KEY TERMS

Aciddeposition Su lfu r oxides and nitrogen oxides, em itted by burn ing fossil fuels, enter the atmosphere- where the y combine with oxygen and water to form sulfuric acid and n itric acid-and return to E art h 's sur face.

Acid precipitation Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitroge n oxid es to acids that retu rn to Earth as rain , snow, or fog .

Active solar energy systems Solar energy syste m that co llects energy through the use of mechanical devices like photovolta ic cells or flat-pl ate collec tors.

Agribusiness Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-pro cessing industry, usua lly through own­ership by large corpor ations.

Agricultural density The ratio of the nu mber of fann ers to the to tal amoun t of land suitable for agriculture .

Agricultural revolution T he time when human beings first domesticate d plan ts and an imals and no longer relied entirely on hun tin g and gathering.

Agriculture The de liberate effort to modify a portion of Earth 's su rface through the cul tivati on of crops and the raising of livest ock for suste ­nan ce or economic gain.

Air pollution Concentration of tra ce substances, such as carbon monox­ide, su lfur dioxide, n it rogen oxides, hydroca rb ons, and so lid part icu­lates, at a greater level tha n occurs in average air.

Animate power Power supplied by people or animals.

Animism Belief that objects, such as plan ts and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.

Annexation Legally adding land area to a city in the United States.

Apartheid Laws (no longer in effect ) in South Africa that physically sep ­ara ted different races into different geographic areas.

Arithmetic density The total number of peop le divided by the tota l land are a.

Autonomous religion A re ligion that do es not have a cen tr al authority but shares ideas and coopera tes informally.

Balance of power Condition of rou ghly equ al stre ngth be tween oppos­ing coun tries or alliances of cou ntries.

Balkanization Process by which a state brea ks down throu gh conflicts among its erhniciries.

Balkanized A small ge ogra phic area that could not successfu lly be organized into on e or more stable stat es because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other.

Base line An east-west line designated under the Land O rdinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States.

Basic industries Industrie s that sell their products or servi ces primarily to consumers outside the set tlement.

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) Amount of oxygen requ ired by aqua­tic bact er ia to decompose a given load of organic waste; a measure o f water pollution.

Biodiversity The number of species with in a specific habitat.

Biomass fuel Fu el that derives from plant material and animal waste.

Blockbusting A process by which real estate agents convince white prop­erty owners to sell the ir houses at low pr ices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neigh borhood .

Boundary Invisible line th at marks the extent of a state's territory.

Brain drain Large-scale emigration by tale nted people .

Branch (ofa religion) A large and fundament al division with in a religi on .

Break-of-bulk point A locati on where tran sfer is possib le from one mo de of transportation to another.

Breeder reactor A nuclear pow er plant tha t creat es its own fuel from pluto nium.

British Received Pronunciation (BRP) T he dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in th e London area and now considered standard in the United Kingdom.

Bulk-gaining industry An industry in which th e fina l product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.

Bulk-reducing industry An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower vo lume than the inp uts.

Business services Services that primari ly meet th e needs of other busi­nesses, including professi ona l, fin ancial, an d transportati on services.

Cartography The science of making maps.

Caste The cla ss or dis tinct here ditary order into wh ich a Hindu is assigned according to rel igious law.

Census A complete en umeration of a popula tion.

Census tract An area delineated by the U .S. Bur eau of the Census for which statistics are published; in ur banized areas, census tracts corr e­spond roughly to neighborhoods.

Central business district (CBD) The are a of a city where re tail and office activities are clustered.

Central place A marke t center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the sur rounding area .

Central place theory A th eory tha t explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers o f market areas for services; larger settl emen ts are fewer and farther apa rt t han sm alle r settlements and provide services for a larger number of peo ple who are willing to tra vel farth er.

Centripetal force An attitude that ten ds to unify people and enhance suppo rt for a state.

Cereal grain A grass yield ing gra in for food .

Chaff Husks of grain sep ar ated from the seed by threshi ng .

Chain migration M igration of people to a spec ific location because rel­at ives or me m bers of the same na tional ity pre viously migrated th ere .

Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) A gas used as a solven t, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers.

508

Circulation Sho rt -te rm , rep et iti ve, o r cycl ical movem ents th at rec ur on a regular basis.

City-state A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland .

Clustered rural settlement A rural settlem ent in which th e hou ses and farm bu ildings of each fami ly ar e si tua ted close to each oth er and fields surrou nd the settlement.

Colonialism Atte mp t by o ne co untry to establi sh se tt leme nts and to impose its political, econ omic, and cu ltura l pr incip les in another ter ritory.

Colony A terr ito ry that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather th an completely independen t.

Combine A mach ine tha t reaps, threshes, and cleans gra in whil e moving over a field.

Commercial agriculture Agricul ture undertaken primarily to gene ra te products for sale off the farm .

Compact state A sta te in which the d ist ance fr om th e cen ter to any bou ndary do es not vary sig nificantly.

Concentration The spread of somethi ng over a given ar ea.

Concentric zone model A m odel of the inte rna l stru cture of cities in which soc ial group s are spa tially arranged in a ser ies of rings.

Connections Relationships among people an d ob jects across the barri er of space.

Conservation T he sustaina ble use and management of a natu ral resour ce, th rough cons um ing at a less rapid rate than it can be replaced .

Consumer services Busin esses that provide services pr imarily to indi­vidua l con sumers, including re tai l services and educa tio n, he alth, and leisur e services.

Contagious diffusion T he rapid, wid espread diffusion o f a fea tu re or trend th roughout a popu lation .

Cosmogony A set of religious beliefs concerning the or igin of the universe .

Cottage industry Ma nufac turing based in hom es rather th an in a facto ry, commonly found be fore the In du str ial Revolutio n .

Council of government A cooperative age ncy co nsisting of represen ta­tives of local governments in a m etropolitan area in th e U nited States.

Counterurbanization N et migration from ur ban to ru ral areas in more de veloped countrie s.

Creole orcreolized language A language that results from the m ixing o f a colo nizer 's language with the indigenous langu age of th e peo ple being domin ated.

Crop Grain or frui t ga th ered from a field as a harvest dur ing a pa rt icu­lar season.

Crop rotation T he practi ce o f ro ta ting use of differ ent fields fro m cro p to cro p eac h year, to avo id exh austin g th e so il.

Crude birth rate (CBR) The to tal nu m ber of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Crude death rate (CDR) T he to tal number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in th e society.

Cultural ecology Geograp hic approach tha t emphasizes human-envi ro nment re lationships . .

Cultural landscape Fashioning of a natu ral landscape by a cu ltura l group.

Culture The body of custo mary beliefs, social forms, and ma te rial traits that together constitu te a group of people's distinct tr adi tion .

Key Terms 509

Custom The frequ ent re pe tition of an act, to the exte nt tha t it becomes chara cteristic of th e group of peop le performing the ac t.

Demographic transition The proc ess o f chang e in a society's popu lation from a condition of high crude birt h and dea th rates and low rate of natu ral increase to a co ndi tion of low crude birt h and de ath rates, low ra te of natura l increase, an d a higher to tal popul atio n.

Demography T he scie nti fic stu dy of popu lation characteristics .

Denomination A division o f a branch th at un ites a number of local co n­grega tio ns in a single legal an d adm inistra tive body.

Density T he freq uency with which somethi ng exists within a give n unit of area.

Density gradient T he change in density in an urba n area fro m the cen­ter to th e per iphery.

Dependency ratio The nu mber o f peop le under the age o f 15 and over age 64, compared to the number of peo ple active in th e labo r force.

Desertification D egradation of land , esp ecially in semiarid areas, pr i­mari ly because of hu man act ions like excessive cro p plant ing, animal gra zing, and tree cu tting .

Development A proce ss o f improvem en t in th e material cond itions of peo ple through diffusion o f knowl edge an d tech nolo gy.

Dialect A regional vari ety of a language distin guished by vocabu lary, spe lling, and pr onunciation .

Diffusion T he pr ocess of spread of a featu re or trend fro m one place to ano ther over time .

Diocese T he basic unit of geogra phic o rga n iza tio n in th e Roma n Catholic C hurch .

Dispersed rural settlement A ru ral settlement pattern characte rized by iso lated farms rath er than clustered villages.

Distance decay The dim in ish in g in im po rtan ce and even tua l dis­ap peara nce o f a p henomeno n with in creasing d is tan ce fro m it s origin .

Distribution T he arra nge ment of so mething across E arth 's surface.

DOUble cropping H arvesting twice a year from the same field .

DOUbling time The num ber of years needed to double a population , assuming a constant ra te of natural incr ease .

Ebonies Dia lect spo ken by so me Afr ican Americans.

Economic base A community 's coll ection of basic industries.

Ecumene The portion o f Earth 's sur face occ upied by permanent human se ttle men t.

Edge city A large node of office and ret ail activities on th e edge of an ur ban area .

Elongated state A state wi th a long, narrow shape .

Emigration Migration.fr om a location .

Enclosure movement The process of consolidating sm all landh oldings in to a sma ller nu mber of larger farms in England dur ing th e eighte en th cen tu ry,

Environmental determinism A nine teen th- and early twentie th -centu ry ap proa ch to the stu dy of geography that argued th at th e genera l laws sought by h um an geographers could be fou nd in the physical sciences. Geogra phy was th erefore the study of how the physical environme nt caused human activities.

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I

Epidemiologic transition Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.

Epidemiology Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.

Ethnic cleansing Process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homoge­neous region .

Ethnicreligion A rel igion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribu­tion whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteris­tics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.

Ethnicity Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions .

Expansion diffusion The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process.

Extinct language A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.

Fair trade Alternative to intern ational trade that emphasizes small busi­nesses and worker owned and democratically run coopera tives and requires employers to pay workers fair wage s, permit un ion organizing, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards .

Federal state An internal organization of a state that allocates most pow­ers to units of local government.

Ferrous Metals, including iron ore, that are uti lized in the production of iron and steel.

Filtering A process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment.

Fission The splitting of an atomic nucleus to re lease energy.

Floodplain The area subject to flooding during a given number of years according to historical trends .

Folk culture Culture traditional ly practiced by a small, homogeneous, rura l group living in relative isolation from other groups.

Forced migration Permanent movement compelled usually by cultu ral factors.

Fordist production Form of mass production in which eac h worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) Inves tment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.

Formal region (or uniform or homogeneous region) An area in wh ich everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics.

Fossil fuel Energy source formed from the residue of plants and an i­mals buried mil lions of years ago.

Fragmented state A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory.

Franglais A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language; a combination of francais and anglais, the French vords for "French" and "Eng lish ," respectively.

'rontier A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises iolitica! control.

unctional (or nodal) reg ion An area organized around a node or focal oint.

mdamentalism Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic prin­pies of a re ligion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sec t).

Fusion Crea tion of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogel to form helium .

Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) Compares the ability of, and men to participate in economic and political decision rnakir

Gender-Related Development Index (GOI) Compares the leve l of de rnent of women with that of both sexes.

Gentrification A process of converting an urban neighborhood f predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predornir middle-cla ss owner-occupied area .

Geographic information system (GIS) A computer system that SI

organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

Geothermal energy Energy from steam or hot water produced fror,

or molten underground rocks.

Gerrymandering Process of red rawi ng legislative boundaries for the pose of benefiting the party in power.

Ghetto During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a cit which members of any minority group live because of social, lega l economic pressure.

Globalization Actions or processes that invo lve the entire world and re: in making something worldwide in scope .

Global Positioning System (GPS) A system that determines the prec position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracki stations, and receivers.

Grain Seed of a cereal grass .

Gravity model A model that holds that the potentia l use of a service a particular location is directly related to the number of people in location and inversely related to the distance people must trave l reach the service .

Green revolution Rapid diffusion of new agricultura l tec hnology, esp cially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.

Greenbelt A ring of land maintained as parks, agr iculture, or other typ of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area .

Greenhouse effect Anticipated increase in Earth's temperature, cause by carbon dioxide (emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of tl radiation emitted by the surface.

Greenwich Mean Time The time in that time zone encompassing rl prime meridian, or 0° longitude.

Gross domestic product (GOP) The value of the total ou tput of goo and services produced in a country in a given time period (norm al 1 year).

Guest workers Workers who m igrate to the more developed countri of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Easrei Europe or from North Afr ica, in search of higher-paying jobs.

Habit A repetitive act pe rfo rmed by a particular individual.

Hearth The region from which innovative ideas originate .

Hierarchical diffusion The spread of a feature or trend from one key pe son or node of au thority or power to other persons or places.

Hierarchical religion A re ligion in which a central authority exerci ses hig h degree of control.

Horticulture The growing of fruits , vegetables, and flowers.

Hull The outer covering of a seed.

Human Development Index (HOI) In dicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, lit­eracy, education, and life expec tancy.

Hydroelectric power Power genera ted from moving water.

Ideograms T he system of writing used in China and other East Asian count ries in which each sym bol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound, as is th e case with letters in E nglish.

Immigration Migration to a new location.

Imperialism Co ntrol of terr itory already occupied an d organized by an indigeno us society.

Inanimate power Power supplied by machines .

Industrial Revolution A ser ies of improvements in in dustrial technology tha t tran sfor med the process of manu factu ring goods.

Infant mortality rate (IMR) T he total numb er of dea ths in a year amo ng infants und er 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.

Intensive subsistence agriculture A for m of sub sistence agri cultu re in which farmers must expend a relatively large amoun t of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land .

Internal migration Per manent movement within a particu lar country.

International Date Line An arc tha t for the mo st par t follows 1800 longi­tude, although it deviates in severa l places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross th e Intern ati on al D ate Line head ing east (toward Ameri ca), the clock moves back 24 hours, or on e ent ire day. When you go west (towa rd Asia), the calendar mov es ahead one day.

International migration Perman en t movem ent fro m on e country to another.

Interregional migration Permanent movement from one region of a coun ­try to anoth er.

Intervening obstacle An enviro nme ntal or cultu ral featu re of the land­scape tha t hinders mig ration .

Intraregional migration Permanent movement wit hin one region of a country.

Isogloss A boundary that separates region s in which different langu age usages predominate.

Isolated language A language that is unrelated to any other languages and the re fore no t attached to any langu age family.

Labor-intensive industry An industry for which labor cos ts make up a high percent age of to tal expenses.

Land Ordinance of 1785 A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.

Landlocked state A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea.

Language A system of comm unication through the use of speech, a collec­tion of sounds und erstood by a group of people to have the same meaning.

Language branch A collection of languages re lated th rou gh a commo n ances tor that existed several thousand years ago . D ifferences are no t as extensive or as old as with language families, and archaeological evi­dence can confi rm that the bran ches deriv ed from the same fami ly.

Language family A collectio n of la'nguages related to each o the r th rou gh a com mon ancestor long before recorded history.

Language group A collection of languages with in a branch th at share a common or igin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few dif­ferences in gram mar and vocabulary.

Key Terms 511

Latitude The numbering system used to ind icate the locati on of paral­lels drawn on a globe and meas urin g distance north and south of the equato r (00

) .

Less developed country (LDC) Also known as a de veloping country, a coun­try that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development.

Life expectancy T he average number of years an ind ividual can be expected to live, given curre nt social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average nu mber of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

Lingua franca A langua ge mu tually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages .

Literacy rate The percentage of a country's people who can read and write.

Literary tradition A langu age that is written as well as spoken .

Location T he posi tion of anything on Earth's surface.

Longitude T he num bering system used to indicate the location of merid­ians drawn on a globe and measur ing distance east and west of the prime meridian (00

) .

Map A two-dimensional , or flat , representation of Earth 's surface or a portion of it.

Maquiladora Factories built by U.S. comp anies in Mexico near the U. S. border, to take advant age of much lower labor costs in Mexico.

Market area (or hinterland) The area sur rounding a centra l place, from which people are attracted to use the place 's goods and services.

Medical revolution Medical technology invented in Europe and N orth Ame rica that is diffused to the poorer countries of La tin America, Asia, and Africa. Im proved medica l practices have elimina ted many of the tra­dition al causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to

live longer and healthier lives.

Mental map An interna l representation of a portion of Earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place, con taining personal impressions of wha t is in a place and whe re places are located .

Meridian An arc drawn on a map between the North and South po les.

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) In the United States, a cen tra l city of at least 50,000 po pulation, the county withi n which the city is located , and adjacen t coun ties meeting on e of several tests ind icating a func­tional connection to the central city.

Micropolitan statistical area An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabi tants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent coun­ties tied to the city.

Microstate A state tha t enc ompasses a very small land area.

Migration Fo rm of relocat ion diffusion involving a perman ent move to a new location.

Migration transition Change in the mig ration pattern in a society that results from industrial ization, pop ulat ion growth , and other socia l and eco no mic changes that also produce the demographic transition.

Milkshed The area surrounding a city from which m ilk is supplied.

Missionary An individual who help s to diffuse a universalizing religion .

Mobility All types of movement fro m one location to another.

Monotheism The doctrine or belief of the existence of only one god.

More developed country (MDC) Also kno wn as a relatively developed country or a developed country, a country that has progressed rela­tively far along a cont inuu m of development.

512 KeyTerms

Multi-ethnic state State that contain s more th an one ethn iciry,

Multinational state State that con tains two or more ethn ic groups with traditi ons of self-d eterminat ion tha t agre e to coexist peacefully by rec­ogn izing each othe r as distinct nati onalities.

Multiple nuclei model A mode l of the internal structure of cities in which soc ial groups are arra ng ed around a colle cti on of nodes of activit ies.

Nationalism Lo yalty and devotio n to a particular nation ality.

Nationality Identity with a group of people that share legal atta chment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there.

Nation-state A state whose territory corresponds to th at occupied by a parti cular eth niciry tha t has bee n transformed into a nationali ty.

Natural increase rate (NIR) The perc entage growth o f a population in a year, computed as the cru de birth rate minus the crude death rate.

Netmigration The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emi gration.

New international division of labor T ransfer of som e types of jobs, espe­cially those req uiring low-pa id, less-skille d worke rs, from mo re devel­oped to less develop ed countries.

Nonbasic industries Industri es that sell their products primari ly to con­sume rs in th e community.

Nonferrous M etal s utili zed to make products other than iron and stee l.

Nonrenewable energy A source of ene rgy that is a finit e supply capabl e of being exhausted.

Official language The language ado pted for use by the govern men t fo r the conduct of business and publication of documents.

Outsourcing A de cision by a corporation to turn over much of the respon sibil ity for produ cti on to ind ependent suppliers.

Overpopulation The number of people in an are a exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standa rd of living.

Ozone A gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation, found in the strat­osphere, a zone between 15 and 50 kilometers (9 to 30 mil es) above Earth's surface.

Paddy Malay word for wet ric e, commonly but incorrectl y used to describe a sawa h.

Pagan A follower of a polytheistic religion in an cient times.

Pandemic Disease that occurs over a wide geogra phic ar ea and affects a very h igh proportion o f the popu lation .

Parallel A circl e drawn around the glob e parallel to the equator and at right angl es to th e me rid ians.

Passive solar energy systems So lar ene rgy system th at co llects ene rgy without the use o f mech anical devices.

Pastoral nomadism A form of sub sistence ag ricultu re based on herding dom estica ted anima ls.

Pasture Grass o r other plants grown for feedin g grazing ani mals, as well as land used for grazing.

Pattern The geometric or regu lar arr angement of something in a study ar ea.

Perforated state A state th at completely surrounds another one .

Peripheral model A model of N orth American urban area s consist ing of an inner city sur ro unded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road .

Photochemical smog An atm ospheri c condition formed through a com­binat ion o f weath er conditi on s and pollution , esp ecially from motor veh icle emissions.

Photovoltaic cell Solar ene rgy ce lls, usuall y ma de from silicon, that col­lect solar rays to gen er ate elect ricity.

Physiological density The nu mber of peop le per un it of area of arable land, which is land suita ble for agri cultu re .

Pidgin language A form of speech that adopts a sim plified gr ammar and limited voca bulary of a lingua franca, used for communicatio ns among spea kers of two differ ent lan guages.

Pilgrimage A journey to a place considere d sacred for re ligious purposes.

Place A specific poin t on E arth dis tinguished by a particular cha racter.

Plantation A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that spe­cializes in the pr oduction o f on e or two cro ps for sale, usuall y to a more developed country.

Polder Land crea ted by the Dutch by drain ing water from an ar ea,

Pollution Addition of more waste than ;1 resource can accommodate.

Polytheism Belief in or wors hip of more than one god .

Popular culture Cu lture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteri stics.

Population pyramid A bar graph represent ing the distribution o f popu ­lation by age and sex.

Possibilism The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ab ility to adjust to the physical en vironment and cho ose a course o f action from man y alterna tives.

Post-Fordist production Adoption by com panies of flexible work ru les, such as the alloca tion of workers to teams that perfo rm a variety of tasks.

Potential reserve The amoun t of energy in deposits not yet identified but thou ght to exist .

Preservation Mainten ance of a resource in its pre sent condition, with as little human impact as possible.

Primary sector The portion o f the econom y conc ern ed with the direct extraction of mat eri als from Earth's surfa ce, generally through agr icul­ture, alth ou gh some times by minin g, fishing, and fores try.

Primate city The largest settl ement in a country, if it has more than twice as many peop le as the second -ra nking settle me nt.

Primate city rule A pattern of set tle me n ts in a country, such th at the largest sett leme nt has more th an twice as many peo ple as th e second­ranking settlem ent.

Prime agricultural land The most productive farmlan d.

Prime meridian The merid ian , design ate d as 0° lon gitude, tha t passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenw ich, England .

Principal meridian A north-south line designated in the Land O rdinance of 1785 to facilita te the surveying and numbering of to wnships in the Uni tecl States.

Productivity The value of a particular prod uct com pared to the amoun t of labor need ed to make it .

Projection The system used to tran sfer locat ions fro m Earth's sur face to a flat map.

Prorupted state An otherwise com pact s tate with a lar ge project ing extens ion .

Key Terms 513

Proven reserve The amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits.

Public housing H ousing owne d by the govern ment; in the United States, it is rented to residents with low incomes, and the re nts are set at 30 percent of the families' incomes .

PUblic services Services offere d by the governmen t to provide securi ty and protection for citizens and businesses.

Pull factor Factor th at induces people to move to a new location.

Push factor Factor that induces peopl e to leave old residences.

Ouotas In referen ce to migration, laws that place maximum limits on th e number of peo ple who can immi grate to a country each year.

Race Identity with a grou p of people descended from a comm on ancestor.

Racism Belief that race is th e primary determinant o f human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inh erent superiority o f a particular race.

Racist A person who su bscri bes to th e beliefs o f racism.

Radioactive waste Particles from a nucl ear reaction that emi t rad iation ; contact with such particles may be harmful or leth al to people; therefore, the particles mu st be safely sto red for thousand s of years.

Ranching A form of commercial agricultu re in whic h livestock graze over an extensive area.

Range (ofa service) The maximum distance peop le are willing to trav­el to use a service .

Rank-size rule A pattern of settlemen ts in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the po pulation of the largest settlement.

Reaper A machine that curs grain standing in the field.

Recycling The separation , collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of unwanted mater ial.

Redlining A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve pr op erty within the boundaries.

Refugees Peopl e who are forced to migrate from their hom e country and can no t return for fear of persecuti on because of their race, religion, nationality, mem bership in a soc ial group, or poli tical opinion.

Region An area distin gu ished by a unique com bination of trends or fea­tur es.

Regional (or cultural landscape) studies An approach to geog ra phy th at emphasizes the relat ion ships among soc ial and physical pheno mena in a particular study area.

Relocation diffusion T he sp rea d of a featu re or trend th rou gh bod ily move ment of peop le from one place to another.

Remote sensing The acquis ition of data about E art h 's surface from a satellite orbiting th e planet or other lon g-d istance methods.

Renewable energy A resour ce th at has a theore tically unlimited supply and is not depl eted whe n used by humans.

Resource A substance in the environme nt that is useful to people, is eco­nomically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially accept­able to use.

Ridge tillage System of planting crops on ridge top s in order to re duce farm production costs and promote gre ater soil conservation.

Right-to-work state A U.S . sta te that has passed a law preventing a union and company from nego tiatin g a con tract that requires worke rs to jo in a un ion as a condi tion o f employme nt.

Rush (or peak) hour T he four consecutive I S-minute periods in th e mo rn ing and evening with the heav iest volumes of traffic.

Sanitary landfill A place to deposit solid waste, whe re a layer of ear th is bulld ozed over garb age each day to redu ce emissio ns o f gases and odors from the decaying tr ash, to minimize fires, and to discour age ver min.

Sawah A flood ed field for growing rice.

Scale Generally, th e rel ationship betw een th e portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole, specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of th e actua l feature on Earth's sur face.

Secondary sector The port ion of th e eco no my concerned with manu­facturing useful produ ct s through processing , tran sforming, and assembling raw materia ls.

Sect A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination.

Section A squ are norma lly 1 mile on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divid ed townships in the United Sta tes into 36 sections.

Sector model A model of th e int ernal structure of cities in wh ich social groups are arranged aro und a series of sec tors, o r wedges , radiatin g ou t fro m th e cen tra l business distri ct (C BD).

Seed agriculture Rep rodu ct ion of plants th rough ann ual introduction of seeds, which resu lt from sexual fertili zat ion.

Self-determination Co nce pt that ethniciti es have the right to gov ern themselves.

Service Any acti vity th at fulfill s a human want or nee d an d re tu rn s mon ey to those who provide it.

Settlement A permanen t collection of buildings and inhabitants.

Sex ratio The number of males per 100 females in the population.

Sharecropper A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of th e cro ps.

Shifting cultivation A form of subsistence agricultu re in whic h people shift activity from one field to another; eac h field is used for cro ps fo r a relatively few years and left fallow for a re latively long period .

Site The physical character of a place.

Site factors Location factors related to th e costs of factors of produ ction inside the plant, such as land, labo r, and capital.

Situation T he location of a place relative to other places.

Situation factors Location factors related to the transportation of mate­rials in to and from a factory.

Slash-and-burn agriculture Another name for shi fting cul tivat ion, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burn­ing the debris.

Smart growth L egislation and regu lations to lim it suburban sprawl and pr eserve farm land.

Solstice T ime when the Sun is farthest from the equa to r.

Sovereignty Ability of a sta te to govern its territory free fro m contro l of its int ern al affairs by other states.

Space The physical gap or interval between two objects.

Space-time compression The redu cti on in th e time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result o f improved com munications and tran sportation systems.

514 Key Terms

Spanglish Combinatio n of Spanish and English, spoken by Hispanic Amer icans.

Sprawl Development of new housi ng sites at rela tively low density and at locations th at are no t contiguous to the existing buil t-u p area .

Spring wheat Wheat planted in the sp ring and harveste d in the late summer.

Squatter settlement An area within a city in a less developed country in which peop le illegally establish res idences on land they do not own or rent and erec t homemade structures.

Standard language The form of a language used for official government business , edu cation, and mass communications.

State An area organized into a political uni t and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs.

Stimulus diffusion The spread of an underlying pr inci ple, even though a specific charac teristic is rejected.

Structural adjustment program Econo mic policies imposed on less developed countries by in tern ational agencies to create conditions encouragi ng interna tiona l trade, such as raising taxes, reducing government spending, con trol ling inflation, selling pub licly owned util­ities to private corporations, and charging citizens more for services .

Subsistence agriculture Agricu lture designed primari ly to provide food for direct consum ption by the farmer and the farmer's fami ly.

Sustainable agriculture Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and mini mize pollution , typically by ro tating soil­restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of ferti lizer and pesticides .

Sustainable development The level of developmen t that can be main­tained in a count ry withou t depleting resources to the extent that futur e generations will be una ble to achieve a com parable level of development.

Swidden A pa tch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burn ing .

Taboo A restr iction on behavior imposed by social cust om.

Terroir The con tribution of a location 's distinctive phys ical features to the way food taste s.

Tertiary sector The portion of the economy concerned with tran sporta­tion , communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goo ds and services to peo ple in exchange for payment .

Textile A fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing .

Thresh To beat out gra in from stalks by trampling it .

Threshold The minimum number of people needed to support the service.

Toponym T he name given to a portion of Earth 's surface.

Total fertility rate (TFR) The average nu mber of chi ldre n a woman will have throughout her childbear ing years.

Township A squa re no rmally 6 miles on a side. The La nd Ordinance of 1785 divided much of the United States into a series of townships.

Trading bloc A group of neigh boring cou ntries th at promote trade with each other and erect barriers to limit trade with other blocs.

Transhumance The seaso nal migration of livestock betw een mountains and lowlan d pastures .

Transnational corporation A company that conducts research, opera tes factories, and sells products in many countries, no t just where its head­qua rters or shareholders are located.

Triangular slave trade A practice, primari ly during the eighteenth cen­tu ry, in which European sh ips t ransport ed slaves from Africa to Caribbean island s, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.

Truck farming Commerc ial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities.

Underclass A group in society prevented from parti cipating in th e material benefits of a mo re deve loped society becau se of a vari ety of social and economic characteristics.

Undocumented immigrants People who enter a count ry without proper docu ments .

Uneven development The increasing gap in economic conditions between core an d periphera l regions as a resu lt of the globalization of the economy.

Unitary state An internal organization of a state tha t places most power in the hands of central govern ment officials.

Universalizing religion A religion that attempts to appea l to all people, not just those living in a particular location.

Urban renewal Program in which cities identify bligh ted inne r-city neighborhoods, acqu ire the properties from private owners, relocate the residents and business es, clear the site, build new roads and uti lities, and turn the land over to private developers.

Urbanization An increase in the percentage and in the number of peo­ple living in urban settl ements.

Urbanized area In the United States, a central city plus its contiguous built-up suburbs .

Value added The gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy.

Vegetative planting Reprod uct ion of plants by dir ect cloning from existing plants.

Vernacular region (or perceptual region) An area that peop le believe exists as part of their cultura l iden tity.

Voluntary migration Pe rm anent movement undertaken by choice.

Vulgar Latin A form of Latin used in dai ly conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standa rd dialect, which was used for official documents.

Wet rice Ric e planted on dryland in a nursery an d then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth .

Winnow To remove chaff by al lowing it to be blown away by the wind.

Winter wheat Wheat plan ted in the faJ! and harveste d in the early summer.

Zero population growth (ZPG) A decline of the to tal fertil ity rate to the point where the natural incr ease rate equals zero .

Zoning ordinance A law th at limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a com munity.