APHG CH 3: Migration

Population Changes from the

Movement of People from

Place to Place

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Geogra phers look at Why & Where People Migrate: Migration: Permanent movt. of ppl across space, from 1 place to another

Can be to another country, another city, another continent

Geographers look at where ppl move from & to

Emigration: move from a place; Immigration: move to a place Net migration = difference betwn the 2

More coming in: net in-migration;

More out, net out-migration

Mobility: how we move…. & migration is 1 kind of this

Another is circulation: daily, monthly, yearly,

seasonal

Activity space: Area ppl wk & live in...(see lightning rds)

• ** Give EX: for each of these 4 2

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BIG geography question: WHY ppl migrate… b/c it causes big changes in cultures & economies in various regions

New transportation technology means scale of movement (whether circulation or migration) is much larger now

Relocation diffusion much faster, both culture & econ.

Place is big part of this diffusion…in global econ., people can move to a place & still earn living (EX?)

May move to reunite w/ others who have moved before (Chain migration)

Though migration = type of relocation diffusion, can come about b/c of expansion diffusion

(Remember 3 types 3? See pp. 30-1)

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KEY ISSUE 1 (p.73): Why ppl migrate: **Who was "Ravenstein"? (reasons, distance,

characteristics) & 11 laws of migration?

A) Why ppl migrate: (Ravenstein’s laws)

-push factors: force or encourage people to leave where they live

-pull factors: influence ppl to come to a new place

--sometimes is 1 or the other…sometimes both

3 major kinds of push/pull factors: economic, cultural, environmental

BUT…often hard to say which it is main cause

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1) Economic push & pull factors: often if seem to have no jobs in 1 place, will move to where seem to have jobs

-can be country to country or region to region in same nation

Econ. push & pull: can be job specific: natural resources (miners/engineers) & pop. growth EX?

-this was pull for Europeans to US/Canada in 19th cent.-early 20th

Also later in 20th, Asians then Latinos; In Scotland: found oil = immigration

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Economic migration: Scene from Steinbeck’s The Grapes of WrathThe Dust Bowl in the 1930s led to forced migration from the Great Plains to California & elsewhere:Pushed out from __?_Pulled to_?_

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2) Cultural push/pull: can be forced or voluntary 2 main forced cultural: 1) slavery 2) polit. Instability: refugees refugees: people forced to leave b/c of persecution --based on race, relig., nationality, social group member, or polit. opinion -usually from wars & “polit. Instability”

Refugees have no home until a country says can stay …or their former country change

17 (?) mill. ( international, internal/interregional) -largest international refugee groups = Palestinians,

Iraq & Afghans… -largest internal: Sudan (Darfur), Colombia -also, Congo, UgandaNOTE: International ALSO known as TRANSnational

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Refugees: Sources & destinations: Major source & destination areas of both international & internal refugees.

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Political aspects can also be pull factors if move b/c want freedoms, etc (but other side…avoiding harsh..?)

EX: Communists closed border of E. Berlin b/c of "brain drain“ by defection to W. Berlin (democratic govt.) & created Berlin Wall…

Iron Curtain: an invisible barrier (separating communist regions from democratic regions…term came from Churchill)

Now communism is gone, but is still some economic push/pull at work from E W Eur.

3) Environmental push/pull: pull to attractive regions or pushed from hazardous ones..

--b/c of communic. now, can live in remote attrac. regions & still have access to jobs, shopping, entertainment… EX’s?

-Water? *pp. 84-85… list EX: of push/pull from environments

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Hurricane Katrina MigrantsA major natural disaster represents an environmental push factor for

forced migration.

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4) Intervening obstacles: try to go 1 place…can't get there…so go another

place…or way In past was usually environmental (EX?) -transport. changed that & now more often it’s gov'ts.

& politics

ADD:

***Intervening opportunity: When on your way to migrate to new region, find an even better place (opportunity) and decide to stay there and not move on…)

B) Distance of migration: Ravenstein's 2 main points RE: this:

1) internal 2) international (aka transnational) *2 types of internal migration

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Internal migration:

a permanent move w/in same country

Most migrants relocate short distance & stay in same country

Usually easier, plus have less "culture shock” b/c keep same culture

2 types of internal migr.:

a) interregional (from 1 region to another) EX?

-typically from farm to city (now sometimes to attractive rural areas)

b) intraregional (move but stay w/in same region): most often is from older areas to newer suburbs areas

2) International migration: 2 types: voluntary (usually economic push/pull) & forced (usually cultural)

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Zelinsky: Which demographic transition countries (Stgs. 1, 2, 3, 4?) migrate & to where?

…says the stage of demographic transition affects migration patterns b/c is migr. results from social & econ. changes that produced demographic trans.

Stage 1: not likely to migrate…though has daily or seasonal mobility; too poor, too isolated

Stage 2: Are likely: CDR down, NIR up… plus techn. increases so usually see international…but also see some interregional, especially to cities from farms

Stages 3 & 4: If migrate, usually is internal… -often cities to suburbs (suburb to city??)

**Stg. 2 migrants usually migrate to stg 3 & 4 WHY?

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Global Migration Patterns

The major flows of migration are from less developed To more developedcountries.

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Middle East

(aka ___ Asia?) w/o Israel indicated

Note Bahrain

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Region of & around Israel

Note Port Said(Suez Canal) &Gulf of Suez

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C) Characteristics of migrants: Ravenstein:

most male--& adult individuals, & not w/ kids

1) gender of migrants: used to be most males b/c males worked outside homes

-in 19th & much of 20th cent. = 54% males Reversed since 1990's, & now = about 54% female especially true of "undocumented" (?) Mex., the largest US immigrant grp. In '80's, 85% = male; since '90's, women = about 50%

Shows change in Mex.

pop.: more women

come for jobs

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2) Family status of migrants: According to Ravenstein: Long-distance migrants are mostly young adults, not kids

or older people (p.78) especially in the past.. But # of kids immigr. to US now increasing -Most US migrants have less education. than US ppl, but

usually more educa. than avg in their country… why?

*Mex. immg. shows migra. transition AND distance-decay

Most of Mex. to USA settle in US border states -Come from various parts of Mex, espec. interior Most work in agri. or clothing factories***Most of Mexican migrants USED to work seasonally: Autumn US …. spring Mex. -often = main income for families (live on credit till return)NOW… More likely to bring families and stay…

**Why do some US employers prefer to hire undoc.’s instead of to those in w/ permission?

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K - 2: Where are migrants distributed …Globally & in USA?

About __?__% of the world's pop. are migrants-- (live in countries not born in)

A) Global migration patterns: 3 Areas w/ "net out-migration" (p. 78) A__ A___ L_A__ 3 Areas w/ net in-migration: E__ N__ A__ O__ There’s some migra. from _____ to N. Amer. (E.E?)

Migr.: usually from LDC's to MDC's…from stg 2 to stg 3 or 4 -40 mill. ppl in US born in other countries today (10th Ed.)

-50% born in Lat. Am., 25% Asia, 25% Europe -most of Lat. Am. from Mex.

Countries w/ the most immigr.: US, Austr., Canada, France, Germany, India, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, & U.K.

But some countries have higher % of pop. as immigr.: USA = 12% Canada=18% UK & Germ.=6%

Austral. 25%

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New York Harbor & Ellis Island:Ellis Island is connected to New Jersey by bridge.

Liberty Island and the Statue of Liberty are south of Ellis Island. (gifted 1885…dedicated 1886)

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Ellis Island: Control of immigration given to to the Federal Govt. 1890. Congress appropriated $75,000 to build

the 1st Federal immigration station

Map to go with Power of Place #21:

Population Geography:

US/Mexican Migration &

Population Patterns in Guatemala

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Highest %: in Mid-East (about 50% immigr.!!) EX: United Arb. Emir.=74+% Kuwait 68+% -main reason is oil (petroleum) industry b/c Arabs

won't do the “dirty & dangerous” oil workB) Immigration to USA: US = 3rd highest pop. &

most are descended from immigrants …since 1820, 75 mill.

3 main eras of US immigr.: Colonial Period Mid-1800's-1914 1970 now

1) Europ. immigration to US (mid-19th cent. to about 1914):

40 mill. Eur. came to US… -about 24 mil. others to Canada, Australia, New

Zealand, southern Afri., & southern South Amer.

Germany: most Eur. immigr. to USA (7.2 mil)

Italy=5.4 mil UK = 5.3 mil Ireland=4.8 mil Russia/former USSR = 4.1 mil NOTE: Germany #’s hi b/c of Poland was once included Were THREE peaks of EUROPEAN migration

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1st peak of Eur immigr.: 1607-1850's: At 1st, 90% from Great Brit., thru 1840… (4.3 mill.) 1840-1860 most = N. & W. Eur., including Ireland (?) & Germ.2nd peak of Eur. Imm.: few in 1860's (why?); up in 1870's -1880's: peaked (1/2 mill.+ per year) -still N & W Eur. ……mostly German & Irish…Then Norway & Sweden got Industri. Rev. …& pop. up, so

Scandinavian USA #'s up Fewer farms at home…moved to get farmland or city jobs

ESPECIALLY around Great Lakes3rd peak of Eur. immgr.: 1890's thru about 1914 Almost 1 mill. per year!! 1907 = 1.3 mill. Most E. + S. Eur: Italy, Russ., Romania, Austria-Hungary -Indus. Rev. diffused, …CDR down, CBR up, NIR up …ppl looking for jobs In 1910, 14% of US pop. had at least 1 foreign-born parent In N-E, Michigan, Montana immigr. were 20% of pop.

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Immigrants to the US

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2) Impact of Eurp. immig.: Eur. imm. declined since 1914 (10% of US immigr. Euro. since 1980)

a) Eur. demographic transition: After 1800, rapid pop. growth = emigration out of Eur.

CDR down; technology up; pop. up, opportunity down Food production not efficient b/c of split-up family farms

To fix: "the enclosure movement”: many pushed off family farms…forced to sell

-could go to cities & work factories…or move for farmlandMANY Eur. countries forced small farms together…forced ppl

off farms (in Engl called "the enclosure movement” )-many came to US (also Austral., Canada, etc) b/c lots of

farmland

*USA was Eur.'s "safety valve": Over-pop. drained to US Now Eur. at Stg. 4, so have low NIR & can meet needs of

their own pop. ….so less need to migrate

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b) Diffusion of European culture: 60 mill. Europeans migrating brought world-wide culture changes

-50% of world's ppl speak Indo-Europ. languages -Christianity now largest single religion -Eur. art, literature, music, philosophy, & ethics became recognized world-wide…more acceptance -Eur. political systems & econ. systems also diffused

Problems from Eur.: Boundaries made w/o concern for local ethnic grps &

customs later became big trouble (like WWI)Also forced new values & political domination on colonies,

especially Asian & African areasEur. also used resources of those countries -the wealth back to the colonial power, not build econ. of

dominated colonies This policy is known as imperialism (“empires”)

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3) Recent immigration from LD regions: 1930's-40's: immigr. down in USA (Great Depression…then WWII)

US: more emigration than immigr. …so = __ ?__ 1950’s: immigr. up again…. & more in '60-70's Huge #’s in '80's & '90‘s--highest ever (mostly Asia/Lat.Am) Asian steadily up…but Lat. Amer. fluctuates…

a) Immigration from Asia: 1800-1950 only 1 mill. total to US -mostly Chinese, Turkish, & Japanese immigr. -since 1975, about 7 mill. from Asia…in late '70's thru '80's,

Asia = #1 in immigr. to USA (Vietnam?) -in '90's, top 3 from Asia were China, Philippines, &

Vietnam (50%+)Thru 20th cent., most Asians to US from China (includes

Taiwan) & India… (2 most pop. countries, Both Stg. 2) Canada: 40%+ of immigr. are Asians; but they get more

Eur. than US…& less Latin Amer. (what theory?) per capita, Canada: 50% more immigr. than US

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b) Immigration from Latin Amer.: From 1820-1960, about 2 mill. came from Latin Amer. 1960-2000: were 10 mill. In 1980, Mex. passed Germany as country that sent

most immigr. to US: so far 9-11 mil.,…& 100,000 per yr.

In 1990's from Lat. Am.: 2nd highest = El Salvador (war); 3rd = Cuba; 4th = Haiti -1986: Immigra. Reform & Control Act (R. Regan): visas

given to several hundred thousand undoc. immigr. who'd come in yrs. b4 (amnesty)

#'s went up in 1990: 1.5 mill.; 1991: 1.8 mill in 1 year…most everSo….US immigr.= N+W Eur S+E Eur Asian Lat. Am. But reason why = same: poor home conditions hope for econ. opportunity & social advancement in USLat. Amer. most now in stage 2…but US no longer wide open

Land growing scarce & "frontier" that was open to all b4 is now closed

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Migration from Asia to the U.S.

Migration in 2006. The largest #’s of Asian migrants come from India, China, the Philippines, & Vietnam.

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Migration from Latin America to U.S.

Mexico: the largest source of migrants to the U.S., But migrants have also come from numerous other Latin American nations.

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Undocumented Immigration:Mexico to Arizona The complex

route of one

group of

undocumented

migrants from a

small village

north of Mexico

City to Phoenix,

Arizona.

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Undocumented Immigrants in

the USCalifornia,

Texas, & Florida are the leading destinations for undocumented immigrants to

the U.S.

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U.S. - Mexico Border

at TijuanaThe U.S. side of the border

is uninhabited

and separated

from Mexico by a fence

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4) Destination of immigrants w/in US: which go where?? Tend to be clustered: (these are internat’l. migrants)

-about 1/4 in Calif. -1/4 in NY/NJ -about 1/4 in Tex/Fla/Illinois -last 1/4 in other 44 states Immigr. used to come by water…….now land & air -from Mex. Go mostly to Calif/Tex/Illin -from Carib.: go to NY/Fla. -Asians … go mostly to Calif./NY … - E. Europ. ….to NY & Illinois-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2 things influence where to go:

a) -proximity can influence: EX: = Mex. to Tex/Calif (d.d?) b) –going to same culture: others go where is large

settlements of ppl. from their own countries…i.e., Iranians to Calif., Poles to Illin.

This = chain migration: settling in place b/c of large # of others of your culture there (EX: Italians NY, etc.)

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5) Undocumented immigration to US: Those coming w/o permission (illegally); no sure #’s -US may have 11-12 mill undoc. immigr.

According to I.N.S. (?): most Mex. (about 5 mill) -Next: other Lat. Amer. ( about 2 mil.) -About 2 mill. from rest of world (Asia, Eur., Can., & other places)But most from Mex. …& they want to work, but have no

visas (?) (What are “aliens?”)

About 1/2 of undoc.'s come legally (students, tourists) -stay after permission expires other slip over bordersOnce here, get fake "documents" (birth certif., alien

registra. card, SSN = $25)… When caught INS escorts them back…and most not

prosecuted b/c of time/$$--& many come right back

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1986 IRCA (?? P. ) tried to help curb this, but many who qualified would not come forward b/c feared INS (La Migra)

-IRCA also made it crime for employers to hire undoc's Now can be fined or imprisoned if they hire undoc’s Employers are required to verify their workers

a) Crossing US-Mex border “fence”: It’s easy …b/c broken in many places …(often harder to get

to the border than get across it) Do have guards, but not enough… Coyote (aka polleo) : “people smugglers” who bring them in -entire trip can cost several hundred $$Maquiladoras: US industries on Mex. Side of border that

have close location to US markets, but use cheap labor of Mex.

Why we need to control undoc‘s? Can hurt unemployment rate Increases needed human services (schools, kids med’s.,

etc.) often w/o paying taxesWhy can undoc's be helpful? Often do jobs others won't

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Migration to U.S., by region of origin Most migrants to U.S. were from Europe until the ’60’s.

Since then, Latin Am. & Asia have become the main sources of U.S. immigrants.

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Net Migration (per population)

Net migration per 1,000 population. The U.S. has the largest number of immigrants, but other developed countries also

have relatively large numbers.

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U.S. States as Immigrant Destinations :California is the destination of about 25% of all USimmigrants; another 25% go to NY & NJ. Other important destinations include FL, TX., & Illinois.

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K-3: WHY Migrants Face Obstacles:A) Controlling Immigr.: Policies of host countries: 1) USA: US quota laws: 1921: 1st US restrictions of

immigr. Quota Act ('21) & National Origins Act ('24)Purpose: restrict Asians coming in to W. coast

(Chin./Japan.)Q-A set # of ppl from each country allowed in w/in 1 yr. -# based on % of people already here, so it favored

Europ. (especially N & W, not E & S: 1890 was “line”)

These laws were made to keep "other types" out -’20’s: W. Coast began to fear the "yellow peril"…large

# of Asians into Pacific Coast area...West Coast laws were passed to also restrict land

ownership of Asian immigrants ….but not European immigr. Laws stayed same …until 1965

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1965 Immigration Act passed which had no country quotas, but set quotas by hemisphere:

170,000 E. & 120,000 W.1978: global quota (290,000), w/ max. of 20,000 per country1990 Immigra. Act: # up to 500,000 global quota.Preferences w/in these #'s: -if have family here …get some preference (chain migr.?)-skilled workers & talented professionals get certain # of

visas-also some for those from countries w/o many US immigr. Asians use system well…. -get in w/ profession, then bring family 1 by 1Some are poor & trying to get ahead…..but most are young

professionals… -MD's, PhD's, researchers, etc who see US as better

chance for advancement

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Other countries resent this & say these US preferences cause "brain drain" of their best & brightest ppl

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/03/10/us/20090310-immigration-explorer.html

(2) Temporary migration for work: guest workers vs. time-contract workers: Many, esp. W. Eur. & Mid-East, use guest workers

as temporary workers Most of Asia uses time-contract workers

In Eur. most g-w have govt. protections: min. wage, etc

Guest-wkrs. can be as high as 10% of pop. (Switz. & Luxembourg)

They do low status, low skill jobs others won't... -garbage collectors, dishwashers, bus drivers, etc.

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Advantages for guest-worker's home country: --Lowers unemploy. Rates --$$ sent home by workers stimulates local

economiesUK: when gave up colonies, said those could

choose UK or home citizenship…but couldn't bring families later

Most EUR. guest workers from N. Afr., Mid-East, E. Eur., Asia

Countries often favors those from former colonies

EX’s: France: Algiers & Morocco UK: India, Jamaica, etc

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Guest Workers in Europe

Guest workers emigrate mainly from E. Europe & North Africa to work in the wealthier countries of W. Europe.

NOTE: ADD term!

Counter-migration: Deportation of illegal immigrants

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Turkish Kebab

Stand in Germany

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-----------------------

3) Time-contract workers: Japanese, Filipinos, Indians, etc.,to various

colonies, etc., needing workers in mines, plantations, etc

…stayed there after contract’s up

Western US: Chinese (late 1860's) for RR construction

About 29 million Chinese now live in places other than China EX: Singapore pop. = 75%

Chinese

Asian countries also have "illegal" workers EX: Taiwan: around 50,000, but like USA, they do work others won‘t

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4) Economic migrants vs. refugees: Why it matters? B/c are treated differently in some countries EX: US, Canada, & W. Eur: allow refugees in if fleeing undemocratic (Communist) govt. (political asylum) Espec. in Vietnam, Cuba, HaitiEcon. migrants: usually not let in w/o a special skill

Refugees can get priority treatment RE: admission EX’s: a) Emigrants from Cuba: 1959 Cuban communist revol. &

Fidel Castro: US saw Cubans as polit. refugees -Castro took over businesses/farms, etc, & opponents were

jailed -US still prohibits business/govt dealings w/ Cuba

(but what about China?) 1960: 600,000 Cubans allowed into US… mostly went to Fla.

2nd wave of Cuban refugees Mariel boat-lift

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1980: 2nd Cuban immgr. flood--Mariel (port) boatlift… Castro released polit. prisoners …but also criminals &

mental patients …& 125,000 came to US Most joined families, got "sponsors," or had skills -rest held in camps til 1987 when Cuba took back 2,500

criminals& mental patients US then allowed only 20,000 Cubans per yr.

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b) Haitian Emigrants : racial vs. political issue?1957-1986 Duvalier dictators (dad & son) ruled Haiti

cruelly (Papa Doc & Baby Doc…)

US: said were econ., not polit. refugees -said Cuba was b/c tied to USSR…but many said it was

b/c Haitians were black…they sued & many got in

’90’s: military coup in Haiti… = same problem… (Aristide)

-eventually many got in, but US often said b/c of econ., not political reasons…Haiti is W. Hemsph.'s poorest

Now: govt. is better, but many still try to get to US

More recent: Earthquake! A poor country is devastated especially hard w/ this kind of event

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c) Vietnam’s Emigrants : war ends 1975; 1000’s who had helped US allowed in (US "airlift")

Many who could not get out (not "important" enough?) were persecuted b/c had helped US

Many left by boat ("boat people" ), hoping US Navy pick them up (= US "soil") & hoped could then apply for admission to US…& some did get in

More left in '80's, but VN was old news, so seen as econ.

Many places, including Asian gov’ts (esp. Thailand) refused them entrance, even pushing boats back out to sea….so many drown

1996: many sent back to 'Nam About 1/2 mill. VN came to US since end of war --about 1 mill. elsewhere

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Migration of Vietnamese“Boat People”Many Vietnamese fled by sea as refugees afterthe war w/ the U.S. ended in 1975.Later boat people were oftenconsidered economic migrants.

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Fall of Saigon 1975

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B) Cultural problems living in other countries:

Immigr. often used as "scapegoats" for local econom. problems by politicians

1) US attitudes to immigrants: "new" arrival often seen as suspicious & Eur. immigra. pushed West

-as frontier became "full" & closed, wanted to close entrance to new people as well

--hostile to Germ. & Irish, but was worse for E & S

Europeans: Poles, Italians, Russ.,etc.

-govt. study in 1911 concluded these were "racially inferior" groups… “w/ very violent natures..”, etc

-this was pure prejudice

-CA now trying to deny schools, etc., to undoc's

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2) Problems w/ guest workers:

Europe: workers: young men, alone w/ language & cultural

barriers -both workers & host country see as temp., but many do end

up saving $$, bring families & stay

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Anti-Immigration

Protest in Spain

Spanish youths attacked

Moroccan immigrants in El Ejido, Spain, after an alleged

murder.

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W. Eur. & Mid-E: now lower econ. growth, so restrict #'s of G-W’s more

-paid some to leave, but home country won’t allow them back b/c of econ. probl. there

-many Eur. govt. & public pushing for more immigr. restriction -Asian/Pacific countries have also (p. 92, Fiji &

Indian prob.) -though many feel anti-immigr. ideas are valid,

actually have little scientific basis & often seems to be same ol' racism junk2)

Middle East G-W problems: fear "pollution" ofculture by g-w & many are expelled…or controlled Refuse to allow them to marry there, so go home to

marry & most go back home stay

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Emigration from China

Various ethnicChinese peoples have distinct patterns of Migration to other Asian countries.

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K-4: Why folks migrate within a country (interregional vs. international):

A) Interregional migration (betw. regions of a country): 1) Within the USA: changing center of population: At census (? yrs..) is computed -shows where the “balance” of pop. is… Central point if all were evened out on a flat plane

a) 1790: began in Chesapeake Bay (about 77º W. long.), now in Missouri (+-92º W)

Moved which direction? __ then later __ __?: LIST some Intervening obstacles to this west. movt. b) early settlement of interior: began 1790…by 1830

cent.of pop. moved to W.Va…free land brought folks to Mississippi

Canals (EX: Erie) 1816-40, 3,326 mi. of US canals ! Diffusion of steam-boats also sped westward

settlement

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Center of Population in the U.S.

The center of U.S. population has consistently moved westward, w/ the population migration west. It has also begun to move southward w/ migration to the

southern sunbelt.

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Echo Canyon, northeastern UtahEcho Canyon was one of many obstacles to 19th

century wagon trains heading west.

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c) Settling Great Plain: US filled in East Coast … …then West Coast

Didn’t fill in GP until new farm methods allowed “sod-busting” (new plows) & new barbed-wire eased wood-dependence + RR

Barbed wire: allowed for settling and blocking off areas

d) Rustbelt: Michigan, Pennsylvania, NY, NJ, Illin. New jobs where? South new migration

e) Afri-Am. Migration: 1) forced from Africa 2) 1900 – 1930: Great Migration: from South to

Chicago, Detroit, NY, L.A. b/c of “Jim Crow” laws3) 1970’s: began to “come home” back to new South

after C.R.A.’s (?)

Homestead Act: 1862Build a home, live 5 yrs on

land, & get 160 acres (for just a small fee for filing ownership)Encouraged the settling of the West, Southwest, Great Plains,

and Great Lakes regions

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Advertizing Free or Cheap

($1.25 per acre) land!!

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Territory NW of the River Ohio (the Northwest Territory), organized, incorporated

territory of the USA that existed from

July 1787 until

March 1803

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Treaty of Guadalupe

Hildalgo

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2) Interregional migration in other countries:

a) Russia: Urged interreg. 1st by forced migration

-then by incentives to move to Far North & Siberian regions

-had nat. resources, but no one to work them

b) Brazil: Made a “forward capital”:

All ppl on coasts…so moved capital & built Brasilia, new cap. to encourage settlement of the interior

c) Indonesia: 1969: paid ppl in seeds, resources, farming materials, etc., to leave Java (hi-pop) & settled other islands

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Brasilia, Brazil was created as Brazil’s new capital in 1960 and since then has attracted thousands of

migrants in search of jobs

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d) Europe: (interregional w/in other countries)

Per cap. Income + unemployment = determines migration: net immigration = highest incomes

EX: Italy’s Mezzogiorno (south) has 40% of land, 35% pop., but 24% of $, so people migrate from SN (N has $$)

e) India: govt. limits migration:

EX: migration (or visiting) to State of Assam is limited to protect ethnic ID of Assamese

-protects jobs b/c it borders Bangladesh & many of other cultures began to come in

-so govt. limits international migr.

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B) Migration w/in a region: Rural, Urban, Suburban, Counterurban, Gentrification

1) Rural to urban: Since 1800: most common = intraregional migr.

World: 5% urban 1800; today over 50% urbanUSA: 1800 5% urban 1920 = 50% urban today = 75%

Same in most other MDC’s; now those moving from LDC to

MDC showing same pattern, but don’t have the same resources

So have great poverty in these citiesEX: Sao Paulo, Brazil: 300,000 in each year looking for

opportunity; can’t find housing, so live in favelas (squatter areas w/ no elec., water, paved streets, etc.)

Rural Urban Suburban Counterurban

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Favela in Sao Paulo, Brazil

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2) Urban to Suburban: In MDC’s folks choose this lifestyle, not forced by jobs

USA: about 6 mill. per yr. Ur Sub (vs. 3 mill. S U) …same in Canada & W. Eur.

3) From Metropol. to non-Metro: Counter-urbanization: (U R) --for 1st time, see folks moving to “boonies” (rural or

small town areas) by choice -sometimes “mini-farms” but don’t make living from

agric. (have horses, etc.) -can b/c of communication (computers) transport., etc.Many farmers going under b/c of prices & costs of

farming… -US (& other MDC) farms are now mostly corporate, not family

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4) Suburban to urban: = gentrification: mostly “young upwardly mobile” (yuppies) who want, night life, more cosmopolitan environment, more cultural access… Reclaiming older, run-down urban areas & making it “upscale”

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Gentrification renews run-down areas...BUT it often takes away affordable areas from ppl who have lived there for generations

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Interregional Migration in the U.S.

Average annual migrations between regions in the U.S. in 1995 & in 2003. Calculate: Which region has the highest in-migration?Which has the highest out-migration?

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Intra-regional Migration in the U.S. Average annual migration among urban, suburban, & rural areas in the U.S. during 1990s. Largest flow was from central cities to suburbs. What 2 new patterns do we sometimes see?

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Net Migration by County, 2000-04Rural counties in the southwest and Florida have had

net in-migration, while there has been net out-migration from rural counties in the Great Plains

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Erie Canal

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TEST EX’s for REVIEW: (CH 2 + 3) 1. Most people live in cities (urban areas) in which of these

regions?a. East Asia b. South Asia c. Southeast Asia d. W.

Europe 2. The lowest crude birth rates are typically found in countries in

which stage of the demographic transition?a. Stage 1 b. Stage 2 c. Stage 3 d. Stage 4 3. Monte Zeto has a CBR rate of 24 & a CDR rate of 12 while

Nawa has a CBR of 35 & a CDR of 12. Which country has a higher natural increase rate?

a. M-Z b. Nawa c. same in both countries4. What do each of the following possibly indicate about DT

stages?: Which stage could it be & why?a. Lot of people are migrating b. Low CBR c. low emigration, hi CBR, hi CDR, low NIR 5. Pop. pyramids on board: a, b, c: What can you surmise RE:

each?6. Malthus: Who? Said what? What got right? What wrong?

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(Ch 3 Review)1. political; economic; environmental 2. economic3. Ireland; Germany 4. southeast5. Mexico 6. Mexico7. set quotas based on nationality & numbers already in US from

specific nations8. economic advancement9. relocation of rural people to urban areas creating an increase in the

number and percentage of urban dwellers10. large-scale migration to the suburbs b/c of pull by a suburban

lifestyle11. in-migr.: out-migr.: Net in- or out-migr.: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

12. True 20. True13. True 21. True14. True 22. True15. False 23. True16. True 24. False17. True 25. False18. False 26. False19. True

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Where am I from?? Below are some dates. Using your knowledge of migration, give your BEST answer to the question, “Which world region am I MOST LIKELY from?”

(You’ll have these on your test…wanted you to see them 1st!)

N. Africa Mideast Latin Am. Sub-Saharan Africa

W. Europe N. Europe E. Europe S. Europe Asia I came….

1. To the US in 1898 5. To US in 1977

2. To US in 1850 6. To US in 1987

3. To W. Euro. in 2004 7. To US in 1998

4. To Mideast in 1998 8. To US in 1793

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Possible WRITING ASSIGNMENTS: Copy below. Answer each in good paragraph/discussion

form

1) Describe changes in the movement of the U.S. center of population (p. 92-93) and reasons for those changes.

2) Describe the major intraregional & interregional migration patterns within the United States in recent yrs. (map p. 94)

**3) COPY this into your note books: Title: Center of Population, USA a) Explain what Center of Pop. means. b) OUTLINE how this has moved from the Chesapeake Bay in 1790 thru the present, using some brief explanations.

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ASSIGNMENTS:

**TIME-LINE: Create a timeline showing when which countries & areas immigrated into the USA 1620 – present

**MAP assignment directions:

--on maps given, use COLOR-CODED main countries that USA had immigrants coming from

--Draw ARROWS colored the same color as the countries, showing then immigration to the USA

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MATCH…Creating TIMELINE!! REDO!!

-1066 -1588 -1607

-1750 -1776 -1845

-1898 -1914 -1941

-late 1940’s – early ‘50’s -

-1965-75 -1991 -2003------------------------------------------------------------------

-Persian Gulf War - WWII -Revolutionary War -Vietnam Conflict/War -Korean Conflict/War -Spanish-Amer. War -Mexican-Amer. War -Normand Invasion -Iraq War -Jamestown Settlement-WWI -Louisiana Purchase-defeat of the Spanish Armada -Medical Revolution-Northwest Land Ordinance (NW Territories)-Industrial Revolution begins

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Immigration Case Studies

Read the Case Study & respond using complete sentences…a min. of 6-7 total.

1) Summarize the topic & events in this

2) What does ambivalent mean and to what is it referring in this study?

3) Explain how some Europeans respond to immigration

----------Pp. 108-9------------7-8 sentences min.

1) Summarize this entry.

2) Compare and contrast US attitudes of the past & present RE: immigration.