ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II - lawrenceGaltman.com 212 Lectures... · ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II BIO 212: Dr. Lawrence G. Altman Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill. CHAPTER 14

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II BIO 212:

Dr. Lawrence G. Altman www.lawrencegaltman.com Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill.

CHAPTER 14

BLOOD Lectures

Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes Part 4: Platelets Part 5: Disorders

2

FORMED ELEMENTS

ERYTHROCYTE Red Blood Cells

RBCs

LEUCOCYTE White Blood Cells

WBCs THROMBOCYTE

Platelets

Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes

Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets

3

RUBRIBLAST

MYELOBLAST

MONOBLAST

LYMPHOBLAST

MEGAKARYO-

BLAST

RBC

EOSINOPHIL NEUTROPHIL

BASOPHIL

MONOCYTE

LYMPHOCYTE

THROMBOCYTE

Hemopoiesis

ADULT RED BONE MARROW

HEMOCYTOBLAST

PLURIPOTENTIAL STEM CELL

WBC

WBC

WBC GRANULOCYTES

PLATELETS

ERYTHROCYTE



UNIPOTENTIAL STEM CELLS:

4

WBC CLASSIFICATION

LEUKOCYTES aka

Leucocytes WBCs

GRANULOCYTES

NEUTROPHIL BASOPHIL

EOSINOPHIL LYMPHOCYTE MONOCYTE

AGRANULOCYTES



5

NEUTROPHIL



6

NEUTROPHILS

Wright's stain 50 - 65% of WBCs band vs segmented

variety in nuclear shape

both or neither : Eosin (red)

Methylene Blue

12 µm diameter curved vs

2-5 nuclear lobes

also called PMN(L)s and/or polymorphs

Neutrophil



7

FUNCTIONS

DIAPEDESIS: THROUGH BV

WALLS! PHAGOCYTES LYSOZYME DEFENSINS

AMOEBOID: Very motile

die, more arrive via

chemotaxis anti - bacterial

enzyme Versus some

bacteria, fungi, viruses

NEUTROPHILS



8

BASOPHIL



9

BASOPHILS

Wright's stain

Less than 1% of WBCs

approx. 10 µm

diameter

Methylene Blue only

Nucleus: 2 Lobes



10 Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes


BASOPHILS

FUNCTIONS

MIGRATE to INJURY SITE

RESEMBLE MAST CELLS

release HISTAMINE

release HEPARIN

release ECF

Very motile: AMOEBOID DIAPEDESIS

Mast Cells: Tissue cells

inflammatory reactions

anti - coagulant

attracts eosinophils

11

EOSINOPHIL



12

EOSINOPHILS

Wright's stain 1 - 4% of WBCs 2 nuclear lobes

Eosin (red, acid)

only 12 - 17 µm diameter



13

EOSINOPHILS

FUNCTIONS Limited Phagocytic:

Mostly Ag/ABO complexes

ALSO RELEASE ENZYMES THAT

NEUTRALIZE HISTAMINE

INCREASE IN NUMBER during....

BIND to PARASITIC

WORMS

Affects regulation of inflammatory

reactions

Parasitic infections Allergic reactions

kill by releasing destructive

enzymes



14

LEUKOCYTES Leucocytes

WBCs

GRANULOCYTE AGRANULOCYTE

NEUTROPHIL BASOPHIL


WBC CLASSIFICATION



15

LYMPHOCYTE



16

LYMPHOCYTE

30% of WBCs Small 6-9 µm

or Large 9-15 µm

diameter

1 large roundish nucleus



17

3 TYPES

T cells (80%)

B cells (15%)

LGLs or NK cells

(5%)

control immune system

humoral immunity

plasma cells: antibody

production

kill some virally

infected cells

LYMPHOCYTE

MICROSCOPICALLY INDISTINGUISHABLE



Large Granular Lymphocyte

18

WBC CLASSIFICATION

LEUKOCYTES Leucocytes

WBCs

GRANULOCYTE AGRANULOCYTE

NEUTROPHIL BASOPHIL




19

MONOCYTES



20

MONOCYTE

2 - 8% of WBCs

14 - 19µ diameter

NUCLEUS: indented, foamy

"punched in"

Diapedesis "MACROPHAGE"

when exiting blood



21

TWO TYPES

FREE FIXED

Tissue Roamers

Remain in one place

CNS: Microglial

cells CT:

Histiocytes LIVER: Kupffer

cells

MONOCYTES Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes


22

AVID PHAGOCYTES

Secretions Chemotactic

for fibroblasts

Secrete some blood clotting

factors

Secrete some complement components

begin scar formation

Immuno - significant

MONOCYTES Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes


23



ERYTHROCYTES (RBCs)

CIRCULAR BICONCAVE

DISKS

NO NUCLEUS (Mature)

LARGEST NUMBER approx.

5 million/µl (microliter)

7- 8 µm diameter

1 µm = 1 µ (micron)

No Mitosis

Limited Metabolic Activity

MALES 4.6 - 6.2

million/µl

lifespan: 120 days

FEMALES 4.2 - 5.4

million/µl

lifespan: 109 days

24



ERYTHROCYTES

Biconcave disc Bulk of cell volume is hemoglobin

Light Microscopy

Scanning Electron

Microscopy

Transmission Electron

Microscopy

Mature Stage: No nucleus

assorted cross-‐sections

25

GLOBIN

HEME

HEME HEME

HEME

HEMOGLOBIN • 1/3 of CELL SUBSTANCE • 280 million HEMOGLOBIN MOLECULES PER RBC • OXYGEN (O 2 ) & CARBON DIOXIDE (CO 2 ) TRANSPORT

4 POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS

HEME: IRON- CONTAINING PIGMENT



26

TRANSPORT:!HEMOGLOBIN

O 2

CO2

98% via Heme 02% via Plasma

(dissolved)

OXY- HEMOGLOBIN:

O 2 is bound- Blood: Bright Red

70%: Bicarbonate!23% via Globin!07% via plasma!

(dissolved)

CARBAMINO-!HEMOGLOBIN:!CO2 is bound

4 O 2 per Hemoglobin

≈ 1.1 Billion/RBC!

DEOXY- HEMOGLOBIN: O 2 NOT bound-

Dark Red , Bluish

1 CO 2 per Globin ≈

280 million/RBC!

200x affinity for Carbon

monoxide (CO)



27

OPTIONAL:

Forwarded by Linda Ladden


Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets ERYTHROPOIESIS

takes place in red bone marrow. about 2.5 million RBCs produced/destroyed per second hemocytoblast >>>>>> eventually, reticulocyte >>>>>>> RBC 3-5 days 1-2 days Reticulocyte = cell that is released into the blood

Normal reticulocyte count = 0.8% of RBCs if greater than 1.5%:!

!if lower than 0.5%:

O2 deficiency!bone marrow cancer!anemia!kidney disease!

! ! ! ! Significance:!


Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets Production of RBCs - Control of

Need sufficient number of RBCs: carry adequate oxygen. Excessive number of RBCs - impede blood flow (artery clogging)

PRODUCTION CONTROL via two pathways: HYPOXIA = stimulus for both

First possibility: Liver-> REF/inactive erythropoietin--> erythropoietin ------> hemocytoblast------> increase RBCs-------> increase O2 ------> Negative Feedback: Kidney

30



Production of RBCs - Control of

Second possibility: 2. hypoxia ------> kidney ------> erythropoietin ------> hemocytoblast------> increase RBCs ------> increase O2 ------> Negative Feedback: Kidney

HYPOXIA may result from:

Hemorrhage Inadequate breathing

High Altitude Anemia


Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets ANEMIAL CAUSES

LACK OF-

IRON

AMINO ACIDS

FOLIC ACID

VITAMIN B-12

Heme formation

Globin formation

Nucleic Acid formation

Nucleic Acid formation

Intrinsic Factor by stomach cells:

B-12 absorption in SI



Destruction

of RBCs

MACROPHAGES: Spleen Liver

Red Bone Marrow

HEMOGLOBIN

HEME GLOBIN

PORPHYRIN IRON

33



Fate of: PORPHYRIN PORPHYRIN -------> BILIVERDIN -------> BILIRUBIN ------->

(green pigment) (orange pigment) released into blood-------> binds to ALBUMIN------------> enters Liver-------> binds with Glucaronic Acid----------->

(to form a BILE SALT) released into SI------> acted upon by bacteria-----------> STERCOBILINOGEN (UROBILINOGEN) will either: 1. Stay in DIG TRACT ---> STERCOLBILIN

(brown/orange color of FECES) 2. Go to KIDNEY ----------> UROBILIN

(amber color of URINE)



Fate of: IRON

Released into Blood

Binds to TRANSFERRIN

(a plasma ß Globulin)

Red Bone Marrow Liver

Remakes heme Storage (ferritin)



Fate of: GLOBIN

BROKEN DOWN INTO AMINO ACIDS

Released into the Blood

Later: used for Protein Synthesis

36

PLATELETS Only 2-‐3 µm in diameter: significantly smaller than RBCs

Non-‐nucleated cells formed in bone marrow from pinching off of cytoplasm of huge cells called megakaryocytes.

Functions: • In normal tissue -‐plugs defects in the walls of small blood vessels. • In injured tissues -‐clot formation and retraction; also produce serotonin, which causes: constriction of damaged vessels.



37

BLOOD DISORDERS

RBCs

Anemia

Polycythemia

Nutritional Hemorrhagic

Hemolytic

Aplastic

Pernicious

Sickle Cell



38 Blood Disorders BLOOD DISORDERS

ERYTHROCYTES

LEUKOCYTES

HEMOSTASIS

ANEMIA Nutritional, Hemorrhagic Hemolytic,

Aplastic impaired marrow function Pernicious: lack of B-12 needed by marrow Sickle Cell

Polycythemia excess of RBCs

LEUKEMIA Acute vs. Chronic

Lymphoid (lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen) Myeloid (red marrow of long bones, ribs, sternum, body of verterbrae, parts of skull)

Infectious Mononucleosis caused by EBV (Epstein-Barr Virus)

Thrombus Blood clot: fibrin threads found around platelet plug.

Fibrin from fribrinogen which is made in liver, found in plasma.

Embolus Solid body OR air in circulation. Hemophilia Lack of clotting factors Thrombocytopenia reduction in # of platelets NOTE: SERUM = PLASMA - FIBRIN (i.e., won't clot)

39 ADDITIONAL CLINICAL TERMS...

PROTHROMBIN TIME Lab test to determine amount of Prothrombin circulating in the blood. Indicates likely speed of clotting.

PURPURA Presence of purplish patches on skin and mucous membranes due to ruptured subcutaneous blood vessels.

SEPTICEMIA the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the blood.

LAST PLATE



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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II - lawrenceGaltman.com 212 Lectures... · ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II BIO 212: Dr. Lawrence G. Altman Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill. CHAPTER 14