BY ERIKA KINETZ

AP Business Writer

MUMBAI, India — First they were stripped of their utensils, furniture, mobile phones, televisions, ration cards and heirloom gold jewel-ry. Then, some of them drank pesticide. One woman threw herself in a pond. Another jumped into a well with her children.

Sometimes, the debt collec-tors watched nearby.

More than 200 poor, debt-ridden residents of Andhra Pradesh killed themselves in late 2010, according to media reports compiled by the government of the south Indian state. The state blamed microfi nance companies — which give small loans intended to lift up the very poor — for fueling a frenzy of overindebtedness and then pressuring borrowers so relentlessly that some took their own lives.

The companies, including market leader SKS Microfi -nance, denied it.

However, internal documents obtained by The Associated Press, as well as interviews with more than a dozen current and former employees, independent researchers and videotaped testimony from the families of the dead, show top SKS offi cials had information impli-cating company employees in some of the suicides.

An independent investiga-tion commissioned by the company linked SKS employ-ees to at least seven of the deaths. A second investigation commissioned by an industry umbrella group that probed the role of many microfi nance companies did not draw conclusions but pointed to SKS involvement in two more cases that ended in suicide. Neither study has been made public.

Both reports said SKS employees had verbally harassed over-indebted borrowers, forced them to pawn valuable items, incited other borrowers to humili-ate them and orchestrated sit-ins outside their homes to publicly shame them. In some cases, the SKS staff physically harassed defaulters, according to the report commissioned by the company. Only in death would the debts be forgiven.

The videos and reports tell stark stories:

One woman drank pesti-cide and died a day after an SKS loan agent told her to prostitute her daughters to pay off her debt. She had been given 150,000 rupees ($3,000) in loans but only made 600 rupees ($12) a week.

Another SKS debt collector told a delinquent borrower to drown herself in a pond if she wanted her loan waived. The next day, she did. She left behind four children.

One agent blocked a woman from bringing her young son, weak with diarrhea, to the hospital, demanding payment fi rst. Other borrowers, who could not get any new loans until she paid, told her that if she wanted to die, they would bring her pesticide. An SKS staff member was there when she drank the poison. She survived.

An 18-year-old girl, pressured until she handed over 150 rupees ($3) — meant for a school examination fee — also drank pesticide. She left a suicide note: “Work hard and earn money. Do not take loans.”

In all these cases, the report commissioned by SKS concluded that the company’s staff was either directly or indirectly responsible.

Caught in the despair of poverty, tens of thousands of impoverished Indians kill themselves every year, often because of insurmountable debt. The supportive structure of the microfi nance companies was supposed to change that.

But Davuluri Venkateswarlu, director of Glocal Research in Hyderabad, which conducted the industrywide investiga-tion, said in an interview that he told SKS executives there was “clear involvement of SKS personnel” in some suicides.

SKS continues to deny all responsibility for the deaths

and says it never commis-sioned an independent inquiry. SKS spokesman J.S. Sai, who fl ew to Mumbai from the company’s Hyderabad headquarters to discuss the AP fi ndings, said the company stands by its September 2011 affi davit before India’s Supreme Court. In that affi da-vit, chief executive M.R. Rao says SKS “is neither the cause of nor responsible for any suicides in the state of Andhra Pradesh.”

The deaths came after a period of hypergrowth leading up to the company’s hugely successful August 2010 initial public off ering.

Originally developed as a nonprofi t eff ort to lift society’s most downtrodden, microfi -nance has increasingly become a for-profi t enterprise that serves investors as well as the poor. As India’s market leader, SKS has pioneered a business model that many others hoped to emulate.

But the story of what went wrong at SKS has led current and former employees and even some major shareholders to question that strategy and raises fundamental questions for the multibillion-dollar global microfi nance industry.

Meanwhile, whistleblowers at SKS say that they have been targeted for retaliation and that the company has failed to correct structural fl aws that contributed to the suicides.

“At the end of it,” said Alok Prasad, chief executive of the Microfi nance Institutions Network, the industry group that commissioned the Glocal report, “you come down to a handful of cases where some things went wrong. Is that indicative of the model being bad or very rapid expansion leading to a loss of control?”

History of microfi nanceMicrofi nance was born

in desperation. Amid the 1970s famine in Bangladesh, Muhammad Yunus began giving small loans to poor women with his own money. Despite the predictions of bankers, the women paid him back.

The core idea of Yunus’ Grameen Bank was the borrower group. Five women from a village determine how large a loan each member gets and act as guarantors. If even one member is delinquent, no new loans are issued. Group members apply pressure — and support — that has kept repayment rates near 100 percent.

Yunus’ innovation won him the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006.

Birth of SKSIn 1997, Yunus acolyte

Vikram Akula founded his own microcredit organization, Swayam Krishi Sangam, Sanskrit for “self-help society.” In 2005, SKS started operating as a for-profi t company and Akula began chasing private investment to achieve the massive scale required to dent global poverty.

In August 2010, SKS Micro-fi nance — then India’s largest microlender — went public. Exuberant investors oversub-scribed the $350 million off ering nearly 14 times. The stock surged more than 10 percent its fi rst day. The company handed out 21,000 watches to employees in celebration.

Then media reports began to surface that over-indebted borrowers were killing themselves.

In October 2010, a mob of 150 people surrounded SKS’s Hyderabad headquarters, protesting the suicide of a borrower’s husband. They threatened to drag the corpse inside and demanded $20,000.

It was one of dozens of deaths the government of Andhra Pradesh blamed on aggressive tactics by micro-fi nance companies. Police jailed microfi nance employ-ees, including dozens from SKS. Among the charges was abetment to suicide, essentially driving people to kill themselves, a crime under Indian law. Authorities investigated 76 cases in which employees from SKS and other microfi nance companies were blamed for driving borrowers

to take their own lives. The state passed a law designed to clamp down on abuses with new restrictions on loan disbursement and collec-tion and onerous registration requirements on the compa-nies. Microlending in India’s largest microcredit market was eff ectively shut down.

Microfi nance offi cials fought the new law and denied the charges, accusing the state government of trying to gain traction with voters and punish companies for captur-ing valuable market share from state-run lending groups.

Established microlenders such as SKS said loan sharks operating under the guise of microfi nance were behind the excesses. SKS and other companies asked a court to stop the arrest of their employees. The court issued a stay on new arrests. Today, no one is in jail.

In a November 2010 letter to India’s fi nance minister, Akula defended his company and included supportive articles from The Wall Street Journal and the Financial Times.

At the same time, the indus-try group Microfi nance Insti-tutions Network hired Glocal to investigate 44 deaths among debtors of microfi nance companies, including SKS.

Venkateswarlu, the Glocal director, presented the fi ndings to executives at three lenders. In January 2011, he delivered startling news to

Akula and Rao: SKS employ-ees had clear involvement in the suicides of four borrowers, meaning that their actions appeared strongly linked to the subsequent deaths, accord-ing to their investigation.

The AP obtained a four-page section of the Glocal report that deals with the SKS case studies. It related the fi nancial history of borrowers, the loans obtained, the nature of pressure or harassment for repayment and the micro-fi nance company involved. Venkateswarlu verifi ed that it was the material he presented to Akula and Rao.

“They said they’d look into the issue and take some appro-priate action,” Venkateswarlu said.

SKS sent internal audit teams to the fi eld. Their reports exonerated the company.

Unable to reconcile the two sets of fi ndings, SKS hired Guardian’s Human & Civil Rights Forum and Third Eye, a private investigative agency, to do a more thorough, independent inquiry, according to Ramesh Vautrey, head of administration at SKS, who oversaw the investi-gation, and Rajender Khanna, the president of Guardian’s.

A Jan. 17, 2011, letter from SKS, signed and stamped by Vautrey, asked Khanna to “carry out a fact fi nding enquiry on the causes of

suicide and complicity of our fi eld staff s without any prejudice,” according to a copy of the letter obtained by AP. The AP was shown invoice numbers for SKS payments to Third Eye and emails indicating the fi ndings were sent to top management.

P.H. Ravikumar, who became interim chairman of the SKS board last November, said neither management nor the board authorized an independent inquiry into borrower deaths.

“Our enquiries from 2009 to 2011 have revealed that neither SKS nor its employees have been the cause for any of the suicides in the state of Andhra Pradesh,” the company said in a statement. The company also said SKS employees have been acquitted in two borrower suicide cases in Andhra Pradesh and that only one criminal case remains outstanding.

Sai, the company spokes-man, said SKS has hired an ombudsman, is spending $3 million to improve its custom-er grievance program and has revamped training to ensure that employees comply with current regulations and do not lend to over-indebted borrow-ers. He said the company would like to reorganize incen-tives to maintain rapid growth while ensuring loan quality. Those changes have yet to be implemented, he said.

Microlending in India is tainted by suicides

AP photo

Ankita, 8, stands next to a photograph of herself with her mother and debt-ridden father Jayaramappa, who hanged himself on Oct. 4, 2010, in their home, in Madakasira village about 90 miles north of Bangalore, India. At right: Petla Narasimhulu holds a portrait of his 18-year-old daughter Petla Lalitha at their home in Godhumaguda village of Vikarabad district, India. Lalitha drank pesticide while leaving a suicide note warning against going into debt.

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