Upload
coral-merritt
View
217
Download
2
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
APHG Review 2009/2010
Keller - APHG
POPULATION & MIGRATION MOVEMENT AND DIFFUSION
POPULATION
• 6.6 billion people
• 80% in “Pings”
• Over 50% in urban areas
DENSITY
• Density – number of people per square mile
• Agricultural - # of farmers per unit of arable land
• Physiological - # of people per unit of arable land
DISTRIBUTION
• The arrangement of something across Earth’s surface
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
COMPOSITION• Pyramids – bar graph
representing the distribution of population by age and sex
• Ethnic patterns in US
Population Pyramids
Sudan, 2000
United States, 2000
Italy, 2000
POPULATION & NATURAL HAZARDS
• Technology and InnovationAgricultural Revolution Industrial RevolutionMedical Revolution
• Black Plague• Irish Potato Famine• World Wars• AIDS
Vocabulary
• total fertility rate • infant mortality rate• life expectancy• Natural increase rate
(BR-DR)• doubling time• dependency ratio• J-curve• pyramids• carrying capacity
Excessive population of an area to the point of overcrowding, depletion of natural resources, or environmental deterioration
OVERPOPULATION
Thomas Malthus• British economist in 1798• Population limited by the
means of food production• Population will increase
with food production• Private checks – “moral
restraint, celibacy, chastity• Destructive checks – war,
poverty, pestilence, famine
What is the “carrying capacity” related to today?
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
• Based on Western Europe’s experiences
• Stage 3 - personal choices – most critical stage
• Stage 4 – social customs - women
POPULATION POLICIES• China’s One-Child Policy
• India’s policy – democracy, education, family planning
• United States – norms/mores (1750, 1950); changing demographics
MIGRATION• Long-term movement of a person from one
political jurisdiction to another• Immigrate/Emigrate
PoliticalEconomic
EnvironmentalCultural
MIGRATION
• Push Factors • Pull Factors
MIGRATION
• Forced migration• Voluntary migration
CULTURAL PATTERS AND PROCESS
CONCEPTS OF CULTURE
CULTURE –
The way of life of a group of people
Think: ABC’S of CULTURE!
CONCEPTS OF CULTURETRAIT –
A single attribute of culture, such as wearing a turban in a Muslim society
CONCEPTS OF CULTURECOMPLEX –Combination of
traits; related set of traits, such as prevailing dress codes, cooking, eating utensils
CONCEPTS OF CULTURE
SYSTEM – Combined cultural complexes;
Northern China eats wheat; Southern China eats rice; both speak a similar language; shared history, philosophy, cultural traditions & attitudes
CULTURAL LANDSCAPE
The imprint of cultures on the land creates distinct and characteristic
examples
CULTURAL LANDSCAPES & IDENTITY
1. VALUES AND PREFERENCES – language, religion, entertainment, government
buildings “atmosphere” – easy to perceive, difficult to
define
“China Town”
“Little Italy”“Main Street”
“Wall Street”
CULTURAL LANDSCAPES & IDENTITY
2. SYMBOLIC LANDSCAPES –
size of Hindu/Buddhist temples are smaller than Islamic mosque or Christian church
toponyms (New York, Washington, D.C., Palestine/Rome/Paris Texas)
CULTURE HEARTH Point of origin
and source of cultural growth and diffusion
CULTURAL DIFFUSION From the
hearths, cultural innovations and ideas spread to other areas
CONCEPTS OF CULTURE
PERCEPTION Varying ideas
and attitudes about space, place, and territory
CONCEPTS OF CULTURE
Process in whichACCULTURATION
a culture is substantially changed through interaction with another culture but it does not completely disappear
CONCEPTS OF CULTURE
REGIONS – areas in which there is a degree of homogeneity in the cultural characteristics; areas with similar landscapes
1 – the Americas2 – Western Europe3 – Eastern Europe4 – Far East/Orient5 – South Asia
CONCEPTS OF CULTURE
6 – Southeast Asia
7 – Oceania
8 – Middle East/Arab World
9 – West Africa
10 – Sub-Saharan Africa
LANGUAGESFamily – shared but distant origins (Indo-European)
Branch – collection of languages related through a common ancestor (Romance, Germanic)
Group – collection of languages within a branch that share common origin and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary (West Germanic: English, German, Dutch
Lingua Franca – common language understood by many people although they each speak another language
Pidgin – language that has a small vocabulary and is combined and distorted from two or more languages
LANGUAGES2007 Statistics
LANGUAGE FAMILY MAJOR LANGUAGE #/MILLIONS
Indo-European Spanish 488 English 468 Hindi 274 Portuguese 269 Bengali 259 Russian 220
Sino-Tibetan Mandarin Chinese 1322
Japanese-Korean Japanese 185 Korean 75
Afro-Asiatic Arabic 312
RELIGIONdifficult to define, but contains some common characteristics:
1 – belief in a god or gods 3 – literature/book2 – rituals 4 – ethics/rules
monotheism – belief in one god
polytheism – belief in more than one god
animism – a soul or spirit is attributed to various phenomena
universalizing – actively seeking converts - *CONFLICT*
ethnic – closely identified with a specific cultural group
RELIGION 2007 statisticsRELIGION TOTAL # %
Christianity 2,112,000 33.32
Islam 1, 344,000 21.01
Hinduism 832,000 13.26
No Religion 541,420 11.77
Buddhism 373,760 5.84
Atheism 148,480 2.32
Sikhism 22,400 .35
Judaism 14,720 0.23
RELIGION
Cultural Landscape
food eaten/meals
festivals/clothing
temples/mosques/churches
statues/figurines
ETHNICITY
Combination of a people’s culture (traditions, customs, language, & religion) and racial ancestry
Ethnic cleansing is the slaughter or forced removal of one ethnic group from its home by another group
Ethnic conflicts – Yugoslavia, Quebec, Holocaust(?)
GENDER
Roles performed culturally as designated by gender
Women still perform the majority of the domestic work
In the workplace, women do not get paid the same as men or have the same number of opportunities
Urban landscapes – statues and monuments typically male (war heroes, etc.)
POPULAR CULTUREMassive,
homogeneous, diffuse rapidly, technological
FOLK CULTURETraditional, small, individualistic, family, little if any technology
POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY
POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
Territoriality• The attempt by an individual or group to
affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships, by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area
POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
Sovereignty
Principle that final authority over social, economic, and political matters should rest with the legitimate rulers of independent states and be recognized by other states and codified by international law
POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
Unitary State• An internal
organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials
POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
Federal State• Allocation of
strong power to units of local government within the country
POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
Democratization
The transition to a more democratic political regime
POLITICAL DEFINITIONSNation
• a group of people who possess common cultural traits
• Kurdistan
POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
• State• a political entity that possesses
sovereignty over an area delimited by internationally recognized boundaries
• Mexico
POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
Nation-state
• a political unit that contains one principal national group that gives it its identity and defines its territory
• United Kingdom
RISE OF NATION-STATES1. in response to the rise of nationalist political
philosophies during the 18th century 2. humans want to be close to those of similar
background
3. necessary and logical component of the transition from feudalism to capitalism
4. logical accompaniment of economic growth based on expanding technologies
5. arose from the collapse of local communities and the need for effective communication within a large unit
GROWTH THEORIES
Wallerstein’s World Systems
• World is divided into three spheres:
core
semi periphery
periphery
GROWTH THEORIES
1. Size will increase as culture develops
2. Growth of a state is subsequent to other manifestations of the growth of the people
3. Growth from a process of annexing smaller members
4. Boundaries are peripheral organs that take part in all transformations of the state
RATZEL’S SEVEN LAWS OF SPATIAL GROWTH
GROWTH THEORIESRATZEL’S SEVEN LAWS OF SPATIAL GROWTH
5. As state grows, it will strive to occupy some politically valuable locations
6. Initial stimulus for growth is external
7. Tendency to grow continually increases in intensity
GROWTH THEORIES
What connection is there between these growth theories and the concepts of
Environmental Determinism and
Possiblism?
Colonialism and Imperialism• Core – higher levels of
education, salaries, more technology
• Semi-periphery – transition between the two
• Periphery – lower levels of education, salaries, less technology
INFLUENCE OF ETHNICITY
Ethnic homogeneity of countries vary, but the extent of a state’s cultural diversity often influences its political stability
CHANGES IN POLITICAL ARRANGEMENTS
Ethnic diversity can be a strong centrifugal force – leading to civil disorder, international conflict, unspeakable human rights abuses Yugoslavia
CHANGES IN POLITICAL ARRANGEMENTS
Centripetal Forces
Unifying tendencies, such as a widespread commitment to a national culture, shared ideological objectives, and a common faith
CHANGES IN POLITICAL ARRANGEMENTS
SupranationalismOrganization
involving three or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives
CHANGES IN POLITICAL ARRANGEMENTS
DevolutionProcess by which
regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growth authority at the expense of central government
BOUNDARIES
I. Generic Boundaries
• identified on the basis of their inherent characteristics
• natural or physical, ethnographic or cultural, historical, geometric
BOUNDARIESI. Generic Boundaries: • Natural boundary follows a river or
mountain range
arguments over mineral and usage rights, bridge construction and maintenance, territory lost as a result of course changes over time
BOUNDARIES
• Ethnographic boundary
Cultural differences mark separation
Partition of India
BOUNDARIES• GeometricUsing grid
systems such as latitude and longitude or township and range
BOUNDARIESCompact StateDistance from center
to any boundary does not vary significantly
Prorupted StateCompact state with a
large projecting extension
BOUNDARIESFragmented State
Includes several discontinuous pieces of territory
Perforated State
A state that completely surrounds another one
BOUNDARIES
Elongated State
States with long and narrow shape
AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LAND USE
DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFUSION• NEOLITHIC
REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w
• SECOND AG REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w
• THIRD AG REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w
AG PRODUCTION HEARTHS
• Upper SE Asian Mainland
• Lower SE Asian Mainland
• Eastern India• SWA• East African Highlands
• Meso-America• North-Central China• Mediterranean Basin• Western Sudan• Andean Highlands• Eastern South America
AG PRODUCTION VARIANCES• Nigerian women
spread seeds• Slash and burn in Peru
• Center pivot irrigation in Oregon
AG SYSTEMS in CLIMATE ZONES
AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION
• Hunting & Gathering
• Shifting Cultivation(slash-and-burn)
• Pastoral Nomadism
AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION
• Subsistence Ag
• Commercial Ag
• Mixed Crop & Livestock
AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION
• Dairy Farming
• Grain Farming
• Livestock Ranching
AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION• Mediterranean Ag
• Commercial Gardening/Fruit Farming
• Plantation Farming
AGRICULTURAL FLOWS
• Columbian Exchange• NAFTA
von THUNEN MODEL
• Originator of spatial models
• Focused on maximizing the profit from his agricultural lands
von THUNEN MODEL
• “Isolated state” – no trade connections
• Possessed only one market
• Located centrally in the state
• Uniform soil, climate, level of terrain
• All farmers lived equal distance from market and had equal access to it
• Farmers sought maximum profits
von THUNEN MODEL
von THUNEN MODEL
von THUNEN MODEL
von THUNEN MODEL
von THUNEN MODEL
THIRD AG REVOLUTION• The complex of seed and
management improvements adapted to the needs of intensive agriculture that have brought larger harvests from a given area of farmland
• 1965-1995, world cereal production rose 90%, mostly due to increased crop yields rather than expanding cropland
THIRD AG REVOLUTION
• 1965-1983 average yields• Rice 52%; Wheat 66%;
THIRD AG REVOLUTION
• Advancements in PINGS (Mali) has helped delay famine and extended life expectancies
• PEDS haven’t slowed down – always pushing to find new technologies
THIRD AG REVOLUTION
• HIGH INPUT – HIGH YIELD CROPS• New variations of seeds/plants
• Irrigation• Mechanization
• Fertilization• Use of pesticides• More food
THIRD AG REVOLUTION• Irrigation has destroyed large tracts of
land
• Ground water depletion• Conflict between agricultural societies
and urban sprawl
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THIRD AG REVOLUTION
• Blending of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THIRD AG REVOLUTION
• Increased mechanization
• Development of
biotechnology
HOPES & FEARS ABOUT THE FUTURE
• Will we be able to produce enough food for the world’s people? At what cost – economic and environmental?
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
“HE WHO HAS THE GOLD, MAKES THE RULE!”
GROWTH AND DIFFUSIONIndustrial Revolution – w,w,w,w,h
GROWTH AND DIFFUSION
LOCATIONAL ADVANTAGES• Location theory
helps explain the spatial positioning of industries and their successes or failures
• Transportation, labor, energy, infrastructure costs are all a part in the location of heavy industries
LOCATIONAL ADVANTAGES
• Weber’s least-cost theory
• Growth or decline of industries are influenced by political and environmental fluctuations
GROWTH AND DIFFUSION• Global industrial pattern dominated by the first countries
that industrialized• Evolution of 3 economic cores and peripheries
GROWTH AND DIFFUSION• North American
manufacturing complex is the largest in the world today
• Asian Pacific Rim is the fastest growing industrial region in the world today
LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT• Enormous gaps
between rich and poor, both globally and regionally
• Underlying economic disparities is a core-periphery relationship among different regions of the world
LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT• 21st century opened
with some countries stuck in the primary sector whereas some were pushing the quaternary sector
• Rapid development is usually associated with democracy, but some are growing under authoritarian regimes as well
CONTEMPORARY PATTERNS
• Spatial organization of world economy
ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING
• Declining cost of transportation and communication led to enormous changes in tertiary sector in 20th century
• Technology is accelerating the pace of life
ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING• Deindustrialization
in core has led to growth of labor intensive manufacturing in the periphery
• International labor has increased globalization leading to both positive and negative impacts
QUALITY OF LIFE LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT
QUALITY OF LIFE LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE & SUSTAINABILITY
IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION & DEVELOPMENT
CRITIQUES OF MODELS
• Immanuel Wallerstein’s World Systems TheoryCore Semi-peripheryPeriphery
CRITIQUES OF MODELS• Alfred Weber – Least Cost Theory
• #1 cost in industrial location… transportation of raw materials to factory as well as finished product to market
• Cost-minimizing and Profit-maximizing theories have their impact as well
URBANIZATION
“Cities have always been the fireplaces of
civilization, whence light and heat radiated out into
the dark, cold world.”
- Theodore Parker
STATISTICS OF URBANIZATION
Total Population:
World: 6,666,825,298
USA: 304,052,606
Urban Population:
World: 340,094, 520 or 51%
USA: 243,545,650 or 80.1%
http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html
MEGACITIES
CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
TransportationAccess to water routes more
important prior to railroads
NYC, Pittsburgh, San Francisco
Fall Line cities – NYC, Philadelphia, Washington DC, Richmond Va., Columbia SC, Columbus Ga.
CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATIONSITE – the physical
characteristics of a specific areaOriginally located for
commerce and defensepeninsulas and
islands for earliest cities (Venice, Paris)
hills useful because of defense and drainage (Rome)
CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
Access to fresh waterdomestic
consumptionlevel of
industrialization, standard of living, and population growth
CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
Geological character
- Manhattan Island on stable bedrock
- Venice, Los Angeles, Mexico City are on earthquake and flood plains
CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
SITUATION – relative location of a place
Mumbai, India – adjacent to cotton fieldsBirmingham, England – near coal deposits Johannesburg, South Africa – centrally
located around diamond minesHouston, Tex. – near oil fields in Gulf of
MexicoChicago, Ill. – major manufacturing adjacent to
Corn Belt
CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
SITUATION – relative location of a place
Situation can change over time –
+ discovery of new resource
+ construction of new recreational lake
- change in transportation patterns
- agricultural areas effected by drought
FUNCTIONS OF A CITYJobs and Services
Residential
Trade and Commerce
Manufacturing
Public Administration
Personal Services
IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON URBANIZATION
Urbanization has nearly doubled every 50 years since 1800
Mechanization has brought an increased flow of migrant labor
England was the first place in world history to have more urban dwellers than rural dwellers (1850)
In 1800, Paris was only European city on mainland to exceed 500,000; by end of century Paris, Berlin, Vienna, St. Petersburg, and Moscow all over 1 million!
METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT IN USJOHN BORCHERT
Sail – Wagon Epoch (1790-1830)Atlantic coastal communities oriented toward
EuropeBoston, NYC, Philadelphia have only small
domestic hinterlands
Iron Horse Epoch (183-1870)Crude national railroad networkRailroads converged with internal waterwaysChicago, Detroit, Cleveland St. Louis develop
METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT IN USJOHN BORCHERT
Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920)Rapid development of iron and steel industriesRapid industrial growth within Northeast and
Midwest
Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-present)Complex highway and air transportationImproved amenities and speed led to increase
suburban developmentSunbelt migration
URBANIZATION
RANK-SIZE RULE AND MEGALOPOLIS
PRIMATE CITY STATUSA country’s leading city is always is proportionately
large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling. The primate city is commonly at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant.
- Mark Jefferson
PRIMATE CITY STATUSNot all countries have a
primate city
• India – New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore
• China & Brazil – Beijing, Shanghai, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro
RANK-SIZE RULE
• The second and subsequent smaller cities should represent a proportion of the largest city. The second city would be ½ the size of the largest city; the third largest city would be 1/3 of the size, etc.
- George Zipf
RANK-SIZE RULE• Paris (2.2 million) v.
Marseilles (800,000)
• London (6.9 million) v. Birmingham (1 million)
• Mexico City (9.8 million) v. Guadalajara (1.7 million)
MEGALOPOLIS
• Jean Gottman (1950s)
• 300 mile stretch of BosWash
• Greek for “very large city”
• Inter-linked relationships between a variety of culturally and political urban areas
MEGALOPOLIS• Initially colonial settlements from the 1400’s and
grew into villages, then cities, and now urban areas
• As time progressed, the need for tight communication between Boston and Washington increased dramatically
• Currently contains 17% of the country’s total population in only 1.5% of the total area of the country
MEGALOPOLIS• Economic activity, transportation, commuting, and communications linkages are most important
• Government center, banking center, media center, academic center, immigration center, clothing manufacturing, cultural center
• 40% of all commercial international air-passenger departures have Megalopolitan origins
• 30% of American export trade passes through the ports of Megalopolis
PRIMATE CITY of the World• New York, New York• The City That Never Sleeps!
Tom WurstLoneStar CollegeHouston, Texas