Anatomi sistem saraf

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Seventh EditionElaine N. Marieb

ANATOMI SISTEM SARAF

Dr. ANNISA SITI ROHIMA

Anatomi Otak

• Cerebrum • Cerebellum• Diencephalon

– Thalamus– Hyothalamus

• Batang Otak– Midbrain– Pons– Medulla

oblongata

Fungsi Sistem Saraf

1. Input sensoris – mengumpulkan informasi memonitor stimulus perubahan dari dalam dan luar tubuh

2. Integrasi – menyatukan informasi memproses dan menginterpretasikan input sensoris dan

memutuskan aksi output yang akan dilakukan

3. Output motorik Respons terhadap stimulus yang terintegrasi Respons dengan aktivasi otot atau kelenjar

Klasifikasi Struktural

Sistem saraf• Sistem saraf pusat

otak medulla spinalis

• Sistem saraf perifer saraf yang berada di luar otak dan medulla

spinalis

Klasifikasi fungsional dari Sistem Saraf Perifer

Slide 7.3aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

· Divisi Sensorik (afferent)

· Serabut saraf yang bertugas membawa infosmasi KE sistem saraf pusat

Figure 7.1

Slide 7.3bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

· Divisi Motorik (efferent)

· Serabut saraf yang membawa impuls DARI sistem saraf pusat

Figure 7.1


Slide 7.3cCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

· Divisi Motorik (efferent)· Dua subdivisi

· Sistem saraf somatik = volunter· Sistem saraf autonom = involunter

Figure 7.1


Organisasi Sistem Saraf

Slide 7.4Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 7.2

Jaringan saraf : sel penunjang (Neuroglia atau Glia)


· Astrosit· Melimpah,

sel berbentuk bintang· Brace neurons· Membentuk barrier

antara kapilerdan neuron

· Mengontrol lingkungan kimiawi dari otak)

Figure 7.3a


· Microglia (CNS)· Fagosit, Spider-like· Membuang debris debris

· Sel Ependymal (CNS)· Membatasi rongga dalam

otak dan medulla spinalis· Mengatur sirkulasi cairan

serebrospinalis

Figure 7.3b, c


Slide 7.7aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

· Oligodendrosit (CNS)

· Produksi selubung myelin disekitar serabut saraf di sistem saraf pusat Figure 7.3d


Neuroglia vs. Neuron

• Neuroglia bisa membelah diri.• Neuron tidak mampu membelah diri• Sebagian besar tumor otak adalah

“gliomas” yang tumbuh dari neuroglia• Sebagian besar tumor otak melibatkan sel

neuroglia , bukan neuron.• Consider the role of cell division in cancer!

Sel penunjang dari sistem saraf perifer


· Sel satelit· Proteksi badan sel neuron

· Sel Schwann· Membentuk selubung myelin pada sistem

saraf perifer

Figure 7.3e

Jaringan saraf: Neuron


· Neuron = sel saraf· Sel khusus untuk transmisi pesan impuls

· Regio mayor dari neuron

· Badan sel – nucleus dan pusat metabolisme sel

· Processus – serabut yang menonjol dari badan sel (disebut dendrit dan akson)


· Badan sel· Nucleus

· Large nucleolus

Figure 7.4a

Anatomi Neuron

Anatomi Neuron


· Prosesus· Dendrit –

konduksi impuls menuju badan sel

· Akson – konduksi impuls dari badan sel ke tempat lain (only 1!)

Figure 7.4a

Axons dan impuls saraf


· Axons end in axonal terminals· Axonal terminals contain vesicles with

neurotransmitters· Axonal terminals are separated from the

next neuron by a gap· Synaptic cleft – gap between adjacent

neurons· Synapse – junction between nerves

Penutup serabut saraf


· Sel Schwann – produksi selubung myelin in jelly-roll like fashion

· Nodus Ranvier –gaps in myelin sheath along the axon

Figure 7.5

Application

• In Multiple Scleroses the myelin sheath is destroyed.

• The myelin sheath hardens to a tissue called the scleroses.

• This is considered an autoimmune disease.• Why does MS appear to affect the muscles?

Lokasi badan sel neuron


· Sebagian besar terdapat di sistem saraf pusat· Substansia grisea – badan sel dan serabut

tak bermyelin

· Nuclei – sekelompok badan sel dalam substansia alba di sistem saraf pusat

· Ganglia – gabungan dari badan sel di luar sistem saraf pusat

Klasifikasi fungsional neuron

Slide 7.14a


· Neuron Sensorik (afferent)· Carry impulses from the sensory receptors

· Cutaneous sense organs

· Proprioceptors – detect stretch or tension

· Neuron Motorik (efferent)· Carry impulses from the central nervous

system

Slide 7.14b


· Interneuron (neuron penghubung)

Found in neural pathways in the central nervous system

Menghubungkan antara neuron sensorik dan motorik



Figure 7.6


Slide 7.16a


· Neuron Multipolar – banyak penonjolan dari badan selnya

Figure 7.8a

Klasifikasi struktural neuron

Slide 7.16b


· Neuron Bipolar – satu akson dan satu dendrit

Figure 7.8b


Slide 7.16c


· Neuron Unipolar – memiliki penonjolan prosesus tunggal dan pendek

Figure 7.8c


How Neurons Function (Physiology)


· Irritability – ability to respond to stimuli

· Conductivity – ability to transmit an impulse

· The plasma membrane at rest is polarized· Fewer positive ions are inside the cell than

outside the cell

Starting a Nerve Impulse


· Depolarization – a stimulus depolarizes the neuron’s membrane

· A deploarized membrane allows sodium (Na+) to flow inside the membrane

· The exchange of ions initiates an action potential in the neuron

Figure 7.9a–c

The Action Potential


· If the action potential (nerve impulse) starts, it is propagated over the entire axon

· Potassium ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in, which repolarizes the membrane

· The sodium-potassium pump restores the original configuration· This action requires ATP

Nerve Impulse Propagation


· The impulse continues to move toward the cell body

· Impulses travel faster when fibers have a myelin sheath

Figure 7.9c–e

Continuation of the Nerve Impulse between Neurons


· Impulses are able to cross the synapse to another nerve· Neurotransmitter is released from a nerve’s

axon terminal

· The dendrite of the next neuron has receptors that are stimulated by the neurotransmitter

· An action potential is started in the dendrite

How Neurons Communicate at Synapses


Figure 7.10

The Reflex Arc


· Reflex – rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli

· Reflex arc – direct route from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector

Figure 7.11a

Simple Reflex Arc


Figure 7.11b, c

Types of Reflexes and Regulation


· Autonomic reflexes

· Smooth muscle regulation

· Heart and blood pressure regulation

· Regulation of glands

· Digestive system regulation

· Somatic reflexes

· Activation of skeletal muscles

Sistem Saraf Pusat (SSP) /

Central Nervous System (CNS)


· SSP berkembang dari neural tube embrionik· The neural tube becomes the brain and

spinal cord

· The opening of the neural tube becomes the ventricles

· Four chambers within the brain

· Filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Sistem saraf pusat

Regio Otak


· Hemisfer Cerebri

· Diencephalon

· Batang otak (medulla oblongata)

· Cerebellum

Figure 7.12

Hemisfer cerebri (Cerebrum)

Slide 7.28a


· Sepasang (kanan dan kiri)

bagian superior otak

· Include more than half of the brain mass Figure 7.13a

Slide 7.28b


· Girus = bagian yang menonjol

· Sulcus = saluran antara 2 girus

Figure 7.13a

Hemisfer cerebri (Cerebrum)

Lobus pada Cerebrum

Slide 7.29a


· Fisura (saluran yang lebih dalam dari sulcus) membagi cerebrum jadi lobus

· Lobus di permukaan cerebrum· Lobus Frontalis

· Lobus Parietalis

· Lobus Occipitalis

· Lobus Temporalis

Slide 7.29b


Figure 7.15a

Area khusus pada Cerebrum


· Area sensori somatik – menerima impuls dari reseptor sensorik tubuh

· Area motorik primer – mengirimkan impuls ke otot skeleton

· Area Broca’s area – terlibat dalam kemampuan berbicara

Area motorik dan sensorik otak


Figure 7.14

Area khusus dalam Cerebrum

Slide 7.32a


· Area otak yang terlibat dalam indera khusus· Area Gustatorius: pengecap

· Area Visual

· Area Auditorius

· Area Olfactorius

Slide 7.32b


· Area untuk interpretasi di otak· Area bahasa/bicara

· Area asosiasi bahasa lebih komprehensif

· Area asosiasi umum


Slide 7.32c


Figure 7.13c


Lapisan otak

Slide 7.33a


· Substansia grisea· Lapisan luar

· Terdiri atas badan sel neuron

Figure 7.13a

Slide 7.33b


· Substansia alba· Traktus fibrosa

· Contoh: corpus callosum yang menghubungkan kedua hemisfer cerebri

Figure 7.13a

Lapisan otak

Slide 7.33c


· Nuklei basalis – kumpulan substansia grisea interna

· Mengatur motorik volunter dengan modifikasi informasi ke korteks motoris

· Permasalahan = tidak mampu mengkontrol otot, spastic, jerky

· Terlibat dalam Huntington’s dan Parkinson’s Disease

Figure 7.13a

Lapisan otak

Diencephalon

Slide 7.34a


· Berada di batang otak bagian atas stem· Tertutupi oleh hemisfer cerebri· Tersusun atas:

· Thalamus· Hypothalamus· Epithalamus

Diencephalon

Slide 7.34b


Figure 7.15

Thalamus


· Dikelilingi oleh ventrikel ketiga

· The relay station for sensory impulses

· Transfers impuls ke korteks terkait untuk lokalisasi dan interpretasi

Hypothalamus

Slide 7.36a


· Berada di bawah thalamus· Pusat sistem saraf autonom yang

penting· Membantu regulasi suhu tubuh· Kontrol keseimbangan cairan· Regulasi metabolisme

Hypothalamus

Slide 7.36b


· Bagian penting dalam sistem limbik (emosi)

· Glandula pituitari melekat pada hypothalamus

Epithalamus


· Membentuk atap ventrikel ketiga· Tempat corpus pinealis (sejenis

glandula endokrin)

· Meliputi juga plexus choroideus – pembentuk cairan cerebrospinal

Batang otak

Slide 7.38a


· Melekat pada medulla spinalis· Pembentuk batang otak:

· Otak tengah· Pons· Medulla oblongata

Batang Otak

Slide 7.38b


Figure 7.15a

Otak tengah


· Terdiri atas traktus serabut saraf· Pusat refleks penglihatan dan pendengaran

· Terdapat aquaductus cerebri – ventrikel 3rd-4th

Pons


· Bagian yang menonjol di tengah pada batang otak

· Sebagian besar terdiri atas traktus fibrosa

· Meliputi nuclei yang terlibat dalam kontrol pernafasan

Medulla Oblongata


· Bagian paling rendah dari batang otak· Akan berlanjut dengan medulla spinalis· Includes important fiber tracts· Berisi pusat:

· Kontrol denyut jantung· Regulasi tekanan darah· Pernafasan · Menelan · Muntah

Cerebellum

Slide 7.43a


· Terdiri atas dua hemisfer

· Pusat koordinasi gerakan tubuh involunter

Cerebellum

Slide 7.43b


Figure 7.15a

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

CNS: Physical Support

Figure 9.2a

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

CNS: Physical Support

Figure 9.2b

Cavitas cranialis

Cavitas cranialis basis cranii

Proteksi SSP

Slide 7.44a


· SCALP dan kulit· Cranium dan columna vertebralis· Meninges

Figure 7.16a

Proteksi SSP

Slide 7.44b


· Cairan serebrospinalis· Blood brain barrier

Figure 7.16a

Meninges

Slide 7.45a


· Dura mater· Lapisan penutup eksterna dua lapis

· Periosteum – melekat pada permukaan cranium

· Lamina Meningealis – penutup luar otak

· Melipat ke dalam pada beberapa tempat

Meninges

Slide 7.45b


· Arachnoid layer· Lapisan tengah

· Web-like

· Pia mater· Lapisan interna

· Langsung melekat pada permukaan otak

Cerebrospinal Fluid


· Komposisi menyerupai plasma darah

· Dibentuk oleh pleksus choroideus

· Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain

· Bersirkulasi di spatium arachnoideus, ventrikel, dan canalis centralis medulla spinalis

Ventrikel dan Lokasi cairan serebrospinalis

Slide 7.47a


Figure 7.17a

Slide 7.47b


Figure 7.17b

Ventrikel dan Lokasi cairan serebrospinalis

Blood Brain Barrier


· Tersusun oleh kapiler yang dilengkapi kemampuan penyaringan khusus

· Molekul berbahaya sukar menerobos· Molekul ini mampu menerobos:

· Substansi larut lemak· Gas respirasi· Alkohol· Nikotin· Anesthesia

Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI)


· Concussion· Slight or mild brain injury· Bleeding & tearing of nerve fibers happened· Recovery likely with some memory loss

· Contusion· A more severe TBI· Nervous tissue destruction occurs· Nervous tissue does not regenerate

· Cerebral edema· Swelling from the inflammatory response· May compress and kill brain tissue

• Cerebral edema– Swelling from the inflammatory response– May compress and kill brain tissue

• Subdural hematoma– Collection of blood below the dura

• Standards for these conditions were revised in 2004. Please check out TBIs at Mayoclinic.com for more current information on diagnostic terminology.

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)


· Commonly called a stroke

· The result of a ruptured blood vessel supplying a region of the brain

· Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from that blood source dies

· Loss of some functions or death may result

Alzheimer’s Disease


· Progressive degenerative brain disease· Mostly seen in the elderly, but may

begin in middle age· Structural changes in the brain include

abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons

· Victims experience memory loss, irritability, confusion and ultimately, hallucinations and death

Medulla spinalis


· Memanjang dari medulla oblongata hingga setinggi T12

· Di bawah T12 adalah cauda equina (sekumpulan serabut saraf spinalis)

· Pelebaran terjadi di regio cervicalis dan lumbaris

Figure 7.18

Anatomi medulla spinalis

Slide 7.53a


· Bagian eksterior adalah substansia alba – traktus konduksi

Figure 7.19

Slide 7.53b


· Bagian interna adalah substansia gracia – badan sel· Cornu Dorsalis (posterior)· Cornu Anterior (ventralis)

Figure 7.19


Slide 7.53c


· Canalis centralis berisi cairan cerebrospinalis

Figure 7.19



· Meninges menutupi medulla spinalis· Nervus keluar dari setiap foramen

vertebra· Radiks Dorsalis

· Associated with the dorsal root ganglia – collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system

· Radiks Ventralis


Sistem saraf perifer


· Nervus dan ganglia di luar sistem saraf pusat

· Nervus = sekumpulan serabut saraf

· Serabut saraf disatukan oleh jaringan ikat

Struktur Saraf


· Endoneurium melingkupi setiap serabut

· Sekelompok serabut saraf diikat menjadi fasikulus oleh perineurium

· Fasikulus dikumpulkan oleh by epineurium

Figure 7.20

Klasifikasi Saraf


· Nervus campuran – memiliki serabut saraf sendorik dan motorik

· Nervus Afferent (sensorik) – membawa impuls ke sistem saraf pusat

· Nervus Efferent (motorik) – membawa impuls dari sistem saraf pusat

Nervus Spinalis


· Terdapat 31 pasang nervus spinalis yang keluar dari vertebra.

Slide 7.64Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 7.22a

Nervus Spinalis

Sistem Saraf Autonom


· Merupakan cabang involunter dari sistem saraf

· Hanya terdiri dari serabut motorik

· Dibagi menjadi dua divisi:· Divisi simpatis

· Divisi parasimpatis

Perbandingan Antara Saraf Somatic dan Autonom

Slide 7.69Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.24

Anatomi Sistem Saraf Autonom


Figure 7.25

Fungsi Autonomik

Slide 7.74a


· Simpatis– “fight-or-flight”· Respons pada stimulus unusual

· Takes over to increase activities

· Remember as the “E” division = exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment

Slide 7.74b


· Parasimpatis – housekeeping activites· Konservasi energi

· Menjaga fungsi tubuh sehari-hari

· Remember as the “D” division - digestion, defecation, and diuresis

Fungsi Autonomik

Development Aspects of the Nervous System

Slide 7.75a


· The nervous system is formed during the first month of embryonic development

· Any maternal infection can have extremely harmful effects

· The hypothalamus is one of the last areas of the brain to develop

Development Aspects of the Nervous System

Slide 7.75b


· No more neurons are formed after birth, but growth and maturation continues for several years (new evidence!)

· The brain reaches maximum weight as a young adult

· However, we can always grow dendrites!

Pelindung Protektif(Meninges)

• Dura mater jaringan ikat padat

• Arachnoid jaringan ikat nonvaskuler

• Pia mater sangat kaya pembuluh darah

Covers surface of the brain and spinal cord and invaginates along cortical surface to form perivascular spaces

http://www.imc.gsm.com/integrated/haonline/haonline/ha/imgs/00000/4000/800/4827.jpg

Cairan Cerebrospinalis

• Dibentuk oleh plexus choroideus• Reabsorbsi menuju sinus saggittalis oleh

villi arachnoideus• Proteksi otak dari trauma concussive• Membuang sampah metabolisme

Foramen of Monro

NERVUS CRANIALIS

NERVUS CRANIALIS

Nervus Cranialis

• I: Olfactorius• II: Opticus• III:

Oculomotorius• IV: Trochlearis• V: Trigeminalis• VI: Abducens

• VII: Facialis• VIII:Vestibulocochlear

is– Acousticicus

• IX:Glossopharyngealis

• X: Vagus• XI: Accessorius• XII: Hypoglossalis

http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/cn/cranial.htm

Nervus Olfactorius

Mukosa Olfactorius (SVA)→ Cribriform foramina → Bulbus Olfactory

CN I: OLFACTORIUS

• Nervus cranialis I• Fungsi :

– penghidu

• Clinical test for damage: – determine whether

a person can smell something aromatic

Nervus OpticusSel Ganglion (SSA) → canalis Opticus → Corpus geniculatum lateral

CN II: OPTICUS

• Nervus cranialis II• Fungsi:

– Vision/penglihatan

• Clinical test for damage: – tests peripheral vision and

visual acuity

• Kerusakan : – kebutaan

Nervus Oculomotorius• Components

– General somatic efferent fibers (GSE)– General visceral efferent fibers (GVE)

• Main action－ supplies – Superior, inferior and medial recti; inferior obliquus; levator palpebrae superioris– Sphincter pupillea and ciliary muscle

• Ciliary ganglion: lies between optic nerve and lateral rectus

Oculomotor nerve

CN III: OCULOMOTORIUS

• Nervus cranialis III• Fungsi:

– Gerakan mata, membuka kelopak mata, konstriksi pupil, focusing, propriosepsi

• Clinical tests for injury: – differences in pupil size; pupillary

response to light; eye tracking• Efek kerusakan

– dropping eyelid, dilasi pupil, double vision

CN IV: TROCHLEARIS

• Nervus cranialis IV• Fungsi: gerakan mata dan

propriosepsi• Clinical test for injury: ability to

rotate eye inferolaterally• Efek kerusakan – double vision,

patient tilts head toward affected side

Nervus Trigeminus

CN V: TRIGEMINUS• Nervus cranialis V• Fungsi: nervus sensoris pada

wajah• Clinical test for injury:

– corneal reflex; sense of touch, pain, and temperature; clench teeth; move mandible side to side

• Efek kerusakan: – Kehilangan sensasi dan

gangguan pengunyahan

Nervus Abducens

CN VI: ABDUCENS

• Nervus cranialis VI• Fungsi: gerakan mata• Clinical test: lateral eye movement• Kerusakan : tidak mampu memutar

bola mata ke samping; pada istirahat – mata rotadi ke arah medial karena aktivitas otot antagonis

Lesi nervus abducens

Nervus Facialis

CN VII: FACIALIS

• Nervus cranialis VII• Fungsi: ekspresi wajah; perasa di lidah

(sensorik)• Clinical test: motor functions – close eyes,

smile, whistle, frown, raise eyebrows; taste• Efek kerusakan: ketidakmampuan

mengontrol otot wajah; gangguan perasa di lidah

Nervus VestibulocochlearisVestibular ganglion(SSA) ↘ ↗ Vestibular nuclei Internal acoustic meatus Cochlear ganglion (SSA) ↗ ↘ Cochlear nuclei

CN VIII: VESTIBULOCOCHLEARIS

• Nervus cranialis VIII• Fungsi: pendengaran dan equilibrium

(keseimbangan)• Clinical tests: test hearing, balance, and

ability to walk a straight line• Efek kerusakan: tuli, pusing, mual,

kehilangan keseimbangan dan nystagmus

CN IX: GLOSSOPHARINGEUS

• Nervus cranial IX• Fungsi: menelan, salivasi, muntah; sensasi

nyeri, tekanan dan rasa di lidah; sensasi nyeri pada faring dan telinga eksterna

• Clinical tests: gag reflex, swallowing, and coughing

• Efek kerusakan: kesulitan menelan

CN X: VAGUS

• Nervus cranialis X• Fungsi: menelan, merasakan makanan, berbicara,

respirasi, cardiovaskuler, regulasi saluran gastrointestinal; sensai lapar, kenyag dan fungsi intestinal discomfort

• Clinical tests: test with cranial nerve IX• Efek kerusakan: suara serak atau menghilang;

gangguan menelan dan motilitas pencernaan

Superior laryngeal nerve

External branch

Internal branch

NERVUSVAGUS

CN XI: ACCESSORIUS• Nervus cranialis XI• Fungsi: menelan; gerakan kepala, leher

dan bahu• Clinical tests: rotate head and shrug

shoulders against resistance• Efek kerusakan: gangguan gerak kepala,

leher dan bahu; paralysis m. sternocleidomastoid

Nervus Hipoglossus

Hypoglossal nerve

CN XII: HIPOGLOSSUS

• Nervus cranialis XII• Fungsi: gerakan lidah ketika berbicara,

manipulasi makanan, dan menelan• Clinical test: tongue function• Efek kerusakan: gangguan bicara dan

menelan; atrofi lidah; lidah tidak bisa menjulur keluar (protrusi)

SISTEM INDERA

Eye Anatomy

http://everlastingelephants.blogspot.com/2009/08/what-is-eye-cataract.html

Eye Anatomy• Conjunctiva (Conj):

– Thin, clear layer of skin – Covering of the front of

eye– Covers the sclera and the

inside of the eyelids– Function:

• Keeps bacteria and foreign material from getting behind eye

http://www.images.missionforvisionusa.org/anatomy/2005/11/conjunctiva-answers.html

Eye Anatomy• Sclera (S):

– “White of the eye”– Tough, opaque tissue that

extends around the eye – Surrounds the eye and

gives the eye its shape– The sclera is attached to

the extraocular muscles

http://www.thirdeyehealth.com/sclera.html

Eye Anatomy• Extraocular Muscles

– 6 extraocular muscles that are attached to each eye

– Help move the eye left, right, up, down and diagonally

– These 6 muscles are:• Superior rectus• Inferior rectus• Medial rectus• Lateral rectus• Inferior oblique• Superior oblique

http://media.photobucket.com/image/introduction%20to%20eye%20anatomy/trimurtulu/Eye.jpg

Overview of the anatomy of the external ear, middle ear and internal ear

Gross Anatomy of the Middle Ear

Gross Anatomy of the Inner Ear

Anatomy of the Cochlea

Documents

Anatomi sistem saraf