur leaves MacArthur leaves Philippines and is flown to Philippines and is flown to Australia. Australia.

April 9, 1942 US Troops April 9, 1942 US Troops surrender Philippines surrender Philippines

June 4-5, June 4-5, 1942 Major 1942 Major victory at victory at Midway IslandMidway Island US US takes out Japanese aircraft takes out Japanese aircraft carriers Link to Midway carriers Link to Midway ENTERPRISE, HORNET, ENTERPRISE, HORNET, and YORKTOWN attackand YORKTOWN attack

August 7, 1942 –August 7, 1942 – First US First US Attack Attack GuadalcanalGuadalcanal in the in the Solomon Islands. Solomon Islands.

February 19, 1945February 19, 1945 - U.S. - U.S. Marines invade Marines invade Iwo Jima.Iwo Jima.

July 5, 1945 Americans retake July 5, 1945 Americans retake the Philippinesthe Philippines

April 1, 1945 - Okinawa.April 1, 1945 - Okinawa.

August 6, 1945 - First Atomic August 6, 1945 - First Atomic Bomb dropped on Hiroshima Bomb dropped on Hiroshima from a B-29 flown by Col. from a B-29 flown by Col. Paul TibbetsPaul Tibbets

““Little Boy”.Little Boy”.

August 9, 1945 - Second August 9, 1945 - Second Atomic Bomb is dropped on Atomic Bomb is dropped on Nagasaki Nagasaki

““Fat Man”Fat Man” VJ Day- August 15, 1945VJ Day- August 15, 1945 Japanese SurrenderJapanese Surrender

Iwo JimaIwo Jima

OkinawaOkinawa April 1 1945April 1 1945 77K army plus 20K 77K army plus 20K

militia Japanese militia Japanese defendersdefenders

Would not surrenderWould not surrender Buying time for home Buying time for home

island fortificationisland fortification KamikazeKamikaze attacks- 300 attacks- 300

planes at a timeplanes at a time Killed 4,900 sailors, Killed 4,900 sailors,

wounded 4,824,wounded 4,824, Sank 36 ships and Sank 36 ships and

damaged 368 moredamaged 368 more

Japanese would not Japanese would not surrendersurrender

Mass suicides with Mass suicides with grenades and cyanide grenades and cyanide

50K Americans invade 50K Americans invade Island is pacified in by Island is pacified in by

June 1945June 1945 7,000 Japanese 7,000 Japanese

survivesurvive 7K Americans killed, 7K Americans killed,

31,800 wounded 35%. 31,800 wounded 35%.

Atomic Bomb ProductionAtomic Bomb Production

FDR authorized a secret program FDR authorized a secret program code named “code named “Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project””

1943, J. Robert 1943, J. Robert Oppenheimer,Oppenheimer, led the led the team of physicists to develop and team of physicists to develop and atomic weapon, to split the atomatomic weapon, to split the atom

Los Alamos,Los Alamos, New Mexico New Mexico July 1945, the bomb was ready July 1945, the bomb was ready

(Truman had no idea any bomb like (Truman had no idea any bomb like this was being worked on, when he this was being worked on, when he took office) Trinitytook office) Trinity

Why did Truman Decide to Why did Truman Decide to Drop 2 bombs on Japan?Drop 2 bombs on Japan?

““Every man in these Every man in these fortifications will follow fortifications will follow his superior officer’s his superior officer’s order and fight to the order and fight to the end for the sake of the end for the sake of the motherland…Do not motherland…Do not suffer the shame of suffer the shame of being taken prisoner.”being taken prisoner.”

Last words of Last words of commander at Okinawacommander at Okinawa

Japanese had 2 million Japanese had 2 million men under arms and 4 men under arms and 4 million in reserve in million in reserve in the home islandsthe home islands

5000 Kamikaze waiting5000 Kamikaze waiting

The experience of The experience of Okinawa and Iwo Jima Okinawa and Iwo Jima

Revealed the US Revealed the US casualties to invade casualties to invade Japan would number in Japan would number in the hundreds of the hundreds of thousands- thousands-

With an invasion force With an invasion force of 700Kof 700K

When the Atomic bomb When the Atomic bomb was ready it was seen as was ready it was seen as the only solution to the only solution to saving American lives. saving American lives. The Japanese would not The Japanese would not surrender.surrender.

Atomic Bombing Web Atomic Bombing Web SiteSite

HiroshimaHiroshima August 6, 1945August 6, 1945 The “The “Enola GayEnola Gay”” Captain Paul Captain Paul

TibbettsTibbetts Dropped “Dropped “Little Little

BoyBoy””

NagasakiNagasaki August 9, 1945August 9, 1945 ““Fat Man”Fat Man” Japanese finally Japanese finally

surrender surrender VJ Day- August 15, VJ Day- August 15,

19451945

PropagandaPropaganda

Did the US engage in propaganda Did the US engage in propaganda during this war?during this war?

How and who was involved?How and who was involved? Can you cite some examples?Can you cite some examples?

Wartime ConferencesWartime Conferences FDR (and later Truman) will coordinate the effort with FDR (and later Truman) will coordinate the effort with

Allied leaders Churchill, and later StalinAllied leaders Churchill, and later Stalin Casablanca-1943Casablanca-1943 FDR, Churchill, agreed on war aims: FDR, Churchill, agreed on war aims:

Sicily invasion, Unconditional Surrender- of Japan and Sicily invasion, Unconditional Surrender- of Japan and GermanyGermany

Cairo-1943-Cairo-1943- FDR and Churchill, Chiang Kai-shek- FDR and Churchill, Chiang Kai-shek- discussed war aims in Asia, Japan will lose all islands discussed war aims in Asia, Japan will lose all islands acquired, Korea independentacquired, Korea independent

Teheran-1943 Teheran-1943 The “Big Three” discussed 2The “Big Three” discussed 2ndnd front in front in Europe (France), Postwar Germany, Europe (France), Postwar Germany,

Yalta-February 1945Yalta-February 1945 “Big Three” Discussed the fate of “Big Three” Discussed the fate of Poland, Stalin asserted need for “Buffer Zone” and sphere Poland, Stalin asserted need for “Buffer Zone” and sphere of influence; Stalin promised to of influence; Stalin promised to allow free electionsallow free elections; ; planned for the division of Germany after the war; Stalin planned for the division of Germany after the war; Stalin promised to declare war on Japan in exchange for Japanese promised to declare war on Japan in exchange for Japanese land/Kurile Islands; (FDR is dying and will be criticized for land/Kurile Islands; (FDR is dying and will be criticized for being manipulated by Stalin and “selling out” Eastern being manipulated by Stalin and “selling out” Eastern Europe to the Russians.Europe to the Russians.

Potsdam- Germany, July 1945Potsdam- Germany, July 1945, FDR dead, Truman, , FDR dead, Truman, Churchill gone, new Brit- Clement Atlee, Stalin- discussed Churchill gone, new Brit- Clement Atlee, Stalin- discussed boundaries for Germany, German resources would pay for boundaries for Germany, German resources would pay for the war, the war,

Casablanca 1943Casablanca 1943

Teheran 1943Teheran 1943

Yalta-February 1945Yalta-February 1945

HolocausHolocaustt

Timeline of HolocaustTimeline of Holocaust Anti-Semitic laws in Anti-Semitic laws in

Germany begin in Germany begin in 1935 1935 Nuremburg LawsNuremburg Laws

Holocaust begins Holocaust begins when Germans invade when Germans invade Russia 1941Russia 1941

Holocaust ProcessHolocaust Process

First Nazi takeover Starts with 1939 invasionFirst Nazi takeover Starts with 1939 invasion Identification and Segregation of Jews and Identification and Segregation of Jews and

others (Ghettos and the Yellow Star)others (Ghettos and the Yellow Star) Invasion of Russia 1941- Invasion of Russia 1941- Shooting of JewsShooting of Jews

on on Mass Scale- early Holocaust- Russia, Mass Scale- early Holocaust- Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania

More efficient killing methods developed- More efficient killing methods developed- Killing Centers created- Killing Centers created- “Death Camps”“Death Camps” poison Gas usedpoison Gas used

Ghettos Liquidated by train transport- Ghettos Liquidated by train transport-

German German Atrocity…Atrocity… A Survivor's Eyewitness Account

by Dina Pronicheva "It was dark already...They lined us up on a ledge which was so small

that we couldn't get much of a footing on it. They began shooting us. I shut my eyes, clenched my fists, tensed all my muscles and took a plunge down before the bullets hit me. It seemed I was flying forever. But I landed safely on the bodies. After a while, when the shooting stopped, I heard the Germans climbing into the ravine. They started finishing off all those who were not dead yet, those who were moaning, hiccuping, tossing, writhing in agony. They ran their flashlights over the bodies and finished off all who moved. I was lying so still without stirring, terrified of giving myself away. I felt I was done for. I decided to keep quiet. They started covering the corpses over with earth. They must have put quite a lot over me because I felt I was beginning to suffocate. But I was afraid to move. I was gasping for breath. I knew I would suffocate. Then I decided it was better to be shot than buried alive. I stirred but I didn't know that it was quite dark already. Using my left arm I managed to move a little way up. Then I took a deep breath, summoned up my waning strength and crawled out from under the cover of earth. It was dark. But all the same it was dangerous to crawl because of the searching beams of flashlight and they continued shooting at those who moaned. They might hit me. So I had to be careful. I was lucky enough to crawl up one of the high walls of the ravine, and straining every nerve and muscle, got out of it."

FDR Dies April 12, 1945FDR Dies April 12, 1945

FDR dies and Harry Truman takes overFDR dies and Harry Truman takes over FDR was elected to an unprecedented FDR was elected to an unprecedented

4 terms4 terms He was a extremely beloved leader.He was a extremely beloved leader. ““Roosevelt had filled their lives through Roosevelt had filled their lives through

depression and war for more than a depression and war for more than a dozen years, allying their fears and dozen years, allying their fears and giving them hope. Now he was gone…”giving them hope. Now he was gone…”

Election of 1944 running mate Election of 1944 running mate Harry S. Harry S. TrumanTruman, from Missouri, a Democratic , from Missouri, a Democratic Senator, becomes President.Senator, becomes President.

Harry TrumanHarry Truman Democrat, MissouriDemocrat, Missouri Vet of WWI- CombatVet of WWI- Combat Failed Business Failed Business

Haberdasher= Men's Haberdasher= Men's clothing storeclothing store

Political Machine Political Machine PoliticianPolitician

Senator 1934Senator 1934 Loyal New Deal Loyal New Deal

advocateadvocate

Honest- great concern for Public interest

“The Buck Stops here.” Scrappy

Was ill-informed when he took office. (FDR controlled all)

““Manhattan Project”Manhattan Project”

OppenheimerOppenheimer AlamogordoAlamogordo

Was dropping the bomb Was dropping the bomb necessary?necessary?

““GI Bill of Rights”GI Bill of Rights”

GI is the term used for American GI is the term used for American soldiers in WWII. (G.I. means soldiers in WWII. (G.I. means General Issue)General Issue)

The The Servicemen’s Readjustment ActServicemen’s Readjustment Act Provided veterans a series of Provided veterans a series of

benefits:benefits: Low interest loans for homes, business, Low interest loans for homes, business,

and farmsand farms Aid for educationAid for education