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Alex Mayer Department of Geological & Mining Engineering & Sciences Matt Van Grinsven Department of Geological & Mining Engineering & Si Sciences Casey Huckins Department of Biological Sciences “ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATERSURFACE WATER INTERACTIONS SURFACE WATER INTERACTIONS AND THE COASTER BROOK TROUT

“ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER …asmayer/ecohydro/research... · Solve heat transfer equation using implicit = ∂zzt2 zw w∂∂ finite‐difference approximation

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Page 1: “ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER …asmayer/ecohydro/research... · Solve heat transfer equation using implicit = ∂zzt2 zw w∂∂ finite‐difference approximation

Alex Mayer Department of Geological & Mining Engineering & Sciences

Matt Van Grinsven Department of Geological & Mining Engineering & S iSciences

Casey Huckins Department of Biological Sciences

“ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER‐SURFACE WATER INTERACTIONS SURFACE WATER INTERACTIONS AND THE COASTER BROOK TROUT

Page 2: “ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER …asmayer/ecohydro/research... · Solve heat transfer equation using implicit = ∂zzt2 zw w∂∂ finite‐difference approximation

Lake Superior and Study Area yLocation

10% of the world’s available surface waterwater

12,000,000,000,000,000 liters 

47% of the US surface water

liters 

Page 3: “ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER …asmayer/ecohydro/research... · Solve heat transfer equation using implicit = ∂zzt2 zw w∂∂ finite‐difference approximation

EcohydrologyEcohydrology

E h d l  i     l ti l    i t di i li    Ecohydrology is a relatively new interdisciplinary area linking hydrology with ecological processes involved in the water cycle. 

Ecohydrology seeks to understand  how hydrological processes regulate ecological ones and conversely, how ecological ones may subsequently regulate hydrological ecological ones may subsequently regulate hydrological ones, on the scale of a watershed. 

Ecohydrology then integrates the knowledge of those y gy g gtwo processes and uses it to find innovative solutions to the problems of watershed degradation and restoration. 

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OutlineOutline

Wh   d   h  C  B k T ?Why study the Coaster Brook Trout?Groundwater‐surface water interactionsStudy designResultsConclusions and future work

Page 5: “ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER …asmayer/ecohydro/research... · Solve heat transfer equation using implicit = ∂zzt2 zw w∂∂ finite‐difference approximation

In the beginning…Lake Superior hosted two native salmonids

lake troutoccupied deeper and occupied deeper and offshore waters

brook troutoccupied the inshore, coastal habitat

Joseph Tomelleri illustrations in Benke 2002. Trout and Salmon of North America

Page 6: “ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER …asmayer/ecohydro/research... · Solve heat transfer equation using implicit = ∂zzt2 zw w∂∂ finite‐difference approximation

Coaster brook trout, or “Coasters”

Defined by having a Great Lake‐dwelling component in their life‐history (Becker 1983)history (Becker 1983)

Page 7: “ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER …asmayer/ecohydro/research... · Solve heat transfer equation using implicit = ∂zzt2 zw w∂∂ finite‐difference approximation

Coasters were common through early 1900

Over 100 coaster populations (Newman et al. 1999). 

1900s

p p 999

“these superb trout  abounded in the nineties  [1890s], when pioneer anglers f d d loften reported daily 

catches of one hundred to three hundred for a small hundred for a small party fishing in the river.”

Page 8: “ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER …asmayer/ecohydro/research... · Solve heat transfer equation using implicit = ∂zzt2 zw w∂∂ finite‐difference approximation

Decline…“the trout along the southern shore are approaching extinction, a tragedy assured by the improvident custom of catching the remnant [trout] at the mouths of spawning streams” (Shiras 1921)

Why?exploitation (first and 

[trout] at the mouths of spawning streams  (Shiras 1921)

p (foremost) 

Shiras, G. 1935. National Geographic Society

habitat loss and degradationdegradation

Michigan State University Extension Forest Michigan State University Extension Forest History Webpage History Webpage

(http://forestry.msu.edu/uptreeid/History.htm)(http://forestry.msu.edu/uptreeid/History.htm)

biotic interactions 

e.g., exotic salmonidsg ,

Page 9: “ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER …asmayer/ecohydro/research... · Solve heat transfer equation using implicit = ∂zzt2 zw w∂∂ finite‐difference approximation

Current situation

late 1800s and early 1900s ‐ only scattered remnants of populationsp p

further declines during the 20th century

Lake Nipigon

Nipigon Area

L k S i

Area

Tobin HarborSiskiwit Bay

Currant River Pancake

RiverAttention now Lake Superior

Salmon Trout River

turns to restoration

how can current populations be protected and enhanced?

where are the best places to re‐introduce?and enhanced? to re introduce?

Page 10: “ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER …asmayer/ecohydro/research... · Solve heat transfer equation using implicit = ∂zzt2 zw w∂∂ finite‐difference approximation

MotivationMotivation

h S l h l h hThe Salmon Trout River is the only river on the south shore of Lake Superior known to sustain a reproducing coaster brook trout population.  p p

Related studies demonstrate that brook trout tend to select spawning sites based on the presence of 

d t  di h  i t  th   igroundwater discharge into the river.

The results of these studies suggest that groundwater presence is vital to the reproductive success of the presence is vital to the reproductive success of the coaster brook trout.  

Page 11: “ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER …asmayer/ecohydro/research... · Solve heat transfer equation using implicit = ∂zzt2 zw w∂∂ finite‐difference approximation

MotivationMotivationCoaster brook trout spawning locations have been observed to be highly selective and consistentobserved to be highly selective and consistent.

We hypothesize that spatial distributions of groundwater inflows through river‐bottom sediments are a critical factor in the selection of spawning sites.

Why/how?G d t  i fl   t f i  d i  th  Groundwater inflows prevent freezing during the winter.Areas of high groundwater inflow provide a physically g g p p y yand chemically stable environment.[Biologists are unsure as to how the fish detect areas f hi h  d t  i fl ]of high groundwater inflows.]

Page 12: “ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER …asmayer/ecohydro/research... · Solve heat transfer equation using implicit = ∂zzt2 zw w∂∂ finite‐difference approximation

Groundwater‐surface water interactions

driving force: gravitygravity

Page 13: “ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER …asmayer/ecohydro/research... · Solve heat transfer equation using implicit = ∂zzt2 zw w∂∂ finite‐difference approximation

Objective: Measure Objective: Measure groundwater flux as a f ti   f l tifunction of location

Groundwater flux: groundwater flow into (or out of) stream per unit area,  q = Q/A .p qIndirect measurement techniques

Head (Pressure)‐ based( )Temperature‐based

Page 14: “ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER …asmayer/ecohydro/research... · Solve heat transfer equation using implicit = ∂zzt2 zw w∂∂ finite‐difference approximation

Head (pressure)‐based

h     h = 30 cm

h = 40 cm

ΔhDarcy’s Law:

Δ= −

Δh

q K

Page 15: “ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER …asmayer/ecohydro/research... · Solve heat transfer equation using implicit = ∂zzt2 zw w∂∂ finite‐difference approximation

Temperature‐based

T = 10°C

T = 5°C

Page 16: “ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER …asmayer/ecohydro/research... · Solve heat transfer equation using implicit = ∂zzt2 zw w∂∂ finite‐difference approximation

Heat transfer equation (steady‐state)

diffusion convection

ρ∂ ∂− =

∂ ∂

2

2 0z w wT Tnk q cz z

= temperature= porosity

Tn

T = 10°C = porosity = water-porous medium matrix

thermal conductivity

nk thermal conductivity

= vertical groundwater flux = water volumetric heat capacity

z

w

qc

T = 5°C

ρp y

= water densityw

w

Page 17: “ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER …asmayer/ecohydro/research... · Solve heat transfer equation using implicit = ∂zzt2 zw w∂∂ finite‐difference approximation

Study site

Page 18: “ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER …asmayer/ecohydro/research... · Solve heat transfer equation using implicit = ∂zzt2 zw w∂∂ finite‐difference approximation

spawning Study site

location5 m

riverriver

non‐spawning locations

Page 19: “ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER …asmayer/ecohydro/research... · Solve heat transfer equation using implicit = ∂zzt2 zw w∂∂ finite‐difference approximation

Monitoring well design ~1 ftwell design

Allows for discrete ~2 ft

Allows for discrete measurement of temperature and pressures with depth.  

“i‐button” temperature loggerlogger

Page 20: “ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER …asmayer/ecohydro/research... · Solve heat transfer equation using implicit = ∂zzt2 zw w∂∂ finite‐difference approximation

Monitoring well installation

Page 21: “ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER …asmayer/ecohydro/research... · Solve heat transfer equation using implicit = ∂zzt2 zw w∂∂ finite‐difference approximation

Monitoring well network

5 mspawning location

riverriver

non‐

monitoring ll

spawning locations

wells

Page 22: “ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER …asmayer/ecohydro/research... · Solve heat transfer equation using implicit = ∂zzt2 zw w∂∂ finite‐difference approximation

Modeling & parameter inversionModeling & parameter inversion

ρ ρ∂ ∂ ∂− =

2T T Tnk q c nc

Solve heat transfer equation using implicit 

ρ ρ=∂ ∂ ∂2 z w wnk q c ncz z t

finite‐difference approximation.Find “best‐fit” value of qz using steepest descent method, where best‐fit is defined as

( )−∑ 2min

N

T T

All other parameters estimated 

( )=

−∑ ,model ,observed1

min i ii

T T

pindependently using empirical relationships.

Page 23: “ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER …asmayer/ecohydro/research... · Solve heat transfer equation using implicit = ∂zzt2 zw w∂∂ finite‐difference approximation

ResultsResults

Page 24: “ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER …asmayer/ecohydro/research... · Solve heat transfer equation using implicit = ∂zzt2 zw w∂∂ finite‐difference approximation

Well 6.3 (spawning section)Well 6.3 (spawning section)

Page 25: “ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER …asmayer/ecohydro/research... · Solve heat transfer equation using implicit = ∂zzt2 zw w∂∂ finite‐difference approximation

qz

Page 26: “ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER …asmayer/ecohydro/research... · Solve heat transfer equation using implicit = ∂zzt2 zw w∂∂ finite‐difference approximation

Well 8.1 (non‐spawning section)Well 8.1 (non spawning section)

Page 27: “ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER …asmayer/ecohydro/research... · Solve heat transfer equation using implicit = ∂zzt2 zw w∂∂ finite‐difference approximation

qz

Page 28: “ECOHYDROLOGY”: GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER …asmayer/ecohydro/research... · Solve heat transfer equation using implicit = ∂zzt2 zw w∂∂ finite‐difference approximation

Conclusions and future workConclusions and future work

A  i i     bl   f  idi  A monitoring system capable of providing estimates of groundwater fluxes has been   implemented  implemented. Significant variations were observed in 

d t  fl  b t  l ti  i  th  groundwater fluxes between locations in the spawning‐ and non‐spawning areas.Th     it i   t   ill b  The pressure monitoring system will be improved so that pressure measurements can be used to estimate groundwater fluxesbe used to estimate groundwater fluxes.

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Conclusions and future workConclusions and future work

Si l  i i   f    d Simultaneous inversion of temperature and pressure data will provided more confidence in groundwater flux estimatesin groundwater flux estimates.A second site will be instrumented this spring.Groundwater discharge surveys of streams will be conducted to assess suitability for i t d ti   f  t  b k t tintroduction of coaster brook trout.