Asia Migrations, 1300-1750

Conquests of western Europeans and central Asians show remarkable similarities

Occur at the same time

Traveled equally vast distances

Were ruthless in conquest

Sought to impose their own culture on others

Asia Migrations, 1300-1750

Differences in western European and central Asian conquests

Defeated Asians did not suffer diseases that swept away populations in the Americas

Asians had limits on their ability to impose culture

Asian empires in decline by 18th century

Asia Migrations, 1300-1750

The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1700Rise of Ottomans paralleled rise of Spain

Turks rely on gazis, sufis and janissaries

Move into Europe by early 1500s

Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566) reached gates of Vienna

Population grew from 12-13 million in 1520 to 60-70 million in 1600

Asia Migrations, 1300-1750

India: The Mughal Empire, 1526-1707Mughals begin invasion of India in 1526Are a combination of Mongols & TurksMajor success under Akbar (r. 1556-1605), India’s greatest rulerRuthless, he massacred entire population of 30,00- at Chitor in 1568Based taxes on thorough survey of resources

Asia Migrations, 1300-1750

India: The Mughal Empire [cont.]Tempered conquest of India with conciliation of Hindu population

Proclaimed personal religion of Din-I-Ilahi that combined Islam, Hinduism and Parsi

Became respected emperor of all Hindustan

Aurangzeb (r. 1658-1707) squandered the achievements and ended reign with Mughals in weakened position

Asia Migrations, 1300-1750

Safavid Persia, 1400-1700Mongols & Turks devastated and repopulated Persia in 13th century

Timur the Lame (r. 1336-1405) extended Mongol rule from Turkey through N. India

Called Safavid, followers of Shaykh Safi al-Din

Shah Abbas (1588-16290 brought in western technology to try to hold on to power

Asia Migrations, 1300-1750

China: Ming & Manchu DynastiesMongol (Yuan) dynasty, 1271-1368

Followed by Ming who try to accommodate Mongols to the north

Invasions in 1644 bring Qing dynasty (Manchurians) to power (last until 1911)

Qing expand Chinese borders

Population sustained by crops from Americas

Global Population Growth and Movement

Population growth is result & cause of social change

European population tripled, 1000-1700

Slave trade reduced African population

Native American population decimated

Europeans flood outside world, 1820-1930. European growth is fastest in history

Cities and Demographics

Delhi/ShahjahanabadEach Mughal emperor build own capital city

Akbar’s grandson rebuilt Delhi as Shahjahanabad; population reached 2 million

Religious, military and administrative center

Had the appearance of “nomadic court” with “tents of stone”

Cities and Demographics

Isfahan (Iran)Became capital in 1598Had 2 1/2 mile walkway & large public squareMajor center for craftsmanshipShah Abbas opposed Ottomans and tolerated European religious groupsPowerful neighbors insured that empire was militarized

Cities and Demographics

Constantinople (Istanbul)Had been capital of much-reduced Byzantine Empire and became capital of Ottoman EmpireA conurbation three major segmentsBraudel calls Istanbul the prototype of later European capitals Became economic backwater with shift of trade to the Atlantic

Cities and Demographics

LondonLondon grew as these other cities declined (approximately 1700)

• London’s growth promoted national market• Stimulated agricultural production• Developed use of coal• Created new commercial instruments• Increased productivity and purchasing power

Cities and Demographics

London [cont.]High immigration and death rates kept English population growth low

London’s growth stimulated new ideas about economics and its importance

London avoided the parasitism that often plagued imperial capitals

Migration and Demography

Demography helps explain patterns in historyGrowth of “New Europes”

Re-evaluation of slave trade

Comparison of Mongol-Turkic and European patterns

Compared political and trade oriented capitals

Migration issues continue today

Abolition of Slavery and the Slave Trade

Fear of Haiti-style revolts leads British to abolish slavery, 1807

U. S. abolished international slave trade in 1808 but retains slavery until Civil War

Slavery abolished in Puerto Rico, 1876, in Cuba, 1886, & in Brazil, 1888