Archipelago located in S.E. Asia

85 % Mountains not suited for agriculture (Terrace Farming)High population sustained by Rich Fishing groundsImports resources for Industry

• Japanese Religion

• “The Way of the Gods”• Kami-Spirit contained

in all living and non-living things

• Worship of nature (similar to animism)

• Kabuki Theater- violent emotional drama

• Sumo Wrestling

• Homogeneous People, have retained much of their traditional life, although modernized as well

• Haiku- Short poem of only 17 syllables

• Heavily influenced by Chinese through Korea (Literature calligraphy, architecture, Buddhism)

• Japanese took Chinese culture and adapted it to create their own unique culture (Isolation)

•Power rested in hands of Warriors Rigid Class Structure

•Code of Bushido-code of conduct for warrior Samurai (Chivalry)

Emperor

Shogun (actual ruler)Daimyo(land owners)

Samurai (Warriors)Peasants, Merchants, Artisans

last of the military dynastiesBanned contact w/ foreigners, forbade missionaries to enter Japan (Isolation)

•Commodore Perry opens Japan to American Ships & trade (1853)

•Treaty of Kanagawa opened ports to trade

Modernization and westernization of Japan

•Eliminated Feudalism

•Built political, military and economic strength

•Stressed Education

Industrialization lead to Imperialism

Sino- Japanese War-(1894-1895) war w/ China. Japan gains Formosa and a Sphere of influence in Korea

Russo- Japanese War- (1904-1905) Fought with Russia over control of Korea.

Russia is defeated

WWI-Japan joins war on side of Allies. Seizes German areas in China. Becomes major power in Asia

Imperialism- Japan seizes parts of China and islands in the Pacific

WWII- Rome/Tokyo/ Berlin Axis, is defeated after atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima & Nagasaki

US Occupation After WWII

Under the leadership of Gen. Macarthur

Japans is transformed into a Constitutional Monarchy

Parliament known as the Diet.

Woman receive equal rights.

Democratic System of Government- Parliament

Education-Highly educated. Literacy rate of 99%

Economy-Highly industrialized

• Central Asia 1200’sNomadic Herders and Warriors• Genghis Khan-Conquered most of

Asia from Korea• Invaded E. Europe and Russia

• Pax Mongolia-period of trade and the exchange of goods between the East and West

• Marco Polo- an Italian merchant traveled to court of Kublai Khan

• Kublai Khan conquered China

Controlled Korea, Tibet, and parts of Vietnam

• He called the dynasty Yuan Dynasty

ChinaAncient Times

through Today

CausesResentment of foreign control (Spheres of Influence)The need for modernization (Factories, Education, Military)Nationalist movements

China’s Geography• Population: 1 billion

• Mountains: Himalayas

• Rivers: Yangtze and Yellow (Huang He)

• Desert: Gobi

• Ocean: Pacific

• Natural barriers (mountain, rivers, oceans, deserts)

• Lack of outside contact (Isolation)

• They believed they were the center of the universe

• Middle KingdomWould lead to downfall

Early River Valley Civilizations

• Huang He and Yangtze Rivers

• Fertile Land and Agriculture

Shang Dynasty: 1600 BC• Writings based on

pictograms and ideograms

• • Worshipped Shang

Ti (main god) who controlled the spirits of nature

• Deceased were go-betweens with the spirits. (Ancestor Worship)

Chou Dynasty 1122 BC- 256 BC

Mandate of HeavenA dynasty had heavens

blessing if it governed

justly

The Great Wall

•Protection from Invasion•Kept population in

Han Dynasty 140 BC-220 BC

Civil Service Exams

• Paper

• Sundial

• Accurate Calendar

• Peace and Order between:Individuals &Government

• Loyalty and respect to FAMILY stressed

• Act according to 5 relationships•Ruler•Subject•Parent•Spouse

Taoism• Rejects Confucius rules

of behavior

• Stressed simplicty

• Meditation

• Closeness with Nature

• “The More Laws the More Bandits”

Legalism• Unconcerned with Ethics

or Meditation

• Men are motivated by Greed and Fear

• Strong Government to reward the Good and punish the Bad

Buddhism• Spreads to China from

India

• Wins over many of the peasants class, who convert to Buddhism

• Wheel of Dharma

TimeLine• 1215 Genghis Khan invade

China– Mongol Empire includes

much of Asia– Dynasty)– Marco Polo visits

(cultural Diffusion)• 1368 Ming Dynasty

founded– Overseas exploration– Best Technology– 1493 China returns to

isolationism

• 1644 Invaders from Manchuria set up the Manchu Dynasty– Many Restricts– Foreign trade only

allowed in Canton

European Imperialism• The Opium War

– Indian and Turkish opium is sold to Chinese

– 1839 Chinese Gov’t destroys $6million of British Opium

– Great Britain seizes Canton and more

Unequal Treaties• 1842 Treaty of Nanking

– Great Britain received money

– Hong Kong

– Exterritoriality• British in China obey British Law not Chinese

• 1850 Taiping Rebellion– Chinese rebel against

Manchu Gov’t

– Europeans help the Gov’t because of their favorable ties

– Rebellion is crushed

– Europeans gained more concessions

Spheres of Influence• Great Britain• Germany• Russia• Japan

• US did not have a sphere, but they instituted the “Open Door Policy”– Free trade anywhere in

China

• 1900 “Fists of Righteous Harmony” (Boxers)– Wanted to rid China of

foreign invaders– Europeans crushed the

Boxer Rebellion and won more concessions

• 1911 Revolutionaries overthrew the Q’ing Dynasty Dr. Sun Yat-sen named 1st president

– Brought democracy and modernization to China

– Allied China with Russia who gave aid and territory

– After his death, Jiang Jieshi came to power

Revolution of 1911

Nationalist Republic of China- Taiwan (Democratic) Jiang Jieshi

Supported by United StatesPeoples Republic of China- Mainland China (Communist) Mao Zedong

Supported by Soviet UnionToday both claim to be the Legitimate government of China

Redistributed land from wealthy to peasants

Collectivization (Communes) Killed any who resisted

Similar to Stalin’s Collective Farms

5-Year Plan to increase industrial & agricultural output

•High production quotasEstablished “Peoples Communes”

Peasants had no incentive to workProgram was major failure

•Poor planning, low production, crop failures, famine

Attempt to renew peoples loyalty to CommunismPurges of counterrevolutionaries

•Intellectuals & artistsMilitia units known as The Red Guard formed by students

USSR offers financial, military & technical aid

•Relationship breaks apart in 1960’s

Supports North Korea in Korean WarU.S. does not formally recognize China until 1979

•UN Membership in 1971

1980

• Deng Xiaoping’s Reforms:–Limited Capitalism

–Land Reform-No more communes

–Modernization

–Increased trade with foreign countries

–New Constitution

Population Control

• Newlyweds to have only one child in return for subsidies ($)

• Not in effect for rural areas

1989 Tiananmen Square Massacre

• Peaceful student protest for greater Democracy and freedom of Tibet

• Government kills thousands

China Today

• As more capitalistic trends are introduced, the question is:

• How long can they continue the Communistic political philosophy?

• Himalayan Mountains

• Northern Plain(Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra)

• Deccan Plateau-Very dry, poor farming

• Coastal Plains-Good fishing, West coast

• Monsoons-Seasonal winds control Indian life. Summer monsoons bring rain, winter brings drought

Hinduism

Gods: Brahma-The Creator

Vishnu-The Preserver

Shiva-The Destroyer

Caste System

• Buddhism– Four Noble Truths

• Suffering is universal

• Cause of suffering is desire

• Ultimate goal Nirvana

• Path to Nirvana is Middle Way

• 8 Fold Path

• Belief in Karma and Reincarnation• Do not believe in any gods• Do not believe in the Caste System• Buddhism spread to China, Korea, Tibet and Japan

Islam

• 900’s Islam expands into India

• Believe in One God (Hindus believe in many)

• Muslim rulers (Sultans) have • Great Power

• Persecute Hindus

Mughal India• 1526-1857 • Akbar the Great• Muslim ruler, but tolerant toward Hindus

Explorers Come to India• 1498 Vasco da

Gamma reaches India– Trade with Europe Opens

• 1526 Mogul invaders led by G. Kahn sweep into India– 300 years ofMuslim– Taj Majal

• 1700’s East India Company of Great Britain– Takes over after

Mogul– Dominate Indian

Politics• Commercial

Colonialism

– GB controlled trade and used soldiers for

protection

Sepoy Rebellion• Indian Soldiers who

served for Great Britain revolt against Christian British

• Supported by Hindus and Muslims

• British were using beef and pork fat to seal weapons

• Great Britain crushes rebellion

Mohandas Gandhi• Led movement toward India’s

independence

• Passive Resistance/Civil Disobedience

• 1947 Prevents Civil War

• GB partitioned India before withdrawal

–India (Hindu)

–Pakistan (Muslim)

• 1947: Jawaharlal Nehru:– India’s first independent Prime

Minister– Stressed economic modernization

• 1966 Indira Gandhi– Nehru’s daughter becomes Prime

Minister– Sikhs wanted independent state

(Mix of Hindu and Muslim– Indira assassinated in 1984 by Sikh bodyguards

India and Pakistan• India has a Hindu majority

• Pakistan has a Muslim majority

• Kashmir region divided by India and Pakistan

• Muslim majority in India’s Kashmir wants to join Pakistan, but India rejects the idea

• Threat of Nuclear conflict