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Introduction

Herbarium Herbarium is collection of preserved, dried and mounted plant specimens systematically

named and arranged for used in systematic botany. These specimens may be whole part of the plant

or plant part. The plant usually in dried forms mounted on sheet or also kept in alcohol or other

preservative such as formaldehyde. In mycology to describe an equivalent collection of preserved

fungi is often used the same term.

The term can also refer to the building where the specimens are stored or the scientific

institute that not only stores but researches these specimens. Herbariums are often used as reference

material in describing plant taxa.

Herbaria utilize a standard system of organizing their specimen into herbarium cases.

Herbaria are essential for the study of plant taxonomy, the study of geographic distribution and the

stabilizing of nomenclature specimen housed in herbaria may be used to catalogue or identify the

flora of an area. Herbaria also have proven very useful as source DNA for use in taxonomy and

molecular systematic.



Weeds

Weed in general sense is plant that is considered by the user of the term to be a nuisance and

normally applied to unwanted plant in human – controlled settings especially farm field and garden

but also lawns, park wood and other areas. More specifically the farm is often used to describe native

or nonnative plant that grow and respond aggressively. Generally a weed is plant in an under sired

place.

Weed may be unwanted for a number of reasons they might be unsightly or crowd out or

restrict light to more describe plants or use limited nutrients from the soil. They can harbor and

spread plant pathogen that infect the quality of crop or horticultural plants. Some weeds are nuisance

because they have thorns or pickle some have chemicals that cause skin irritation or are hazardous if

eaten or have parts that come off and attach to fur or clothes.

CUCURBITACEAe



The Cucurbitaceae or cucurbit family (also commonly referred to as the cucumber,gourd, melon, or pumpkin family) is a medium-sized plant family, primarily foundin the warmer regions of the world. It is a major family for economically importantspecies, particularly those with edible fruits. Some of these represent some of theearliest cultivated plants in both the Old and New Worlds. Some have medicinaland other uses. The family is distinct morphologically and biochemically fromother families and is therefore considered monophyletic. General opinion is that itis closest allied phylogenetically with the Begoniaceae in the order Violales. Anumber of genera are not clearly defined and are in need of modern monographictreatments.

COMPOSITAE Asteraceae or Compositae, (the aster, daisy, or sunflower family), comprise the largest family of vascular plants. The family has more than 22,750 currently accepted species, spread across1620 genera, and 12 subfamilies. The largest genera are Senecio (1,500 species), Vernonia (1,000species), Cousinia (600 species) and Centaurea (600 species).

Most members of Asteraceae are herbaceous, but a significant number are also shrubs, vinesand trees. The family is distributed throughout the world, and is most common in the arid and semi-arid regions of subtropical and lower temperate latitudes.[6]

Many economically important products come from composites, including cooking oils, lettuce, sunflower seeds, artichokes, sweetening agents, and teas. Several genera are also verypopular with the horticultural community, these include marigolds, chrysanthemums, dahlias, zinnias, and heleniums.

Eupatorium

Eupatorium is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae, containing from 36to 60 species depending on the classification system. Most are herbaceous perennial plants growing to 0.5 – 3 m tall. A few are shrubs. The genus is native to temperate regions of the

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plant



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senecio



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernonia



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cousinia



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaurea



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arid



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae#cite_note-Barkley_et_al.-5



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_oil



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettuce


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower_seed



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artichoke



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetening_agent



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marigold_(common)



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlia


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinnia



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenium



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aster_(genus)



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbaceous_plant


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_plant



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate


































Northern Hemisphere. Most are commonly called bonesets, thoroughworts or snakeroots.The genus is named for Mithridates Eupator, king of Pontus.

Dennstaedtiaceae

Dennstaedtiaceae is one of fifteen families in the order Polypodiales, the most derivedfamilies within monilophytes (ferns). It includes the world's most abundant fern, Pteridium aquilinum (bracken). Members of the order generally have large, highly divided leaves andhave either small, round intramarginal sori with cup-shaped indusia (e.g. Dennstaedtia ) orlinear marginal sori with a false indusium formed from the reflexed leaf margin (e.g.Pteridium ). The morphological diversity among members of the order has confused pasttaxonomy, but recent molecular studies have supported the monophyly of the order and thefamily. The reclassification of Dennstaedtiaceae and the rest of the monilophytes waspublished in 2006, so most of the available

gramineae(Poaceae) A monocotyledo-nous family containing the grasses, which number about 9000 species in

about 620 genera. Grasses generally have long narrow parallel-veined leaves inserted distichously on a

round hollow stem. The inconspicuous flowers are usually borne in a terminal panicle, spike, or

raceme consisting of a number of spikelets. Each flower is surrounded by two bracts. The fruit is a

*Grasses are the dominant vegetation in savannas, prairies, and steppes. Economically they are the

most important family of plants as they contain all the cereals, which are man's staple diet. Wheats

(Triticum), maize (Zea mays), rice (Oryza saliva), barley (Hordeum vulgare), oats (Avena sativa), rye

(Secale cereale), sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum), and sorghums {Sorghum) are all grasses. They

are also widely planted for pasture and fodder.

LEGUMINOSAE This is one of the largest and most useful plant families. - 17,000 species, distributed almost throughout the

world. It includes many well-known vegetables particularly of temperate regions (Beans, Peas), ornamental trees

in tropical regions (Bauhinia, Flamboyant, Cassia), fodder crops (Clover, Lucerne) and weeds (Vetches and

Trefoils), and their growth habits vary from ground cover and aquatic to shrubs, climbers and trees. Many

species of trees in this family are important for their timber

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridates_VI_of_Pontus



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontus



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypodiales

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridium_aquilinum




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indusium

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyletic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyletic





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypodiales






CHARACTERISTICS OF THIS PLANT FAMILY:

Leaves, Stem & Roots ~ The leaves of this plant family are placed alternately up the stem, and are pinnate orbipinnate. In some species, the leaves are able to close together at night (nyctinasty), and in some species ofMimosa they close when touched. The roots are one of the most easily recognisable features of this plant family.Most species have irregular nodules on the roots which enable the plant to absorb nitrogen from the air in the

soil and convert it into the nitrogen the plant needs for growth. This enables the species to grow and producecrops in poor soil.

Flowers ~ Many members of the Leguminosae family have flowers of the typical 'pea' type. These are composedof one large back petal (the standard), two side petals called wings and two lower petals fused together to forma 'keel'. In members of the family which have other flower shapes, there are still five petals. The flowers mayoccur individually, or in large clusters.

Recently, the international panel of botanists who rule on these things decided that all plant families ought tohave the same ending (-aceae), and be named after a plant typical of the family. This has resulted in severalgroups which were previously sub-families of the Leguminosae being elevated to family status. These new plantfamilies include Caesalpiniaceae, Fabaceae and Papilionaceae. The differences which separate the members ofthese new families may be unidentifiable to the non-botanist, and the similarities which they share as membersof the Leguminosae family are still the easiest way to identify these plants.

Seeds ~ It is the seedpods that give this family its original name. The typical pea-pod shape is a legume. It isalways a single chamber, although it may be constricted between the individual seeds. The pod may contain justone or several seeds, and they are usually large, and sometimes brightly coloured. The coat of the individualseed is often watertight. Each seed contains a large embryo and little endosperm, so they often germinatequickly once the seedcoat is punctured.

Cyperaceae

name for this plant, cyperus edge, referring to the sharp edges on the leaves of many species.

Cyperus , from the Greek Sedges are herbs usually found in moist areas. Stems maybe angular,often 3-sided, internodes solid. The grass-like leaves have a leaf-sheath which is usually closed

unlike grasses and there is no ligule. Spikelets are subtended by one or more glumes,

perianth is absent or replaced by bristles etc. Stamens 1-3, anthers basifixed, connective often

forms an appendage. Fruit is an achene or nut, style often persistent.



Melastomataceae Melastoma , from the Greek words melas black and stoma mouth because the mouth is stained

black or dark purple by the berries. Trees, shrubs and herbs sometimes climbing; leaves

opposite and decussate, simple, palmately-nerved, no dominant midrib but cross veins

prominent. Flowers 4-5-merous, hypanthium formed by the basal fusion of floral parts,

appendages usually present on the staminal filaments, dehiscence by pores, staminodes

common. Ovary superior to inferior; fruit a capsule or a berry.Ornamentals and several

serious weeds in this family.

Moraceae

The Moraceae are monoecious or dioecious trees shrubs, lianas, or rarely herbs comprising 40genera and 1,000 species, nearly all with milky sap. The leaves are simple and alternate orrarely opposite. The stipules are small and lateral or sometimes they form a cap over the budand leave a cylindrical scar. The flowers are unisexual and minute, and are usually denselyaggregated. These aggregations frequently take the form of pendulous aments or catkins.Usually, the perianth consists of 4 or 5 undifferentiated tepals, but sometimes fewer or noperianth segments are present. A typical male flower has four stamens, one opposite eachperianth segment. The female flowers have a bicarpellate pistil, generally with two styles,although one may be suppressed. The ovary is superior or inferior and contains a singlependulous ovule in a solitary locule. Fruit types include drupes and achenes that are often

coalesced or otherwise aggregated into a multiple accessory fruit

GLEICHENIACEAE The forked ferns are the family Gleicheniaceae. They are sometimes – like all ferns and therelated horsetails – placed in an infradivision Monilophytes of subdivision Euphyllophytina, allowing for more precise phylogenetic arrangement of the tracheophytes. Moreconventionally, the name Pteridophyta, ranked as a division, is used in lieu of theMonilophytes. The formerly independent families Dicranopteridaceae andStromatopteridaceae are nowadays generally included in the Gleicheniaceae, whereas the

Dipteridaceae and Matoniaceae, though closely related, are considered spearate families bymost authors.

These tropical ferns are the most widespread living lineage of Gleicheniales. Their rhizomes have a "vitalized" protostele or in some taxa a solenostele. The leaves are indeterminate, withpseudodichotomously forked leaves except in Stromatopteris , and free veins. The sori areabaxial but not marginal and carry 5-15 exindusiate round sporangia each. These have atransverse-oblique annulus and contain 128 to 800 bilateral or globose-tetrahedral spores. The







http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsetail



http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infradivision&action=edit&redlink=1


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monilophytes



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(biology)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphyllophytina



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracheophytes



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridophyta



http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dipteridaceae&action=edit&redlink=1


http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matoniaceae&action=edit&redlink=1



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleicheniales



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizome



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostele



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxa



http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solenostele&action=edit&redlink=1



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichotomy


http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stromatopteris&action=edit&redlink=1



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_vein



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorus



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaxial





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporangia



http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annulus_(fern)&action=edit&redlink=1



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore
































sori and sporangia mature at the same time, and the spores grow into surface-dwelling greenprothalliums beset with club-shaped hairs.

Objectives There are three objectives in this experiment.

First, is learning how to prepare a herbarium. Student should collect 20

or more than specimens. Those specimens must press and preserved. Student

should prepare a pair of press wood and newspaper. The specimen is place on a

piece of newspaper and cover by other newspaper. Place at the middle of the

press wood and clamp it. After that, is labeling the specimens with detailed

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prothallium





information on where and when the plant was collected,habitat,local

name,scienticic name and family name.

Second, is to study about the weeds. Weed is plant that is considered by

the user of the term to be a nuisance and normally applied to unwanted plants

in human-controlled setting especially farm field and garden. Generally, weed is

plant in an undesired place.

Lastly the objective, is to appreciate all organisms especially plant

(weed). All specimens have advantage. All specimens had make things.

Specimens very important to reduce the degree Celsius of our world.

AppreciationASSALAMMUALAIKUM,

Praise God because with his blessing, I can finish this assignment on time

that lecturer given to me with successful.

Firstly, bigger thank you for my AGR lecturer, Sir Mohd Firdaus bin Abdul

Aziz. He teaching and helping me doing and finishing this assignment. Sir

Firdaus always spend their time when I need his advice when doing this

assignment. He helps me when searching scientific name and he teach me many

about it.

I also want say thank you to my family because they support me time I do

this assignment. My family help me when I search weeds at home. They also



give me idea to do this assignment. They also give money for me to buy things

that important for this assignment. My parent always supports me.

Besides that, I would like to extend my special thank you to my entire

classmate and my friends in Diploma in Plantation and Management (DPIM) for

all precious time, support and help me to find the weeds. They also explain to

me how to create the assignment. They very kindness heart to help me.

Finally, I hope this assignment can give me some knowledge and

experience about the weeds. This assignment can give me more information.

Lastly, once again I would like to say thank you to everyone.

Contents

Appreciation



SUMMARY

Objectives

Introduction

Herbarium Weeds

Weeds family

Specimens

Summary



Alhamdulillah, finally I have finishing this assignment. I have got much knowledge

from this assignment. I now know about their functions, scientific names, common name,

their family and their habitat location is natural.

From this assignment, I have study about family weeds. I found from Curcurbitaceae,

Compositae ,Melastomaceae, Leguminosae, Gleicheniaceae, Moraceae, Graminaeae,Cyperaceae, Dennstaedtiaceace , and Eupatorium. The family of weeds is vast and these are a

few from each of them.

I also know how to recognize one weed from another by only looking at their

stems,leaves and roots.

References



People

1. Mr. Mohd Firdaus bin Abdul Aziz

2. Miss Adib Nafisah bt Jamiran

3.

Friends4. Family members

Books1. Stern’s Introductory To Plant Biology

Authers : James E. Bidlack and Shelly H. Jansky

Published by : McGraw-Hill(2008)

2. Plant Structure And Function

Authers : Satrr And Taggart

Published by: Publisher Biology Jack C.Carey(2001)

3. Rumpai, Panduan Berilustrasi

Published by : Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka,Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia

Authers : Ahmad Azly Bin Mohd Yusof

Internet1. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/weeds

2. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbarium

3. http//www_public.jcu.edu.au/discovernature/plantfamily/index,htm



COMMON NAME Pokok Kapal Terbang

SCIENTIFIC NAME Chromolaena adorata

FAMILY NAME Compositeae

HABITAT Dry area

LOCATION FOUND UiTM N9

DATE FOUND 1 July 2011



COMMON NAME Rumput Tahi Ayam

SCIENTIFIC NAME Ageratum conyzoides

FAMILY NAME Asteraceae

HABITAT Dry area


DATE FOUND 23 June 2011



COMMON NAME Pokok Senduduk

SCIENTIFIC NAME Melastoma malabathricum

FAMILY NAME Melastomaceae

HABITAT Dry area


DATE FOUND 1 July 2011



COMMON NAME SENDUDUK BULU

SCIENTIFIC NAME Clidemia hirta

FAMILY NAME MELASTOMACEAE

HABITAT DRY AREA

LOCATION FOUND UITM FARM

DATE FOUND 23 JUNE 2011



COMMON NAME KACANG KANABALIA DARAT

SCIENTIFIC NAME Canovila maritime

FAMILY NAME LEGUMINOSAE

HABITAT Dry Area

LOCATION FOUND Farm




COMMON NAME PAKU SERANI

SCIENTIFIC NAME Lycopodium cernuum

FAMILY NAME LYCOPODIACEAE

HABITAT Dry Area

LOCATION FOUND Farm




COMMON NAME RUMPUT HAKISAN

SCIENTIFIC NAME Zoysea matrella

FAMILY NAME GRAMINEAE

HABITAT Dry Area

LOCATION FOUND Farm




COMMON NAME RUMPUT LEMBU

SCIENTIFIC NAME Axonopus compressus


HABITAT Dry Area

LOCATION FOUND Farm




COMMON NAME RUMPUT DUNGA JAUH

SCIENTIFIC NAME Cyperus distans

FAMILY NAME CYPERACEAE

HABITAT Dry Area

LOCATION FOUND Farm




COMMON NAME KEMUNCUP CACAK

SCIENTIFIC NAME Chrysopogon Aciculatus

FAMILY NAME GRAMINAE

HABITAT Open Area

LOCATION FOUND Farm




COMMON NAME TIMUN CICAK

SCIENTIFIC NAME Melothria affinis king

FAMILY NAME CUCURBITACEAE

HABITAT Open Area

LOCATION FOUND Farm




COMMON NAME PAKU RESAM

SCIENTIFIC NAME Dicranopferis linearis

FAMILY NAME GLEICHENIACEAE

HABITAT Dry Area

LOCATION FOUND Kampung Hulu




COMMON NAME KACANG KASIA LELEKAT

SCIENTIFIC NAME Cassia viscose H.B.K

FAMILY NAME LEGUMINOSAE

HABITAT Open Area

LOCATION FOUND Farm




COMMON NAME RUMPUT MENDERUNG

SCIENTIFIC NAME Cyperus iria


HABITAT Open Area

LOCATION FOUND Farm




COMMON NAME RUMPUT KARAU

SCIENTIFIC NAME Fimbristylis miliacea

FAMILY NAME CYPERAEAE

HABITAT Open Area

LOCATION FOUND Farm




COMMON NAME RUMPUT GANDA

SCIENTIFIC NAME Cyperus aromaticus


HABITAT Dry Area

LOCATION FOUND Farm




COMMON NAME POKOK PAYUNG TERJUN

SCIENTIFIC NAME Eupatorium odoratum

FAMILY NAME COMPOSITAE

HABITAT Open Area

LOCATION FOUND Farm




COMMON NAME PAKU MELAKA

SCIENTIFIC NAME Athyrium malaccense

FAMILY NAME DENNSTAEDTIACEAE

HABITAT Open Area

LOCATION FOUND Farm




COMMON NAME PAKU RESAM

SCIENTIFIC NAME Dicranopteris linearis burm.f

FAMILY NAME GLEICHENIACEAE

HABITAT Open Area

LOCATION FOUND Farm




COMMON NAME RUMPUT TEMBAGA JANTAN

SCIENTIFIC NAME Ischaemum muticum linn


HABITAT OPEN AREA

LOCATION FOUND UITM FARM




UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

KUALA PILAH negeri sembilan

AGR 122

PLANT SCIENCE HERBARIUM

NAME : NOR DARINA BINTI KAMARUDIN STUDENT NO : 2011896192

GROUP : AT11O 1C2

LECTURER : Sir MOHD FIRDAUS BIN ABDUL AZIZ

DATE OF : 26 August 2011

SUBMISSION



UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

KUALA PILAH negeri sembilan

AGR 122

PLANT SCIENCE HERBARIUM

NAME : LUQMANUL HAKIM BIN ZULKIFLI STUDENT NO : 2011808802

GROUP : AT11O 1C1

LECTURER : Sir MOHD FIRDAUS BIN ABDUL AZIZ

DATE OF : 26 AUGUST 2011

SUBMISSION



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