An Analysis Between China and India Contribution to the World in Repect to Porters 5 Force Model- By Alladin Yaseen

8/16/2019 An Analysis Between China and India Contribution to the World in Repect to Porters 5 Force Model- By Alladin Yas…

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^sahc _brtnr‑s 5 knvnk bg tdahàhc, jssnssAhfajbrEdahjdjstdnpbtnhtajkgbr

ebhtralutahc tdn wbrkf

Hjin= JKKJFAH I Qjsnnh

Fjtn=<3/?1/<?:>



Jlstrjet

Ah tdas pjpnr wn ij`n usn bg katnrjturn jhf niparaejk nvafnhen tb injsurn tdn tdrnn

knvnk bg tdahàhc ljsnf bh tdn tdnbrntaejk grjinwbr` bg _brtnr's ah rncjrfs tb Ahfaj jhf

Edahj. Vdn gbeus bg tdas pjpnr as tb ekjragy tdn injhahc bg ahtnrhjtabhjk

ebipntatavnhnss bg ,gari jhf ahfustry knvnk watdah tdn ebhtnxt bg _brtnr‑s tdnsas tdjt

tdn twb supnrpbwnr ebipntn ah ahtnrhjtabhjk ijr`nts tb ebhtralutn tbwjrf tdn wbrkf.

Vdnrn wakk ln usn bg _brtnr‑s Fajibhf Grjinwbr` wdaed as hbt ynt sb jredjae jhf tdn

gavn gbrens ibfnk tb prbmnet tdn ebhtralutabh bg Edahj jhf Ahfaj wdaed wakk ln lje`nf

up ly j LEC ijtrax.



Fasekjainr jhf Ebpyracdt

Jkk racdts rnsnrvnf. Hb pjrt bg tdas pulkaejtabh ijy ln rnprbfuenf, fastralutnf, br

trjhsiattnf ah jhy gbri br ly jhy injhs, ahekufahc pdbtbebpyahc, rnebrfahc, br btdnr

nknetrbhae br inedjhaejk intdbfs, watdbut tdn prabr wrattnh pnriassabh bg tdn jutdbr. Gbr

pnriassabh rnqunsts, wratn tb tdn jutdbr, jffrnssnf ‛Jttnhtabh= _nriassabhs Ebbrfahjtbr,’

jt tdn ijak jffrnss lnkbw=

jkkjfahyjjsnnhOcijak.ebi



:. Gjetbr ebhfatabhs.................................................................................................1

<.Fnijhf ebhfatabhs.............................................................................................:?

5.Gari strjtncy, strueturn jhf ravjkry.................................................................... ::

Edahj Utrueturn.............................................................................................::

Ahfaj _kjusalkn Utrjtncy tb ebipntn watd Edahj‑s strueturn.........................:<

\avjkry.......................................................................................................... :<6.\nkjtnf jhf suppbrt ahfustrans............................................................................ :5

Gari knvnk (vjkun edjah )............................................................................................. :>

Edahj jrcuinht............................................................................................................ :1

Jrcuinht gbr Ahfaj.......................................................................................................:1

Ahfustry knvnk .............................................................................................................. <:

:. \avjkry...............................................................................................................<:

<. Ljrcjahahc pbwnr bg eustbinrs.........................................................................<<

5. Ljrcjahahc _bwnr bg Uuppkanrs..........................................................................<5

6. Vdrnjt bg Hnw Nhtrjhts..................................................................................... <6

>. Jvjakjlakaty bg Uulstatutns.................................................................................<6

7. Ebipkninhtjry _rbfuet....................................................................................<5

Ebhekusabh....................................................................................................................<7

\ngnrnhen......................................................................................................................<1

Ahtrbfuetabh= Gjst gjets bh Ahfaj jhf Edahj................................................................... 7

Ebuhtry knvnk (ebipntatavn jfvjhtjcn).........................................................................4



Ahtrbfuetabh= Gjst gjets bh Ahfaj jhf Edah

Vryahc tb ebipjrn twb supnr hjtabh watdbut sbin gkjsdy dastbry jhf lje`crbuhfhbtns as —snilkjln‑ tb ejusn fasruptabh ah jhjkyzahc tdn trnhf jhf prbvafn niparaejk

nvafnhen. Vdas snetabh wakk ebiprasn bg njsn bg fbahc lusahnss, jhf sbin gjets

lntwnnh Ahfaj jhf Edahj.

Vdn wbrkf ljh` ernjtnf jh ahfnx bg :41 ebuhtrans tb ejkeukjtn tdn njsn bg fbahc

lusahnss wdnrn Edahj as rjh`nf 1? jhf Ahfaj :6<. Vdn arbhy as tdjt Uahcjpbrn lnahc

hbt nvnh :/:?td bg tdnsn ebuhtrans sazn as rnachahc bvnr. Vdas ahfnx cavns jh ahfaejtabhbg jttrjetavnhnss tb nstjlkasd ah j ebuhtry jhf ebipjhy put nipdjsas bh tdnsn > ijah

gjetbrs. Vdny jrn=.

Gjetbrs Ahfaj EdahjEbiiuhaejtabh Satd j lurcnbhahc AV snetbr,

ahtnrhnt as jt ats pnj` ebilahnf watd

Ahfajh ILJ gkunht ah lbtd wrattnh

jhf brjk Nhckasd

Ijhy erbss eukturjk ljrranrs js wnkk

js enhsbrsdap bg ahgbrijtabh gbr

lusahnss js at as stjtn bwhnf.

Nhckasd kjhcujcn as ijstnrnf ly

gnw watd jh jeenht

Ahgrjstrueturn Jh nstaijtnf $3?? lakkabh as tb ln

njrijr`nf tb fnvnkbp ahgrjstrueturn

ah tdn 5 ebiahc ynjrs lut tdn lufcntah ibrn gjvbrnf tb iakatjry

ebiijhf bh tdn ljsas bg j

gbrtdebiahc wjr jcjahst ÛJ.

:>-<? ynjrs jdnjf bg Ahfaj ah tnris

bg bpnrjtabhs, kbcastae jhf

ahgrjstrueturn. Vdn pbrt systni asdacdky fnfaejtnf gbr nxpbrts.

Lusahnss pnriat jhf

vasj

<1 fjys tb ebipkntn rncastrjtabh

wdnrn Ahfaj as tjàhc stnps tb

ahekufn vasj ah jrravjk gbr

5: fjys tj`nh lut tdn ijmbr

frjwlje` as tdjt fbinstae lusahnss

as gjvbrnf ibrn ly kbejks jhf



lusahnssijh wdaed Edahj fbns hbt

prbvafn.

cbvnrhinhts.

Ahtnkknetujk prbpnrty A_ prbtbebk as updnkf ly prbvafahc

lnttnr jttatufn tbwjrf

je`hbwknfcahc ahtnkknetujk prbpnrty

bwhnrsdap tdjh Edahj.

Kjws jrn knss snvnrn js —in tbb

prbfuet‑ jhf aiatjtabhs jrn dacd

ahtnhsaty jt kbwnr ebst. Ah sbin

ejsns nvnh tdn kbcb as ebpanf watd

skacdt edjhcns.

Fbinstae ebipntatabh=

gbrnach ahvnstbr vs

stjtn bwhnf ebipjhy

J tjx rngbri iust ln bh tdn jcnhfj

tb nqujtn kjlbr kjws jhf edakf kjlbr

pbkaey js ijhy hjtabhs jrn lbyebttahc prbfuet watd tdn skjhc

—ijfn ah Ahfaj‑.

Edahj eurrnhtky djs lnttnr ahebin

tjx rjtn tdjh Ahfaj ah tnri bg

trnjtinht bg gbrnach ebipjhanswdnrn cbvt ijhapukjtn tdn wdbkn

systni.

Vdbucd ebhsuiahc rbucdky jh nacdtd bg tdn wbrkf‑s bak tdn wbrkf‑s laccnst sahckn

pjrty rukn stjtn nebhbiy as stuilkahc bh gjst trje` watd jh ahfnx rjtn bg 3.6% ah <?:6

jhf Ahfaj as rasahc ly 3.>% watd j $<trakkabh ijr̀ .

Uburen= Edahnsn Hjtabhjk Lurnju bg Utjtastae

Nvnh ag Edahj as tb jff <% br 5 %, Ahfaj as crbwahc 3-4% wdnrn tdn kjttnr as nxpnetnf

tb but-panen Edahj ah tnris bg nebhbiae butput ah <?:> wdakst ijràhc ats tnrratbry js

j supnrpbwnr wdnh at ebins tb ahtnrhjk fnijhf.



Ebuhtry knvnk (ebipntatavn jfvjhtjcn)

Ahfaj as tdn tbrtbasn jhf Edahj as tdn djrn, lut wdb wakk wah tdn ijrjtdbh. Ah tdas rjentb tdn tbp bg tdn wbrkf, wakk Edahj stakk fnpnhf bh gkjsdy stbry sued js tdn rnlartd jh

niparn bvnr ats <> ynjrs bg lrnj`hne` br wakk Ahfaj wakk gahjkky ninrcn fun tb ats

fniberjey bh tdn Ibfa-rngbri tb saipkagy tjxjtabh ly ahtrbfueahc j hjtabhwafn

cbbfs jhf snrvaens tjx. As tdn dypbtdnsns bg j kahnjr pbsatavn rnkjtabhsdap lntwnnh

ebipntatabh jhf pnrgbrijhen vjkaf. Unnahc as lnkanvahc. Ub jh ah fnptd rnvanw jhf

jppkaejtabh bg _brtnrs vanw bh ebipntatavnhnss bh ebuhtry knvnk bh Edahj jhf Ahfaj

wakk ln faseussnf.

_brtnr (<??7) fngahns ebipntatabh js tdn ebhenpt bg ebipntatavnhnss rngnrrahc tb tdn

jlakaty tb jedanvn fbiahjhen jhf stnjfahnss ah tdn ebipntatabh lntwnnh tdn ahfavafujk

ebipjhans jhf ebipntatbrs bh j iaerb knvnk, jhf lntwnnh nebhbians bh j

ijerbnebhbiae knvnk .’

Vdn hjtabhjk ibfnk

fnhtagans 6 ekjssns bg

ebuhtry jttralutn gbr

fntnriahahc tdn hjtabhjk

ebipntatavn jfvjhtjcn bg jjtabh. Vdny jrn=

Fnijhf ebhfatabhs,

\nkjtnf jhf suppbrt

ahfustrans,

Gari strjtncy, strueturn jhf ravjkry

Gjetbr ebhfatabhs



:. Gjetbr ebhfatabh_brtnr usns j ebkkbquajk stykn ljsnf bh kbcaejk rnjsbhahc wdaed ebhsast bg duijh

rnsburens, pdysaejk rnsburens, `hbwknfcn rnsburens, ejpatjk rnsburens jhf

ahgrjstrueturn. Vdnsn gjetbrs wdnh ahtncrjtnf ah Edahj jhf Ahfaj, suppbrt jhf

ebipkninht tdn systni bg hjtabhjk ebipntatavnhnss. Vdny ejh ij`n br nrjfaejtn tdnar

nebhbiy.

Ahfaj‑s rbjf jrn ahjfnqujtn ebipkninhtnf watd j kbusy ahgrjstrueturn. \npbrts

sdbw :.5 lakkabh tbhhns bg inredjhfasn jrn nxedjhcns fjaky bh tdn rjakwjys,

sdappahc jhf pbrt systni wdaed ejhhbt ly jhy injhs jeebiibfjtn tdnsn dnjvy

trjhsjetabh. Ah ebhtrjst Edahnsn ahtnrhjtabhjk pbrt systni as ibrn bhn wjy trjggae

(nxpbrt) wdakst stjccnrahc tb fbiahjtn tdn wbrkf nxpbrt. Bhky rjw ijtnrajk jrn

aipbrtnf grbi Jgraej wdaed jrn ebhvnrtnf ahtb luk`nf butput jt kbw praens.

Ahfaj‑s fniberjey as j kbhc tnri jssnt watd pbpukjtabh crbwahc twb gbkf tdjh

Edahj wdaed ebhsast bg tbb ijhy iaffkn jcn wbr`nr watd kbw lartd rjtn. VdbucdEdahj stjhfs jt 53td ah kjlbur ijr`nt nggaeanhey ats kjlbr gbren as snnh tb ln cbahc

ahtb j ebipkntn fajintraejk bppbsatn farnetabh wdaed tdrnjtnhs Edahj‑s

qujkagaejtabh tb lnebin jh niparn.

Ah tdn :14?s edahj djs kagtnf tdn crnjtnst huilnr bg pnbpkn kavahc ah pbvnrty ah tdn

sdbrtnst tain. _rbpbhnhts ijy jrcun tdjt Edahnsn jutdbraty tj`n bvnr gjrinr‑s

kjhf tb luakf gjetbrans watd kattkn ebipnhsjtabh pjaf wdakst pulkae prbtnstjht as

ras`y. Ah Ahfaj js pnr Hbh Cbvnrhinht Brcjhazjtabh tdn jvnrjcn ibhtdky ahebin

bg gjrinr ah Ahfaj as \s <::</$5> pnr ibhtd wbràhc 3 fjys j wnn`, gjiaky bg >

inilnrs. Jlbut 7?% bg gjrinrs cb tb lnf duhcry. Nvnry 5? iahutn j dnkpknss

gjrinr ebiiats suaeafn. Js bg <?:6, j tbtjk bg 5?:,654 gjrinrs djvn àkknf

tdnisnkvns sahen :11>. Vdny djvn tj`nh tdn lurfnh bg prbvafahc ednjp gbbf tb



:.<> lakkabh pnbpkn bg tdn hjtabh. Zunstabh2 As tdn rjen tb tj`n bvnr Edahj ah tdn

gbrtd ebiahc fnejfn kjys jt tdn nxpnhsn bg jh uhdjppy hjtabh2. Vdn knjst tdn

cbvnrhinht ejh fb gbr tdni as tb prbvafn j lnttnr kagn!

Ah dacdnr nfuejtabh, Ahfaj stjhfs jt 15rf, watd Edahj jdnjf ah 7>td . Dbwnvnr

Edahj as strucckahc tb aipkninht ckbljk kjhcujcn Nhckasd js at as j ljsae tbbk gbr

ahtnrhjtabhjk ebiiuhaejtabh tb ahtnrjet watd tdn wbrkf jhf lbbst ats nebhbiae

prbspnraty. Ah ebhtrjst Ahfaj pbssnss Ahfajh ILJ watd lnttnr ebiijhf bg lbtd

brjk jhf wrattnh Nhckasd wdaed tdrnjtnh ats pbsatabh. Dbwnvnr tdn prblkni watd

Ahfaj as tdjt bhky j gnw snknetnf rncabh djvn jeenss tb tdn lnst nfuejtabh systnijhf tdn vakkjcns jrn ebhfnihnf tb ln kbw prbgakn kjlbrs fun tb pbvnrty. Sdy tdn

Ahfajh cbvnrhinht as hbt fnvnkbpahc ats kjlbr gjetbr nhfbwinht tb gurtdnr

prbcrnss tdn nebhbiy. Vdnsn hnw gbrinf nkatn ebukf ln j wnkk sdjpnf wnjpbh

jcjahst Edahj.

<.Fnijhf ebhfatabh_brtnr (:11?j, :114j) rncjrfs tdn nssnhtajk ebhfatabhs bg fnijhf js= j dbin fnijhf

tdjt jhtaeapjtns jhf knjfs ahtnrhjtabhjk fnijhf, ahfustry sncinhts watd j sachagaejht

sdjrn bg dbin fnijhf, jhf sbpdastaejtnf jhf fnijhfahc luynrs .

Edahj ejhhbt sustjah Ahfaj ah tdn hnxt 5-> ynjrs. \njkky2 Ah tdn stnnk ahfustry,

Edahj as cbf jka`n gacurn jeebuhtahc bvnr >?% bg wbrkf stnnk prbfuetabh ah <?:5dnkpahc tb sustjah Edahnsn stbe` ijr̀ nt ejpatjkazjtabh jrbuhf $:? trakkabh.

Kahàhc _brtnrs ahfustry sncinht watd j sdjrn bg dbin fnijhf, tdn fnijhf gbr

stnnk knf tb j rjpaf ibfnrhazjtabh bg ats nebhbiy, ebhstruetabh, ahgrjstrueturn jhf

ijhugjeturahc ahfustrans.Vb ebipntn, Ahfaj fnpkbys dacd vjkun spneajkast fnjks ah

ebiibfaty stnnk ijfn watd tdn gahnst crjfn stnnk jhf tjrcnt enrtjah haedns. Ahfnnf

ahhbvjtabh as lnttnr aiatjtabh.

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http://money.cnn.com/2015/06/15/investing/china-stocks-10-trillion/



Ahfaj djs lnebin ibrn spneajkaznf ah haedns snrvaen snetbr (AV) watd dacdnr praen

qujkaty ebipbsatabh wdakn edahj djs lnebin j ijmbr dul bg tdn ahernjsahcky

sncinht ckbljk prbfuetabh prbenss. Ebrn ebipntnheans as qujkaty vs qujhtaty

rnspnetavnky

5.Gari trjtncy, trueturn jhf ravjkry_brtnr lnkanvns j ebuhtry‑s ebipntatavnhnss uktaijtnky fntnriahns j gari‑s

ahtnrhjtabhjk ebipntatavn jfvjhtjcn wdnrn tdn strjtncans jhf strueturns bg garis

fnpnhf dnjvaky bh tdn hjtabhjk nhvarbhinht jhf ravjkry as tdn ibst erataejk fravnr bg

ebipntatavn jfvjhtjcn .

Edahj Utrueturn

Garst ibvnr jfvjhtjcn ah Ahgrjstrueturn watd j quahtupknf stbe` ijr`nt ejpatjkazjtabh.

Lbrfnrs :6 hjtabh wdaed as ibrn tdjh jhy ebuhtry ah tdn wbrkf. Vdn Edahnsn cbvt as

nxtnhfahc ahhbvjtabh ah tdn pulkae snetbr js wnkk ly nheburjcahc nquaty ahvnstinht ly

hbh-stjtn ejpatjk jhf ijhjcnrajk rngbri

Luakt up j vnry fnnp ahgrjstrueturn kah`jcns, ebiinreajk tanrs watd ats hnacdlbrs tdus

jkkbwahc tdn stjtn tb fnprneajtn tdn Edahnsn yujh tb traccnr ebrrnetavn jetabh wdnh

fnninf gat.

Nxpbrtahc cbbfs jhf aipbrtahc rjw ijtnrajks wdakn eurrnhtky sdagtahc grbi snrvahc

tdn fbinstae ijr`nt tb vnhturahc ahtb tdn ckbljk ijr`ntpkjen.

Luakt j trjhshjtabhjk niparn bg rnsburens jhf pbkaey suppbrt tb upcrjfn vjkun edjahs,

aiprbvn tnedhbkbcaejk jfvjheninht jhf lbbst ahhbvjtabh ah ijhugjeturahc jhf

snrvaen ahfustrans .



Ahfaj _kjusalkn Utrjtncy tb ebipntn watd Edahj‑s strueturn.

Fnvnkbp ats ijhugjeturahc snetbr . Jeebrfahc tb Sbrkf Ljh`, ijhugjeturahc ah Ahfaj

jeebuhts gbr jrbuhf :7 pnrenht bg CF_, j knvnk tdjt djs rnijahnf kjrcnky uhedjhcnf ah

tdn kjst twb fnejfns jhf as rnkjtavnky kbw. Vdn cbvnrhinht's nggbrts jt aiprbvahc tdn

pnrgbrijhen bg tdn ijhugjeturahc snetbr wakk knjf tb ibrn mbls gbr ybuhc Ahfajh

wbinh jhf inh

Fnernjsn kbcastae ebst .- J eb-brfahjtabh jibhc tdn gbur ibfns bg trjhspbrt ― rbjf, rjak,

jvajtabh jhf sdappahc tb rnfuen trjhsat ebst.Uustjah urljhazjtabh . Vdn Ibfa rngbri as dacdkacdtahc 5>? iakkabh Ahfajh ibvahc tb

urljh snetbr ah > ynjrs wdaed wakk ln tdn `ny fravnr gbr crbwtd jcjahst Edahj.

Ernjtn qujkaty ahgrjstrueturn as tdn ijstnr `ny ah bvnrtjàhc Edahj.

\avjkry

Ahstnjf bg gbeusahc bh gkjsdy stbry bh ebipjrasbh lntwnnh twb gari strjtncans, tdn

ravjkry ebhenpt wakk sulmnet bh tdn ahtnrebhhnetnfhnss lntwnnh nebhbiae jhf pbkataes

ahgkunheahc ebipntatavnhnss.

Edahj sahckn pjrty stjtn vs Ahfaj kjrcnst Fniberjey wdnh at ebins tb

ijhugjeturahc, edahj as jfvjhtjcnbus. N.c Kjhf jequasatabh ah Edahj as njsy tb

nrnet nhtnrprasn jhf ejrvn but kjhf gbr ahfustrajk zbhns. Ah Ahfaj Kjhf Jequasatabh

Lakk as skbw. Sdb wbukf ebin tb luakf gjetbrans tdnrn2 Uystnijtae nvbkutabh bg

knjfnrsdap as j edjkknhcn ah Ahfaj ebipjrnf tb Edahj.

Kbbàhc grbi j fastjht pnrspnetavn bg ravjkry, tdn tnedhbkbcy tdjt djs lnnh usnf

ah Edahnsn spjen ahfustry as jeenssalkn nvnrywdnrn, tdas as wdy Edahnsn



ijhugjeturahc as ijàhc prbcrnss. Vjàhc Ahfajh Upjen \nsnjred, at djs spnht j

kbt bg vjkun jrbuhf ah tnri bg nquapinht. At as ats hjtabhjk aijcn wdaed as

prbmnetahc at js j Uupnrpbwnr.

Ag Ahfaj lkbe` Edahnsn ahvnstinht, tdn gbrinr wakk ln fasjfvjhtjcnbus fun tb tdn

gjet tdjt Edahj lrahcs kbw ebst ejpatjk nquapinht wdaed as :/5 tdn praen ah Mjpjh

jhf Cnrijhy. Vdn <?:> ijss nhtrnprnhnursdap jhf ahhbvjtabh prbcrjiin as

ebhtnipkjtahc tb fnfaejtn rnsburens tbwjrf ahhbvjtabh fravnh crbwtd wdnrnly

Edahnsn nhtrnprnhnurs jrn djvahc rnebursn tb tnedhbkbcaejk gjetbrs, n-ebiinren

jhf sbeajk infaj tb upcrjfn tdnar ijhugjeturahc ahhbvjtabh ejpjeaty. Vdasahhbvjtabh fravn wakk pbsn j snrabus tdrnjt tb Ahfaj js gari jrn rnenavahc

sulsafaznf gahjheahc nhjlkahc j \&F spnhfahc bg ibrn tdjh :>? lakkabh. At as tdas

jssuiptabh tdjt j ebuhtry‑s ebipntatavnhnss uktaijtnky fntnriahns j gari‑s

ahtnrhjtabhjk ebipntatavn jfvjhtjcn tdjt knf tb tdn lnkang tdjt ebuhtrans ka`n garis,

ebipntn ahtnrhjtabhjkky jhf tdus tdjt tdn ahtnrhjtabhjk trjfn nhcjcninht bg

ebuhtrans as j hncjtavn sui cjin, js at as ah tdn ejsn bg Edahj (_brtnr :11?).

\nkjtnf jhf uppbrt ahfu tranVdn ahtrbfuetabh bg rnkjtnf jhf suppbrt ahfustry ekustnrs js j snpjrjtn fntnriahjht bg

hjtabhjk ebipntatavn jfvjhtjcn djs lnnh vanwnf js bhn bg tdn ibst aipbrtjht

ebhtralutabhs bg _brtnr‑s Fajibhf Vdnbry (Vnnen :117).

Jgtnr 5? ynjrs bg snkg fnfaejtnf nggbrts ah luakfahc Edahj ahtb j ijhugjeturahc pbwnrdbusn, tdas ebrn ebipntnhey ahtncrjtnf watd j ebipknx ahfustry, ekustnr bg

suppky edjah, `hbwknfcn jhf sàkks gjeakatjtn snkkahc tb ahtnrhjtabhjk ijr`nt. Ahfaj as

stakk prbcrnssahc tbb skbw2 Edahj‑s ckbljk nxpbrt pkjtgbri gbr nknetrbhaes cbbfs ejh ln

vanwnf jcjahst Ahfaj ckbljk enhtnr gbr AEV snrvaen.



Edahj‑s 3 Utrjtncae Uuppbrt Ahfustrans

:. Nhnrcy nggaeanht jhf nhvarbhinhtjk tnedhbkbcans<. Hnxt cnhnrjtabh ahgbrijtabh tnedhbkbcy5. Labtnedhbkbcy6. Jfvjhenf nquapinht ijhugjeturn>. Hnw nhnrcy7. Hnw ijtnrajks3. Hnw-nhnrcy vndaekns

Vdnsn strjtncae suppbrt jrn jhtaeapjtnf tb jeebuht gbr

:>% bg CF_ ly <?<?.

Lurcnbhahc Ahfajh tjknht pbbk ah tdn At snetbr as nstaijtnf tb djvn cnhnrjtnf Û$ :67

lakkabh ah rnvnhun aipkyahc j crbwtd rjtn bg <5.3< pnr enht. Dbin tb 5,??? tned

stjrt-ups at as snt tb ahernjsn ats ljsn tb ::,>?? tned stjrt-ups ly <?<?. Ahfajh AV's ebrn

ebipntnheans jhf strnhctds djvn pkjenf at bh tdn ahtnrhjtabhjk ejhvjs, jttrjetahc

ahvnstinhts grbi ijmbr ebuhtrans. Ahfaj ebhtahuns tb ln tdn tbpibst bggsdbrahcfnstahjtabh gbr AV ebipjhans gbkkbwnf ly Edahj jhf Ijkjysaj ah snebhf jhf tdarf

pbsatabh, rnspnetavnky

Hbw Edahnsn ijhugjeturnr hnnf jeenss tb kbw ebst kjlbr jhf tdas as wdy tdny jrn jksb

turhahc tb Ahfaj lnejusn tdny lnkanvn tdny djvn j kbwnr pbbk wdaed as kbwnr ebst jhf

jeenss tb ijr`nt js wnkk. Vdny jrn lnahc ahgkunhenf ly Ijfn Ah Ahfaj wdaed as tdn

hnw tjc-kahn uhfnr Ibfa-cbvnrhinht.

http://www.swissnexchinanews.org/innovation/2013/10/27/chinas-7-strategic-emerging-industries

http://www.swissnexchinanews.org/innovation/2013/10/27/chinas-7-strategic-emerging-industries





LEC IJV\AT GB\ AHFAJ



s

LEC IJV\AT GB\ EDAHJ



Edahj jrcuinht

Eurrnht Ahfaj CF_ as jlbut :/> bg Edahj. Vdas pjpnr kbb`s >-:? ynjrs jdnjf lut Edahj

as jkrnjfy tdrnn fnejfn jdnjf ah tnri bg nebhbiae sazn, ahgrjstrueturn jhf sbeajkahfaejtbr. Vdn nebhbiae guhfjinhtjk gurtdnr uhfnrsebrn Edahnsn rngbri lncjh lngbrn

Ahfaj lut sahen tdjt tain ats jfvjhtjcn djs lnnh kbe`nf ah gurtdnr. Jt ibst Ahfaj ejh

ln j hjvjk pbwnr ah tdn Ahfajh benjh. Ahfaj ejhhbt rnvnrsn tdas garst ibvnr jfvjhtjcn.

Cnbcrjpdy ebhgari tdas pbaht. Nvnh ag Ahfaj wnrn js pbwnrguk js Edahj, at as

fasjfvjhtjcn ly ats tjkknst ibuhtjah rjhcn tdn Daijkjyjs jhf ats hnacdlbrs jrn dbstakn.

Vdn cnbcrjpdy, cbvnrhjhen, nebhbiae fapkbijey jhf eukturn jrn hbt tdn sjin gbr lbtd lakkabh pnbpkn. Vdas ij`n j strjtncae faggnrnhen.

Ah ahgrjstrueturn, tdn cjp ijy katnrjkky hnvnr ekbsn. Ah gjet bhn bg tdn pkjen Ahfaj ibst

hnnf ahvnstinht as pbwnr jhf trjhspbrtjtabh. Ahfaj djs tb ahvatn edahj tb fb sb tdnsn

fnvnkbpinht js at djs gjak tb fb sb

Ag Ahfaj wjs tb tj`n jkk bg Edahj ijhugjeturahc, tdnh pnrdjps at ebukf ejted up lut

Edahj as ahvnstahc $:trakkkabh ah jfvjhenf tnedhbkbcy snetbr. At ijy skbw fbwh ah tnri

bg nebhbiae crbwtd lut at as cnttahc raednr ah tnri bg pbwnr jhf knvnrjcn.

Jrcuinht gbr AhfajAh tdn :11?s, lbtd ebuhtry djf rbucdky tdn sjin pnr-ejpatj ahebin, sjin knvnk bg

urljhazjtabh. Vdn pbaht as edahj knjf as lnejusn bg rnkjtavnky sijkk faggnrnhen ah rjtn

ebipbuhfnf bvnr <? ynjrs. J kjrcn pjrt bg edahj sueenss djs lnnh fravnh ly

fnibcrjpdaes tdjt bvnr tdn kjst <? ynjrs a.n tdn fasprbpbrtabh bg edahj wbràhc jcn.

Hbw stjrtahc <?:> tdas as jlbut tb rnvnrsn. Bh tdn btdnr djhf Ahfaj as jlbut tb nhtnr ats

cbkfnh pdjsn jhf wakk rnach ah tnris bg fnibcrjpdaes.

At as lnkanvnf tdjt ag ybu ejh ebhtrbk tdn sburen bg ahgbrijtabh ybu ejh ebhtrbk tdn



ahfnpnhfnhen bg pnbpkn. Ah edahj tdn hnwspjpnr, rjfab jhf nvnh tb tdn nxtnht bg

ahtnrhnt as ebhtrbkknf ly tdn cbvnrhinht. Ejh j ebuhtry prbcrnss watdbut Gjenlbb` as

tdn qunstabh. Bh j pbkataejk jhf sbeajk gbuhfjtabh, j cbvnrhinht as hbtdahc watdbut ats

pnbpkn. Ub ah tdas rjen bhky tdn bhn wdaed ejh jhswnr tdas 5 qunstabh pbsatavnky wakk

tj`n tdn uppnr-djhf ah gnw ynjrs.

:. Dbw wakk pnbpkn jeenpt ybu2

<. J systni tdjt ejh djhfkn pbkataejk prblkni

5. Fb pnbpkn djvn grnnfbi.

Ahfnnf Edahj as tdn blvabus kbsnr!

Bvnr tdn kjst <? ynjrs stjtastaes pbrtrjynf j kjrcn huilnr bg praijry edakfrnh ah

Edahj‑s nfuejtabh systni djs fnernjsnf ly :4% wdakn Ahfaj djs cbhn up ly >4%.

Vdas as tdn rnkjtavn papnkahn bg duijh ejpatjk.Ahfaj kje` tdn ebhtahuaty bg j ebipntnht

cbvnrhinht wdaed as uhrnkajlkn tdus pkjcuahc tdn ebuhtry. Gbr ahstjhen Ahfaj as hbw

mblknss fun tb kje` bg ahhbvjtabh jhf fnvnkbpinht. ^ttjr _rjfnsd As Ub Mblknss,<5????? pnbpkn jppkanf gbr 574 _nbh Mbls wdnrn <????? jppkaejhts wnrn ebkkncn

crjfs. Vdnrn as nvnh sàkk sdbrtjcn ah ijhy `ny snetbr sued js kbcastae jhf

trjhspbrtjtabh. Vdnrn jkk nfuejtnf ybutd ejh ln kastnf js uhnipkbynf.

J kbt bg edahj crbwtd ibfnk djs lnnh ljsnf bh dnjvy ahvnstinht ahtb ahgrjstrueturn.

Dbwnvnr, tdn prblkni watd tdas ibfnk bg crbwtd as tdjt tdn nebhbiy wdaed as

$4trakkabh djvn tb gahf $6 trakkabh ynjrky tb ahvnst. Jhf js Mjpjh wjs gbuhfnf watd j

vnry saiakjr nebhbiy ibfnk takk tdn :14?s, tdny natdnr natdnr grbi j iasjkkbejtabh bg

ejpatjk br djs tb nxpbrt tdn ejpatjk but. \ngnrrahc grbi tdn Jsajh erasas ag tdnrn as j

iasjkkbejtabh, tdnh tdn wdbkn crbwtd ibfnk ebins tb j crahfahc djkt. Ag tdnrn as

nxpbrt bg ejpatjk ka`n Mjpjh faf, tdnh tdas wakk knjf crbwtd ah jhbtdnr ebuhtry lut j

skbw fbwh bwh nebhbiy



Ahfustry knvnk

Vdn ibfnk bg purn ebipntatabh aipkans tdjt ras`-jfmustnf rjtns bg rnturh sdbukf lnebhstjht jerbss garis jhf ahfustrans. Iaedjnk _brtnr prbvafnf j grjinwbr` tdjt

ibfnks jh ahfustry js lnahc ahgkunhenf ly gavn gbrens wdaed wakk ln jppkanf ah ebhtnxt

watd Edahj jhf Ahfaj. Vwb ijah ahfustry wakk ln tj`nh jhf ebipjrnf. Vdn AV ahfustry

ah Ahfaj vs tdn Ijhugjeturahc ahfustry ah Edahj.

Jh ahsacdt bg tdn ibfnk as sdbwh lnkbw=

:. \avjkry J dacd knvnk bg ravjkry lntwnnh nxastahc ebipntatbrs ejh ahgkunhen tdn prbgatjlakaty bg

jh ahfustry. At fnpnhfs bh tdn ‛ahtnhsaty watd wdaed ebipjhans ebipntn jhf, snebhf,

bh tdn ljsas bh wdaed tdny ebipntn ’ (_brtnr, <??4, p. 5<) Ah jh nrj bg ahtnhsn

ebipkntabh gbr ebhvnhtabhjk AV snrvaens, Ahfaj as cnjrahc tbwjrf ebiibfatazjtabh tbtj`n bvnr tdn AV ahfustry kjhfsejpn. Dbwnvnr tdnrn jrn snvnrjk garis ah tdn ijr`nt



bggnrahc saiakjr snrvaens jhf at as faggaeukt tb faggnrnhtajtn ljsnf bh tdnsn snrvaen

bggnrahcs. Fbinstae pkjynrs jrn (Ahgbsys, VEU, Saprb, DEK tnedhbkbcans) wdb jrn tb

ebipntn tb ravjk jcjahst (ALI, Jeenhturn, Ejpcniaha, Ebchazjht) wdaed jrn jetahc js

j rnjk ebe`-lkbe` tb Ahfaj. Ly <?5?, AEVs ebukf cnhnrjtn bvnr $:: trakkabh ah nebhbiae

lnhngats pnr ynjr , jeebrfahc tb hnw rnsnjred ly tdn Ckbljk n-Uustjahjlakaty Ahatajtavn

jhf Jeenhturn. Vdjt as tdn nquavjknht bg Edahj‑s jhhujk CF_ ah <?:> jhf jh

bppbrtuhaty tb ln crjspnf.

Edahj prbfuens jlbut 4?% bg tdn wbrkf‑s jar-ebhfatabhnrs, 3?% bg ats iblakn pdbhns

jhf 7?% bg ats sdbns lut tdn nebhbiy as hbt js rblust js at wjs. Dbwnvnr tdnrn as tdnfjhcnr bg prbfuetabh bvnrruhs ly ebhtrjet ijhugjeturnrs jhf knj`jcn bg prbfuets

bhtb tdn Edahnsn fbinstae jhf bvnrsnjs ijr`nts. Vdn ‛kbw-ebst kjlbr’ ibfnk wbr`nf

bhky gbr 5? ynjrs. Sbràhc watd tdn Mjpjhnsn cbvnrhinht, tdn Ahfajhs nhvasabh j

snrans bg snvnh hnw ahfustrajk eatans nquappnf watd wdjt‑s stjhfjrf ah Edahj ly

fnvnkbpahc ahgrjstrueturn kah`jcns ka`n pabhnnr pkjhts, jssurnf wjtnr suppky, dacd

ejpjeaty trjhspbrtjtabh jhf kbcastaes gjeakatans. Fbns Ahfaj wjhts tb ebhvahen

lusahnss knjfnrs bg tdn afnj tdjt Ahfaj ejh ravjk Edahj js j ijhugjeturahc

enhtnr2

<. Ljrcjahahc pbwnr bg eu tbinr

Ah tdn fbijah bg ebhvnhtabhjk AV snrvaens, ljrcjahahc pbwnr bg tdn luynr as kjrcn jhftdn pbssalakaty bg prnssurn bh rjtns nxasts. Vdn luynr, nhcjcn watd lbtd ahtnrhjtabhjk

AV prbvafnrs js wnkk js Ahfajh as tdn praen snttnr jhf djs hncjtnf tdn bggsdbrn

jfvjhtjcns tdrbucd ijturn prbeurninht jhf ckbljk fnkavnry. Vdn ahtnrhjtabhjk AV

garis tbb djvn hncjtnf tdn jfvjhtjcn nhmbynf ly Ahfajh AV ebipjhans tdrbucd ejptavn

enhtrns ah Ahfaj jhf ckbljkky . Ah tdas ahfustry, ah ejsn bg ebhvnhtabhjk AV snrvaens, tdn

luynr as àhc! Dbwnvnr tdas as hb lac fnjk gbr tdn Ahfajhs js tdny ahhbvjtn lngbrn tdnynvjpbrjtn ah tdas snetbr.



Jgraej djs lnhngatnf grbi jh ahgkbw bg Edahnsn jaf, gahjheahc jhf ahvnstinht, wdaed

ah atsnkg as ebupknf tb trjfn gkbws. Jgraej‑s nxpbrts jrn fbiahjtnf ly bak jhf iahnrjks

(46 pnrenht bg Jgraej‑s nxpbrts tb Edahj). Edahj‑s tbtjk nxpbrts tb Jgraej nqujk $>?.1

lakkabh vnrsus $>>.1 lakkabh ah aipbrts grbi Jgraej wdaed sdbws tdjt Edahj‑s

ljrcjahahc pbwnr as ducn. Vdbucd tdn Jgraej nxpbrt as dacdnr, at rnsukts tb hnt kbsnrs

grbi Edahnsn ijhugjeturns nxpbrt nxpjhsabh js rnsburens lbucdt wjs :/5 ats praen.

5. Ljrcjahahc _bwnr bg uppkanr

Dacd-stjhfjrfazjtabh jhf eut tdrbjt ebipntatabh knjfs ljrcjahahc pbwnr bg Ahfajh

suppkanrs tb ln vnry kbw js tdnrn as kattkn sebpn bg suppkanrs djvahc jhy ekbut. Vdn

suppkanrs ebhsasts bg AV Ahgrjstrueturn prbvafnrs (Unrvnrs, ebiputnrs nte.),

\neruatinht garis, Bggaen Upjen Uuppkanrs nte . Gurtdnr ibrn tdas as ejsn jksb gbr

hbh-ebhvnhtabhjk snrvaens wdnrn j pjrthnrsdap-stykn nhcjcninhts iatacjtn lbtd ras` jhf rnwjrfs. \as` wakk ln ah tnri bg lbyebttahc bg snrvaens fun tb ibhbpbky pbwnr

jttralutns jhf rnwjrf wakk ln bhky pkjusalkn ah faggnrnhtajtabh jhf qujkaty snrvaens jrn

gnkt grbi tdn eustbinrs. Ahfaj‑s kbhc-tnri prbspnets kbb` Utrbhcnr ah lnahc hb. : AV

tjknht suppkanr ah tdn wbrkf. Vdn ebrn ebipntnhey bg tdas hjtabh as djvahc j kjrcn pbbk

bg Nhckasd spnjàhc pnbpkn jijkcjijtnf j valrjht, nhnrcntae jhf ernjtavn HCB

snetbr.

Ah rnenht ynjrs, Edahj djs nxpjhfnf ats trjfn jhf ahvnstinht rnkjtabhsdap watd Jgraej

wdnrn kbjhs jrn ibstky crjhtnf jt hbh-ebhenssabhjk rjtns. Vdbucd aiprbvahc br

strnhctdnhahc tdn ljrcjahahc pbwnr bg Jgraejh cbvnrhinhts, ejh ln j kattkn

fasjfvjhtjcnbus, ah tdn iahahc ebhtrjet jkk tdn ras`s wnrn lbrhn ly tdn ebuhtry, jhf

hbhn ly tdn Edahnsn wdnrnly tdny wbukf rnenavn j gaxnf rbyjkty pjyinht. ‛ Hb ijttnr

dbw ijhy iahnrjks tdnrn jrn uhfnr tdn crbuhf, jhf hb ijttnr wdjt tdn praen wjs, tdn



Jgraej wbukf trjhsgnr j gaxnf jibuht bg ibhny nvnry ynjr ’. Vdas ejh ln fnninf tdn

rnsukt bg jh jsyiintrae ljrcjahahc pbwnr.

6. Vdrnjt bg Hnw NhtrjhtAh ebhtnxt bg j dacdky facatjkasnf jhf fnrncukjtnf AV snrvaens kattkn tdrnjt bg hnw

nhtrjhts as aipbsnf fun tb tdn gjet tdjt tdn hnwnr tnedhbkbcans jkkbw tdn pbssalakaty bg

hnw haedn pkjynrs tdjt jrn hbt fnpnhfnht bh sazn tb nxpnranhen ebhstrjahts. Jksb jh

bvnr-fnpnhfnhen bh tdn Û Nebhbiy wdnrn jkibst 3?% bg tdn AV ahfustry rnvnhuns

ebins grbi ÛJ gbrtaganf pjtnht racdts jhf kjw-suat jcjahst rnpkaej bg tnedhbkbcy

akkncjkky. Vdas faseburjcn hnw nhtrjhts ibrn. Dbwnvnr jeebrfahc tb j rnpbrt ly AFE

Edahnsn AV duls ka`n Lnamahc jhf Udjhcdja jrn snt tb bvnrtj`n Ahfajh duls bh tdn

gbrtdebiahc ynjr bh jeebuht bg tdnar stjlkn Ubeab- nebhbiae nhvarbhinht, nxenkknht

ahgrjstrueturn, kbw jttratabh rjtns jhf sàkknf tjknht pbbk. Jeebrfahc tb Ie@ahsny,

gurtdnr crbwtd bg tdn Ahfajh ahfustry djs tb ebin grbi sijkk fastraets, butsafn tdn Vanr

eatans jhf kje` bg gkunhey ah kjhcujcns btdnr tdjh Nhckasd, as prbvahc tb ln j wnj`hnss

bg tdn Ahfajh AV ahfustry ah ats pjtd bg bvnrtjàhc Edahj.

Vdn tdrnjt bg nhtrjht fbns hbt jppky gbr ijhugjeturahc ah Edahj fun tb gjet ats ebrn

prbenssns as luakt bvnr < fnejfns watd j djrfwbràhc ijh pbwnr jt kbw ebst,

jutbijtabh bg ijedahnry jhf ahvnstinht jeebuhts bvnr <:> lakkabh fbkkjrs bvnr

ijahtnhjhen bg ijedahnry jhf nquapinht. Ats as jksb j wbrtd inhtabh tdjt Edahj

qujfrupknf ats CF_ tb lnebin tdn snebhf kjrcnst nebhbiy ah tdn wbrkf ljsnf bh ats

puredjsahc pbwnr pjraty.

>. Jvjakjlakaty bg ul tatutn

Vdnrn jrn hb sulstjhtajk sulstatutns tb AV snrvaens. Uulstatutn as hbt tdn jpprbprajtn

wbrf lut rjtdnr jvjakjlakaty jhf spnnf bg ahhbvjtabh as j ebhenrh. Jppkaejtabh

fnvnkbpinht as gjst ibrpdahc ahtb jpp-fnvnkbpinht jhf tdnrn as tdn hnnf tb jfjpt jhf

ahebrpbrjtn hnw tnedhbkbcans ah Ahfaj. Nhcjcninht ibfnks kbbis bvnr tdn AV ahfustry



tdjt hnnfs tb rngbri jhf rn-ahvnht atsnkg rjpafky (Mjah <?:6). Dbwnvnr Mjpjh as pbsahc

js tdrnjt tb Ahfaj rasn tb j supnrpbwnr ah tdn gankf bg tnedhbkbcy. \nenhtky j

Fainhsabhjk Nknvjtbr, wdaed ebukf trjhspbrt grbi bhn gkbbr tb tdn btdnr ah tdn lkah`

bg jh nyn wjs sueenssgukky fnvnkbpnf jhf hbw bpnrjtabhjk ah Mjpjh. Vdn prblkni as

tdjt Edahj djs strbhcnr tans jhf nebhbiae rnkjtabh watd Mjpjh tdjh Ahfaj wdaed ebukf

djkt ats crbwtd. Edahj‑s ijhugjeturahc snetbr as j erueajk ebc ah tdn wdnnk bg tdn

nebhbiae prbcrnss jhf jeebuhts gbr 65% bg tdn Edahnsn nebhbiy. Jeebrfahc tb

Mustah \bsn jhf Iaedjnk ]ahsnr Ahfbhnsaj, Ahfaj, Inxaeb, Vdjakjhf tdnh Edahj ebins

hnxt watd kbwnst ijhugjeturahc ebst (I.zahcnr <?:>). Vdn rnjsbh as ijhugjeturahc

pkjhts jrn hbw lnahc nrnetnf jhf nhcahnnrs jrn pkjeahc lnts gbr <> ynjrs br ibrn ahtdn guturn.

7. Ebipkninhtjry _rbfuetEbipkninhtjry prbfuet rngnrs tb tdn aipjet bg rnkjtnf prbfuets jhf snrvaens jkrnjfy

ah tdn ijr`nt. Ahfaj jhf Edahj lnahc hbh inilnr bg ANJ (Ahtnrhjtabhjk Nhnrcy

Jcnhey) djvn ah rnenht ynjrs pkbucdnf guhfs ahtb tdnar bwh U_\s (Utrjtncae

_ntrbknui \nsnrvn) . Vdbucd Edahj fbh‑t djvn tdn kuxury bg —sjkt ejvnrhs‑ tdny djvn

rnebursn tb ibrn nxpnhsavn stbrjcn jlbvn crbuhf ah tjh`s watd jh nstaijtnf ejpjeaty

bg 55 iakkabh ljrrnks.J stjtninht grbi EKUJ, sjys tdjt spnhfahc ibhny bh

fnvnkbpahc jh U_\ as jkk pjrt bg Edahj‑s pkjh tb ln trnjtnf snrabusky js j ckbljk

supnrpbwnr. ‛ Ag ybu‑rn cbahc tb ln j supnrpbwnr, ybu‑rn cbahc tb djvn tb djvn tdn

rnsnrvn, At dnkps ybu lnebin pjrt bg trnjtans ckbljkky. Ag jhbtdnr supnrpbwnr, furahc

nhnrcy nvnhts, js`s gbr j rnknjsn bg rnsnrvns tdnh Edahj ejh hbw tj`n pjrt.’

Vdas hnw gbren fnpnhfs bh tdn ahfustry. Lut ah rncjrf tb Edahj jhf Ahfaj,

Cbvnrhinht js jh jffatabhjk gbren wbukf ln ibrn jpprbprajtn jhf ebhvnrcnht fun tb

tdn gjet tdjt tdnsn twb supnrpbwnrs djvn j ebipkntn ebhtrjst ah cbvnrhinhtjk ebhtrbk

-stjtn vs fniberjt.



Ebhekusabh

Ckbljk Ebipntatavnhnss \npbrt. :

Vb rngrnsd tdn inibry, tdn Ckbljk Ebipntatavnhnss \npbrt dacdkacdts jkk ijmbr

gjetbrs wdaed djvn jkrnjfy lnnh faseussnf tdrbucdbut tdn nssjy ah rnkjtabh tb Iaedjnk

_brtnr Vdnbry. Knts gjen rnjkaty. Jeebrfahc tb tdas rnpbrt Ahfaj as ka`nky tb tj`n bvnr ah



tdn hnxt 5-> ynjrs. J wasdy-wjsdy ebhekufahc hbtn wbukf ln Ahfaj djs ibrn pbtnhtajk

gbr ebhtralutahc tb tdn wbrkf lnejusn bg ats crbwahc kjlbr gbren, katnrjey rjtn,

ahvnstinht ah ahgrjstrueturn, ckbljk trjfn ijr` —ijfn ah Ahfaj‑.... Dbwnvnr Ahfaj as

tdn kjrcnst fniberjey. _bkataes jhf ebrruptabh cbns ah djhf. _bvnrty as sprnjfahc ka`n

Nlbkj. Fbns tdn Ibfa-rngbri cujrjhtnn ibrn lusahnss ah Ahfaj tdus ebhtralutahc tb

tdn wbrkf2 Ag j iakatjry wjr nrupts lntwnnh Ahfaj jhf _jàstjh wbukf at stakk ln jlkn tb

dbkf tdn rnach. Vdnsn jrn gjetbrs tb ln jhjkyznf! Hbw ah rncjrf gbr Edahj. Ubin

wbukf aiijturnky jfvbejtn tdjt Edahj as jfbptahc ahhbvjtabh tdjh aiatjtabh, at as tdn

tdn kjrcnst nxpbrtnr ah tdn wbrkf, ats ahgrjstrueturn as uhravjknf, garst ibvnr jfvjhtjcn

lje`nf ly ahtnrhjtabhjk nxpnranhen jhf sb bh. L^V knts jhjkyzn bh j kbcaejk jhfnebhbiae ljsas. Edahj fbns hbt ebhsafnr Ahfaj js j tdrnjt hbr j ravjk. Sdy2 Lnejusn

at djs ijmbr prabratans. J pbtnhtajk ebhgkaet (Uahb-Jinraejh wjr ) watd tdn ^hatnf Utjtn

as inhjeahc tb tdn nxtnht tdjt wjrsdap jrn jrn pjtrbkkahc bh tdn lbrfnrs bg Û tnrratbry

gbkkbwahc j fnprneajtabh ah tdn Edahnsn Qujh. Vdas as cbahc tb ln Jsaj crnjtnst gnjr

jhf prbljlky tdn stjrt bg SS5.

Jeebrfahc tb in tdn pbtnhtajk tb ln jdnjf gbr wbrkf ebhtralutabh gbr tdnsn twb

ebuhtry fnpnhf bh > qunstabh=

Sdjt fb ybu injh ly jdnjf. Sn jrn gbeusahc tbb iued bh nebhbiae. Sdjt

jlbut iakatjry jspnet, nhvarbhinht br nvnh sbeab eukturjk2

Sdaed ebuhtry vjkun as ibrn Ahgkunhtajk2 Edahj br Ahfaj as hbt j ebuhtry lut j

lrjhf! Sdaed Ebuhtry eataznhs jrn ibrn djppy2

Sdaed ebuhtry jrn jttrjetahc ibrn pnbpkn tb aiiacrjtn2

Fbns lnahc jdnjf injh rblbtasjtabh jhf jutbijtabh wakk lbbst wbrkf butput jt

tdn nxpnhsn bg kbssns bg mbl jhf ibrn pbvnrty. Br ah j snebhf senhjrab wakk lnahc

jdnjf ln jt tdn nxpnhsn bg pbkkutabh. Sn jkk `hbw tdn dastbry bg Edahj‑s pbkkutabh

furahc njrkanr fnejfn! Sakk dastbry rnpnjt atsnkg2



Ly tdahàhc butsafn tdn lbx, tdn tdn tdarf safn bg tdn ebah sdbw j lnttnr jktnrhjtavn.

Sdjt ag Ahfaj stbp tryahc tb crbw js rjpafky js Edahj jhf tdnsn twb pbwnrs put jsafn

tdnar tdnbry assun jhf gbrcn j sbkaf jkkajhen2 Jeebrfahc tb j rnenht rnpbrt grbi

ahtnrhjtabhjk nebhbiae tdah` tjh`s (ANVV) , Ahfaj jhf Edahj sbbh pkjhs tb gbri j

trjfn ebjkatabh ah Jsaj jhf tdjt as prbmnetnf tb lbbst 7>% bg wbrkf trjfn ly hnjr <?<?.

Jt jlbut 6?% bg pnbpkn wbukf ln prbspnrbus tdus sbkvahc wbrkf prblkni js tdny djvn

ebipkninhtjry rnsburens. Aijcahn < lakkabhs ijhpbwnr jhf bhn jkkajhen. Ahfaj jhf

Edahj jrn jkrnjfy ah L\AEU, Hnw fnvnkbpinht Ljh` jhf jksb watd Jsaj

Ahgrjstrueturn Ahvnstinht ljh`, tdn gbrinr as bhn bg tdn gbuhfahc pjrthnrs. Ub, tdnsntwb ebilahnf wakk ln j pusd tb rngbri gahjheajk jredatneturn wdnrnly lbtd ejh put

prnssurn bh Sbrkf Ahstatutabh.



\ngnrnhen

Injsurahc ebipjhy knvnk ebipntatavnhnss ah _brtnr's Fajibhf ibfnk grjinwbr` - Cêlbr IÊ\@Û

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_ayj Ijdtjhny (<?::) Vdn Ninrcahc Uupnrpbwnrs jhf tdn Guturn bg Nebhbiae

Fnvnkbpinht

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@rucijh _. (:116) Ebipntatavnhnss= J Fjhcnrbus Blsnssabh0 Gbrnach Jggjars0

Wbk. 35 Assun <.

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\nvanw, Ijred-Jprak.

_brtnr I. (<??:) Utrjtncy jhf tdn ahtnrhnt, Djrvjrf Lusahnss \nvanw,

Ijred-Jprak.

_brtnr I. (<??4) Vdn gavn ebipntatavn gbrens tdjt sdjpn strjtncy0 Djrvjrf

Lusahnss \nvanw, Mjhujry. _brtnr I (:11?) Vdn ebipntatavn jfvjhtjcn bg hjtabhs0 Djrvjrf Lusahnss \nvanw,

Ijred-Jprak.

@rucijh, _. (:111) Vdn \bkn bg Cnbcrjpdy ah Fnvnkbpinht, Ahtnrhjtabhjk

\ncabhjk Ueanhen \nvanw0 Wbk. << Assun <

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Snlsatn

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http://blogs.worldbank.org/psd/china-vs-india-which-is-better-for-doing-business

http://blogs.worldbank.org/psd/china-vs-india-which-is-better-for-doing-business



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