TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP.HCMVin CN Sinh hc Thc phmo0o

B MN: NH GI CM QUAN THC PHM

BI TP NHM

GVHD: NGUYN B THANHSVTH: 1. Nguyn Th Vn 120646712. Dng c Long 121283513. Nguyn Thnh Cng 121403314. Nguyn Ngc Long 121460615. Nguyn Th Kim Phng 12072471

TP.HCM, thng 12 nm 2014

I. PHP TH PHN BIT1. c im ca php th phn bit1.1. Mi ngi tham gia- L php th thc hin trn s ng ngi tiu dng, ngi th tham gia trn tinh thn t nguyn, nghim tc ch khng phi v ti chnh, v tha tnh t m hay v bt c l do no khc.- Phi c t cch v mt php l khi a ra quyt nh. - Sc khe, kh nng phn bit mi vm bo la chn nhng thnh vin c sc khe bnh thng, c kh nng tham gia phn tch cm quan. - Tui, gii tnh, qu thi gian, thi quen s dng thc phm. - S dng cc phng tin thng tin nh thng bo, tip th, in thoi, thng bo trn internet. 1.2. La chn ngi th Sau khi nh gi v la chn s b chng ta tin hnh la chn mt nhm ngi th lp hi ng. S lng ty vo phng php,mc ch, phm vi th nghim 1.3. Nguyn tc la chn- Ngi th c s hiu bit s b v nh gi cm quan, vai tr cm gic, nhng c trng cm quan nh mi v, cu trc- Bit cch th nm, cm gic, thao tc vi nhng sn phm s dng. + V nng lc suy lun v s dng ngn ng: kh nng hiu c nhng cu hi, kh nng tr li, Kh nng miu t din t. + V kh nng cm quan: kh nng cm nhn v phn bit nhng tc nhn kch thch, kh nng ghi nh nhng tc nhn kch thch, kh nng phn bit cng cc tnh cht 1.4. iu kin phng th nghim Cc phn khu chc nng Mt phng th nghim cm quan cn c cc khu chc nng nh sau: Vn phng Khu vc chun b mu Khu vc nh gi cm quan Phng ch cho cc thnh vin hi ng Phng tho lun Din tch b tr v trang b trong mi khu chc nng ty thuc vo tng php th v tng sn phm th Vn phng L ni lm vic ca nhm iu hnh phng th nghim, bao gm cc hot ng qun l, ln kt hoch, t chc th nghim v tp trung x l kt qu th nghim Khu vc chun b mu Cng tc chun b mu l mt nhim v c bn trong nh gi cm quan, c xy dng trn c s cc dng sn phm, s lng mu th, cn phi c mt khng gian rng ri, ln. i vi dng sn phm sa kerfir ung lin th phng chun b cn c t lnh bo qun cc mu, c cc dng c chuyn dng pha ch, o c, cha cc mu, cc loi thanh v c y cc dng c th nm: ly, tch Khu vc nh gi cm quan: Phi m bo sch s, khng c mi l, thong mt v yn tnh, khng lm ngt qung cng vic, c bit l cc thnh vin khng c nh hng n nhau, nn b tr bit lp vi cc khu vc khc kim sot c ngi ra v vo khu vc nh gi. Khu vc nh gi cm quan dng n gin nht l mt phng rng c trang b mt s bn v cc tm ngn. Yu cu i vi cc thit b chiu sng, iu chnh nhit v m: Cn phi kim sot cc iu kin v chiu sng, nhit v m to iu kin lm vic thoi mi nht cho ngi th. Trong th nghim ny ta thc hin th nhit phng v duy tr nhit 25oC, m tng i t 70 85%. H thng chiu sng phi m bo chiu sng ng nht ti mi v tr trong phng. Yu cu vi nn, tng, trn nh: Nn nh d c ra, sch s, trn nh thng thong, cao va phi, tng nh s dng cc mu sn nh nhng, to cm gic d chu, y tng phng th nghim ta dng sn mu trng. Yu cu i vi h thng thng gi, kh mi: Cc sn phm sa kerfir c mi c trng, nn cn phi thit k h thng thng gi, kh mi khng kh trong phng lun c gi trong lnh. C th s dng qut ht, my iu ha, cc b lc kh qua than hot tnh cng l mt thit b hu dng kh mi trong phng. Yu cu i vi cc khoang, vch ngn:Cc khoan, vch ngn thit k phi m bo nh sng phn b ng u, khng to bng ti trn mt bn, trong cc khoan ngn th cn thit k cho cc thnh vin phi lin lc c vi ngi phc v mu. Cc khoan, vch ngn khng qu cao, khng qu thp, va to khng gian lm vic c lp cho ngi th, to khng gian thng thong nhng c th tch bit hon ton ngi th vi khng gian xung quanh. Phng ch cho cc thnh vin hi ng: Phng ch phi c b tr tin nghi, nh sng v sch s. y l ni to n tng u tin cho ngi ngi th nn phi thit k sao cho h thy cng vic h sp thc hin l chuyn nghip v c chun b chu o, vic ch i c thoi mi hn khu vc ny cn phi c bo hoc tp ch. Phng tho lun: Dng trong mt s hot ng c th nh hun luyn hi ng lm quen vi cc thut ng dng trong php th, l ni trao i thng tin gia ngi th v ngi iu hnh v vic gii thiu php th, nhim v m ngi th s thc hin trong bui th nghim, v cng l ni trnh by nhng kin nhn xt ca cc c nhn v php th. Khu vc ny cng c b tr sao cho khng c cho thnh vin nhn vo hoc i ngang qua khu vc th. Trang thit b:Cn ch n khu vc phng nh gi cm qun: s lng khoan, vch ngn ty thuc vo kinh ph, din tch, mt bng. Nu phng th lp t nhiu ngn th nhiu ngi th c th lm vic cng lc, gim thi gian tin hnh php th, tuy nhin s lng ngn cng khng nn qu nhiu v s kh khn cho ngi phc v th nghim v phi phc v mt khu vc qu rng, mi ngn phi c trang b y cc thit b cho vic th mu: gh ngi, n chiu sng, vi nc Khu chun b mu: phi c trang b cn thit nu trong phn cc khu chc nng trn nh t lnh, ly, dng c o c mu, cc dng c th nghim H thng tin hc, cc phn mm dng thu thp v x l s liu. Chi ph cho vn hnh: in nc, khu hao phng v thit b, bo tr thit b, nguyn liu, ha cht, mua sn phm th nm, in thoi, tr lng cho nhn vin, bi dng cho ngi th2. Topic 1Mt cng ty B sn xut sa mun a ra th trng sn phm sa kerfir mi, v h mun bit sn phm ca h c khc vi sn phm cng loi ca mt cng ty A ang c tiu th rng ri trn th trng. Cng ty ngh nhm nh gi cm quan tin hnh mt php th cm quan tr li cu hi trn.2.1. Mc tiu th nghim

Cng ty mun a ra th trng sn phm sa Kefir hng tri cy mi v xem sn phm mi ny ca cng ty c khc vi sn phm cng loi ca cng ty khc ang tiu th rng ri trn th trng hay khng?2.2. Chn phng php Phng php c chn: phng php so snh A not A L do chn phng php: Do sn phm sa kefir ang c mt rng ri trn th trng nn rt quen thuc vi ngi tiu dng (mu A) v cng ty ang mun so snh sn phm sa ca mnh c khc vi sn phm hay khng (mu not A).Phn tch: - Vi ni dung bi ton a ra th ta c th thy y nh sn xut mun a ra 1 sn phm cnh tranh tng t vi 1 sn phm ang tiu th rng trn th trng. Mong mun ca nh sn xut y l khng c s khc bit.V trong trng hp nh th ny php th A- not A c s dng rt thch hp. - Mu chun y chnh l sn phm ang tiu th rng trn th trng. - Sn phm sa mc nh l sa kefir hng tri cy.2.3. La chn ngi thNgi th : Chuyn gia/ngi tiu dng i vi nh sn xut mc tiu l a ra 1 sn phm cnh tranh tng t vi sn phm ang tiu th trn th trng v mong mun c ngi tiu dng chp nhn nn ngi th trong trng hp ny l nhng ngi tiu dng thng xuyn s dng sn phm ca cng ty A. S lng : 48 ngi Phn cng cng vic: C 5 ngi phc v chun b th nghim. Trong gm: M ha mu:1 ngi. Rt mu : 2 ngi Phc v th nghim v hng dn: 1 ngi. Thu thp v tng hp kt qu: 1 ngi. Ch : Th nghim vin phi hng dn ngi lm th nghim v quy tc cng nh cch vit cu tr li tht k. Th nghim ch c tin hnh khi tt c thnh vin tham gia th nghim hiu r cch th nghim. 2.4. Chun b mu Loi mu : 2 loi sa, mt sn phm ca cng ty B v mt sn phm ang tiu th rng ca cng ty Vinamilk (A).Chun b mu: mu ng trong cc ly nha trong, khng gn lng mu cho mi ly c ngi chun b mu cn i sao cho cho 1 ln th, khng nn qu t cng nh qu nhiu. V y l php th phn bit nn vic s dng cng 1 lng mu qua cc ln th l cn thit, chnh v th lng mu hp l cho mi ln th ngi th s dng ht mu th , y lng mu trong mi cc khong 20 ml mu (ta c th s dng cc ong lng mu ly c chnh xc). Bo qun: Mu c bo qun lnh nhit t 2 4oC v ly ra khi thc hin qu trnh chun b mu cho th nghim, Tnh ton mu: Lng mu: 48 x 20 x2 = 1920 ml mu cho mi sn phm sa. Chun b khong 2 - 2.5 lt sa mi loi A v B. (Mi ngi th s th 1 b 2 cc,mi cc 20 ml sa theo trt t cn bng ca php th A- not A l AA, AB, BA, BA).Cc dng c khc dng cho th nghim: - Cc nha : 96 ci - Khn giy : 48 ci- Bt ch: 12 cy - Nc lc: khong 2-3 lt- Bnh m sandwich lt: 96 ci2.5. Trnh by mu M ha mu: Mi mu cn gn mt m s thng thng c 3 k t (3 s hoc 2 ch ci). Ta dng lnh sample trong R m ha mu theo trt t ngu nhin nh sau: > sample(100:990,48) [1] 373 226 659 585 933 665 503 186 639 282 161 471 297 473 666 655 380 628 442 [20] 260 465 406 952 220 150 740 153 765 258 609 735 758 310 542 335 315 152 875 [39] 895 104 791 924 752 951 595 229 873 532 Mu A: 373 226 659 585 933 665 503 186 639 282 161 471 297 473 666 655 380 628 442 260 465 406 952 220 Mu B: 150 740 153 765 258 609 735 758 310 542 335 315 152 875 895 104 791 924 752 951 595 229 873 532 (hoc c th dng hm = trunc(Rand()*1000,0) trong Excel)Trt t trnh by mu:STTTrnh by muM ha

1A,A,A,A799, 102, 130 ,889

2A,A,A,B416,217, 978,501

3A,B,A,B768,642,285,704

4B,B,B,B965,987, 620,718

5A,A,B,B585, 303, 682 ,721

6A,B,B,B186,965, 233, 252

7B,A,A,A429 902 851,970

8B,B,A,A599, 987,585, 303

9B,B,B,A769, 348, 656,179

10B,A,B,A987,429, 983, 902

11B,A,A,B364, 186, 968,167

..

20....

Cn bng mu:Hai mu A, B c gii thiu m bo trt t xut hin cn bng gia cc mu tc m bo s ln xut hin cc mu bng nhau, v s ln mi mu xut hin trc l nh nhau nhm trnh nh hng ca sn sn phm c th u tin gy ra. Cc mu c trnh by theo trt t tun t sn phm s c nh gi trong mt bui th ti mt thi im xc nh, ngi th nh gi mt mu v khng c quay ngc tr li mu nh gi. Lu : y, 48 ngi th c chia lm 4 t mi t 12 ngi vi trt t cn bng mu c trnh by nh trn.2.6. Chun b phiu hng dn v tr li

PHIU HNG DN

Bc 1: Nhn bit mu chun - Xin gii thiu vi cc bn mt mu chun sa kefir hng cam. u tin xin bn vui lng thanh v bng nc lc trc khi th mu. Xin bn ghi nh r cc tnh cht ca mu chun ny.

Bc 2: - C 2 mu sa kefir hng cam s c gii thiu vi bn. Xin bn vui lng thanh v bng nc lc, bnh m lt trc khi th tng mu. Hy xc nh tng mu v nh gi c phi l mu m bn c hc cch nhn bit trn (A) hay l mt loi sa ti tit trng khc (not A). - nh du cu tr li ca bn vo v tr thch hp phiu tr li. - Hy a ra cu tr li cho ngay c khi bn khng chc chn. Ch : C th a s sa kefir hng cam gii thiu cho bn tng ng vi loi A hoc not A. Thc ra cch sp xp mu c thc hin mt cch ngu nhin v khc nhau i vi tng ngi th. V th bn khng phi bn tm v cu tr li trc ca bn. Bn s s dng mt phiu tr li cho mt mu, v phi a ngay cho ngi iu khin th nghim khi bn in xong cu tr li.

PHIU TR LI

M s ngi th: . Ngy://.

Sa kefir hng cam c m s . l sa ti tit trng: A Not A Sa kefir hng cam c m s . l sa ti tit trng: A Not A

2.7. Thu thp v x l s liu Phng php x l s liu l s dng kim nh thng k Khi- bnh phng Thu thp v x l s liu Mu gii thiuNgi th la chnTNG

ANOT A

A

NOT A

TNG

X l s liu v kt lun:S dng chun 2 tnh ton: 2 = Trong :O: Tn s quan st. T : Tn s l thuyt.

3. Topic 2Mt cng ty sn xut c ph nhn c mt s li than phin v v ng ca sn phm h mi tung ra th trng. Cng ty khng mun thay i lng c ph trong mt gi, m ch mun thay i lng nc pha c ph. Cng ty mun bit rng liu vic b sung mt lng nh nc pha c lm gim v ng ca c ph hay khng. Nhm nh gi cm quan phi tin hnh mt php th tr li cu hi trn. 3.1. Mc ch So snh v ng gia ca sn phm c ph c pha vi 2 lng nc khc nhau.3.2. Chn phng phpS dng phng php cp i 2-AFC. Do y l mt php th hai chiu da trn mt tnh cht c th ca sn phm l v ng. Ta cng c th s dng phng php 3-AFC xc sut hiu qu cao hn. Nhng v cafe l sn phm cha cht kch thch nn vic dng nhiu mu l khng c khuyn khch. 3.3. i tng v s lng ngi th S lng l 20 ngi, ch yu l nam v l nhng ngi thng xuyn ung c ph. 3.4. Phn cng cng vic Chun b mu: 1 ngi. Phc v th nghim: 2 ngi, rt v thu mu. M ho mu: 1 ngi Hng dn th nghim: 1 ngi Tng hp kt qu, x l s liu, vit bo co: c nhm. Ch : Trong qu trnh th nghim, bn cnh phiu hng dn cn hng dn chung cho tt c ngi th trc khi tin hnh. Khi tin hnh cn gim st cc thnh vin, gii p kp thi cc thc mc v pht hin li sai. 3.5. Chun b mu Mu l c ph bt ca cng ty, pha phin bng my, dng chung vi ng. Cch pha mu: Mu ng A: Cho vo my 360g c ph bt v 1 lt nc. Sau khi my pha xong, mang ra cho thm 50g ng, khuy u. Mu t ng hn B: Cho vo my 360g c ph bt v 1, 2 lt nc. Sau khi my pha xong, mang ra cho thm 50g ng, khuy u.Nhit th l 40oC. Rt mu vo cc ly, sp xp theo ng th t m ho cho tng ngi th. 3.6. Dng c phc v th nghimMy pha c ph dung tch 1,3 1,5 lt (2 my). Ly nha dung tch 50ml. Bt ch, ty. Nc, bnh m lt thanh v. Khn giy. Phiu hng dn, phiu tr li. 3.7. Cch m ho v trt t trnh by mu Mu c m ha thnh con s c ba ch s. > sample(100:990,40)[1] 306 223 585 224 795 234 521 702 646 246 186 138 755 766 587 480 636 532 423[20] 625 304 299 603 457 605 229 247 737 971 600 523 907 232 290 394 714 853 611[39] 515 530Mu A: 306 223 585 224 795 234 521 702 646 246 186 138 755 766 587 480 636 532 423 625Mu B: 304 299 603 457 605 229 247 737 971 600 523 907 232 290 394 714 853 611 515 530Th t trnh by by mu trong php th 2-AFC c hai kh nng AB, BA. Th t ny phi c thc hin ngu nhin i vi tt c cc th nghim vin, m bo rng mi th nghim vin u c th mu A hay mu B ln u tin vi s ln nh nhau. Trong mi b mu theo th t t mu t tri qua phi. STTTrt tM haSTTTrt tM ha

1A-B306-30411A-A186-423

2B-A223-29912B-B138-737

3A-A585-73713A-B755-232

4B-B224-60014B-A766-290

5A-B795-60515A-A587-611

6B-A234-22916B-B480-646

7A-A521-75517A-B636-853

8B-B702-18618B-A532-611

9A-B646-97119A-A423-971

10B-A246-60020B-B625-521

3.8. Chun b phiu hng dn v tr li

PHIU HNG DN ngh sc ming vi nc trc khi tin hnh. Nhn vin phc v s mang n cho anh/ch 2 mu cn th. Hy nm tng mu c m ho theo th t t mu t tri qua phi. a ton b mu vo ming. Khng nm li vkhng s dng nc thanh v gia cc ln nm mu. in m s ca mu t ng hn vo phiu tr li.Anh/ch bt buc phi c cu tr li ngay c khi khng chc chn.

PHIU TR LI

M s ngi th: ......................................... Ngy: . Mu t ng hn: ..........................................

9.X l kt qu: Dng phng php chi- bnh phng x l s liu Theo cng thc:

O: tn s quan st T: tn s l thuyt

Gi s: C 20 ln th nu X2> 15 vi mc ngha 0.05 th gia hai mu c s khc bit nu nh hn th khng. X2 > 16 vi mc ngha 0.01 th gia hai mu c s khc bit nu nh hn th khng.X2 = 0 th tn s quan st bng tn s l thuyt.4. Topic 3Cng ty bnh biscuit mun nghin cu 2 loi ph gia to cu trc (A, B) nhm gim gi thnh sn phm. Cng ty phn vn v vic chn t l. Ban gim c ngh nhm nh gi cm quan tr li cu hi liu c s khc nhau v tnh cht cm quan ca 2 loi bnh biscuit c lm t 2 loi ph gia A, B hay khng? 4.1. La chn php th Mc tiu: So snh s khc nhau v tnh cht cm quan ca bnh biscuit s dng 2 loi ph gia A v B s dng php th phn bit l hp l. ng dng: i vi php th phn bit c nh sn xut s dng kim tra xe s thay i cng ngh/ phng php bao gi C th trong bi ny l thnh phn s dng cho sn phm c nh hng n tnh cht cm quan ca sn phm nhm mc ch gim gi thnh m khng lm nh hng ti thng hiu hin c. La chn phng php: Yu cu ca nh sn xut l mun tm ra c s khc bit no v tnh cht cm quan i vi 2 loi bnh biscuit c s tham gia ca 2 loi ph gia to cu trc A, B. Nh vy, nu c s sai khc th y l sai khc chung v khng ni v 1 tnh cht c th no v khng c mu chun nn ta c th s dng php th tam gic hoc ging- khc.nh gi: + Tam gic: S dng trong trng hp s khc bit l nh v tin cy ca php th s cao hn so vi ging khc v mc ri ro ca php th tam gic l 1/3 cn ca ging khc l 1/2 + Ging khc: Ch th cho php th tam gic trong trng hp sn phm cha cc cht kch thch hay cc cht c tc dng ko di sau khi th,sn phm phc tp hay sn phm ch c cung cp trong thi gian ngn. i vi sn phm bnh biscuit th n khng phi l sn phm qu phc tp nh caf hay c cha cc cht kch thch nh ru/ bia nn y vic s dng php th tam gic l hp l. 4.2. La chn ngi th Ngi th : Chuyn gia / ngi tiu dng? Cng ty mun nghin cu c s khc nhau v tnh cht cm quan ca bnh biscuit dng 2 loi ph gia to cu trc A,B hay khng. V mang tnh cht l ang trn ng th nghim (xem c s khc bit khng) trc khi a sn phm ra ngoi th trng c gi thnh r hn. V vy s dng chuyn gia trong trng hp ny s nh gi khch quan hn so vi ngi tiu dng. S lng : 24 ngi ( Da vo quy tc cn bng i vi 6 t hp mu ca php th tam gic (AAB, ABA, BAA, BBA, BAB, ABB) ) Phn cng cng vic: - 2 ngi chun b mu - 2 ngi pht, thu mu ; pht v thu phiu hng dn tr li. - 1 kim sot v hng dn th nghim. 4.3. Chun b mu Loi mu: 2 loi bnh biscuit s dng 2 ph gia A v B Chun b mu: mu ng trong cc ly nha nh,mu bnh c th hnh trng,vung,hnh ch nht ,lng mu cho mi a c ngi chun b mu cn i sao cho cho 1 ln th,khng nn qu t cng nh qu nhiu.Hnh dng:

V y l php th phn bit nn vic s dng cng 1 lng mu qua cc ln th l cn thit,chnh v th lng mu hp l cho mi ln th ngi th s dng ht mu th (v d : nu bnh hnh vung c th ly mu kch thc l 3x3 cm) Bo qun: Thng thng bnh biscuit c nh sn sut bo qun trong cc bao b kn v yl sn phm d ht m nn vic lu ngoi khng kh chn chn s nh hng n cc tnh cht cm quan ( cng, mi v.). Nn nh gi c tt khng nn ly mu ra sm (c th ly ra trc 5-7 pht khi tin hnh qu trnh nh gi) Tnh ton mu: Lng mu: 24 x 9/6 = 36 mu cho mi loi biscuit A v B. (9 l s mu A/B cn c 6 b mu ca php th tam gic, v mi ngi ch th 1 trong 6 b nn ta c cng thc tnh ton lng mu nh trn). Cc dng c khc dng cho th nghim: - a nha : 72 ci- Khn giy : 24 ci - Bt ch: 12 cy - Nc lc: khong 2-3 lt 4.4. Trnh by muM ha mu: Mi mu cn gn mt m s thng thng c 3 k t (3 s hoc 2 ch ci). Ta dng lnh sample trong R m ha mu theo trt t ngu nhin nh sau: > sample(100:990,36)[1] 879 860 842 332 561 410 437 759 646 112 292 184 682 884 105 441 960 [18] 180 573 635 230 728 210 137 713 565 207 188 235 488 896 123 536 320 672 590 Mu A: 879 860 842 332 561 410 437 759 646 112 292 184 682 884 105 441 960 180. Mu B: 573 635 230 728 210 137 713 565 207 188 235 488 896 123 536 320 672 590Trt t trnh by mu:STTTrt tM ha

1A-A-B879-860-573

2A-B-A842-635-332

3B-A-A230-561-410

4B-B-A728-210-437

5B-A-B137-579-713

6A-B-B646-565-207

7A-A-B112-292-188

8A-B-A184-235-682

9B-A-A488-884-105

10B-B-A896-123-441

11B-A-B672-960-590

12A-B-B180-536-320

Lu : y, 24 ngi th c chia lm 2 t mi t 12 ngi vi trt t cn bng mu c trnh by nh trn.4.5. Chun b phiu hng dn v tr li PHIU HNG DN

- Anh/Ch thanh v bng nc lc trc khi th mu -Anh/Ch nhn mt b mu gm 3 sn phm bnh biscuit trong c 2 mu ging nhau. Anh ch th nm cc mu t tri sang phi v xc nh xem mu no l mu khng lp li trong 3 mu trn. Ghi m s ca mu m anh ch chn trong phiu tr li. -Ch : + Khng nm li mu trc khi th sang mu khc + Khng thanh v gia cc ln th

PHIU TR LI

H v Tn: .. Ngy th: Mu khng lp li:

5.6. Thu thp v x l s liu Phng php x l s liu l tra bng Student. Lit k s ngi tr li ng trong th ngim ri so snh vi gi tr tra bng student vi s ngi th l 24 v tin cy = 5% l 13 ngi i n kt lun c s khc nhau v tnh cht cm quan i vi sn phm s dng 2 loi ph gia to cu trc A v B hay khng. Nu s cu tr li ng ln hn 13 tc 2 sn phm biscuit s dng 2 loi ph gia A, B c s khc bit mc ngha v ngc li.6. Ti liu tham kho 1.Thc hnh nh gi cm quan- Nguyn Hong Dng-nh xut bn i Hc Quc Gia TP. H Ch Minh. . 2.K thut phn tch cm quan thc phm- H Duy T- Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut. 3.nh gi cm quan thc phm- Nguyn Hong Dng-nh xut bn i Hc Quc Gia TP. H Ch Minh. 4. Reference mapping of cracker type biscuits (Tp ch : Food quality and References )

7. Ph lcBng tra Khi- bnh phngDfSignificance % for one-talled test

52.50.50.0552.50.50.05

Significance % for two-talled test

10510.110510.1

12.713.846.6410.832230.8133.9240.2948.27

24.605.999.2113.822332.0135.1741.6449.73

36.257.8211.3416.272433.2036.4242.9851.18

47.789.4913.2818.462534.3837.6544.3152.26

59.2411.0715.0920.522635.5638.8845.6454.05

610.6412.5916.8122.462736.7440.1146.9655.48

712.0214.0718.4824.322837.9241.3448.2856.89

813.3615.5120.0926.122939.0942.6949.5958.30

914.6816.9221.6727.883040.2643.7740.8959.70

1015.9918.3123.2129.593242.5946.1953.4962.49

1117.2819.6824.7231.263444.9048.6056.0665.25

1218.5521.0326.2232.913647.2151.0058.6267.99

1319.8122.3627.6934.533849.5153.3861.1670.70

1421.0623.6829.1436.124051.8155.7663.6973.40

1522.3125.0030.5837.704456.3760.4868.7178.75

1623.5426.3032.0039.294860.9165.1773.6884.04

1724.7727.5933.4140.755265.4269.8378.6289.27

1825.9928.8734.8042.315669.9274.4783.5194.46

1927.2030.1436.1943.826074.4079.0888.3899.61

2028.4131.4137.5745.32

2129.6232.6738.9346.80

II. PHP TH TH HIUMt cng ty mun sn xut thc phm mun tung ra th trng 1 loi sn phm mi. Phng R & D thc hin pp th phn bit nh gi s khc bit v tnh cht cm quan ca sn phm ny vi nhiu sn phm khc( 5 sn phm) cng loi trn th trng. Cng ty mun chc chn trc khi ra quyt nh tung ra th trng. Ban lnh o cng ty yu cu phng R & D thc hin mt php th th hiu vi cc nhm sn phm tng t trn.

1. Nguyn liu: Nhm tin hnh kho st sn phm ca cng ty vi 5 loi nc gii kht ang tiu th rng ri trn th trng Vit Nam.1.1. 5 loi nc gii kht

STTTn sn phmgiTn cng tyHnh nh

1Tr xanh C25.500vn/ chai 360mlCng Ty TNHH Thng Mi V Dch V Gia Thnh

2Tr xanh O07.500vn/ chai 500mlCng Ty TNHH Thng Mi V Dch V Tn hip Pht

3Sting du7.500vn/ chai 330mlCng Ty Pepsico Vit Nam

4Coca cola5.600vn/ chai 390mlCng Ty TNHH nc gii kht COCACOLA Vit Nam

5Pepsi7.000vn/ chai 500mlCng Ty Pepsico Vit Nam

1.2. Tnh hnh tiu th1.2.1. Tr xanh c2 Hin nay sn phm tr xanh C2 c mt trn hu ht 64 tnh, thnh trn c nc vi mc bao ph th trng ln. Bng DOANH THU CA SN PHM TR XANH C2 TRN C NC QUA CC NM 2008-2/2011 ( TRIU NG)Giai onKnh s, lKnh siu thKnh trng hcTng

2008 2/20091.184.065651.231138.1411.973.427

2/2009 2/20101.572.898906.411186.6512.665.929

2/2010 2/20111.917.5471.037.362188.6113.143.520

(Ngun: PHNG TI CHNH K TON) Ring nm qua, mc tng trng t n 97% (trong khi th trng hng tiu dng nhanh ni chung ch tng trng 11%). y l mt mc pht trin m khng c mt loi nc gii kht no t c, chng t nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng ang rt ln v y thc s l mt th trng rt giu tim nng.1.2.2. Tr xanh O0 Nm 2007, tr xanh khng l thng hiu pht trin mnh nht vi mc tiu th c lc tng ti 190%. Th phn danh thuNm 2006200720082009

Lng bn(chai)215.400.000250.600.000230.300.000199.000.000

Lng bn(Thng )10.770.00012.530.00011.515.0009.950.000

Doanh thu(triu ng)1.292.4001.503.6001.496.9501.293.500

Th phn50%57%53%47%

Gi tr xanh hin nayi l, nh bn sBn lNgi tiu dng

6.500/ chai7.500/ chai9.000/ chai

Ch- Ti by gi, khi nhc v s thnh cng ca sn phm Tr xanh Khng , ng Trn Qu Thanh Tng gim c Tp on Tn Hip Pht vn khng nh rng Kht vng to nn tro lu ung tr hin i cho gii tr snh iu v tip tc duy tr v th Vua tr ng chai ti Vit Nam l mc tiu chin lc ca Tr xanh Khng . Tt c thnh vin cng ty ang n lc ht mnh trong nghin cu v sn xut a Tr xanh Khng tr thnh loi thc ung s 1 khng ch ti Vit Nam m cn trn th gii.

1.2.3. Sting du Pepsi bt u trnh lng nc tng lc Sting vng (cn gi l Sting nhn sm) vo nm 2002. Khi , Sting khng ch li c vi Number 1 v Red Bull. Khng b cuc, Pepsi tip tc cho ra i nc ung tng lc Sting du v nhanh chng thu c nhiu thin cm c bit l ca gii tr. Sting du tr thnh ng lc pht trin mi ca Pepsi khi dn u th phn nc ung tng lc ti Vit Nam. Theo kho st ca Cng ty Nghin cu Th trng Nielsen, n gia nm 2011, Sting dn u th trng nc ung tng lc ti Vit Nam vi 52% th phn.1.2.4. Coca cola Theo tp ch chuyn ngnh ung Beverage Digest (M), th phn ung c gas ca Coca Cola l 52%. D c th phn ln hn Pepsi trn th trng ton cu, nhng ti th trng Vit Nam, do thm nhp th trng sau nn vic m rng h thng phn phi ca Coca Cola t ra yu th hn. Tnh n thi im hin nay, Coca Cola Vit Nam t mc tng trng trn 25% so vi k hoch.

1.2.5. Pepsi Ngy nay, Pepsi ang tr nn ph bin hn bao gi ht. Theo kho st th c trong 4 sn phm nc ung c gas c bn trn th gii th c mt sn phm ca Pepsi, tng cng l mt ngy Pepsi bn c hn 200 triu sn phm v con s ny cn tip tc tng. Pepsi th hin tt c mi th c c t nc gii kht c gas, t mi v, s la chn ti cm gic sng khoi, vui v v tr trung. Tt c nhng iu u n t cc qung co ca Pepsi v dn ti vic pht trin cc khu hiu ca Pepsi Si ng vi Pepsi M v Ask for More- Kht khao hn cc nc khc.

2. Cc bc tin hnh nghin cu:2.1. Chn thang oThang 9 im th hiu:123456789Thang im c nh ngha trc qua cc thut ng m t mc hi lng, a thch i vi sn phm.1: cc k khng thch6: hi thch2: Rt khng thch7: Tng i thch3: tng i khng thch8: Rt thch4: hi khng thch9: cc k thch5: bnh thng2.2. Xc nh hiu ng u mt:C 2 xu hng: Xu hng khong im b ht v khong gia thang o. Xu hng ngi th trnh nhng nhm cui cng hoc nhng on cui cng ca thang o.3. Thit k th nghim:3.1. Ngi th: S lng ngi th: 96 ngi c thi quen thng s dng nc gii kht ( t nht 1 ln/1 tun ). Tiu ch la chn ngi th l sinh vin, hc sinh,cng nhn. khng bnh tt v gic quan. C tinh thn hp tc. Khng n cc sn phm c v mnh, khng ht thuc trc khi tin hnh th nghim 2 gi. n phng th nghim ng gi. La chn ngi th: ngi th c chn s thng qua cc cu hi sau: H v tn: Ngh nghip: a ch lin h (st hoc email): Trong khong thi gian lm th nghim t ngy......n ngy......Anh/Ch c th tham gia vo nhng thi gian no trong tun (ghi r ):..3.2. Php th:Php th th hiu cho im theo thang 9 im.3.3. Phng php chun b mu: Mu c chun b khu vc ring vi khu vc tin hnh cm quan, ngoi tm quan st ca ngi th. Tt c cc mu phi chun b ging nhau ( cng dng c, cng lng sn phm, cng dng vt cha,.). Mu s c rt vo ly nha. Mi mu th c dung lng l 30ml dung dch trn. Mu s c gi lnh v em ra cho ngi th iu kin nhit th nghim (5oC).3.4. iu kin th nghim: Php th c tin hnh trong phng th nghim nh gi cm quan tun theo tiu chun. Phi m bo sch s, khng c mi l, thong mt v yn tnh. chiu sng ng nht ti mi v tr trong phng. Nhit phng duy tr 20 2oC, m tng i t 70 n 85%.3.5. Tin hnh: Ngi th nhn phiu hng dn:PHIU HNG DNAnh/Ch c cung cp ln lt 7 mu nc gii kht. Mi mu c m ha bng ba ch s. Hy nh gi cc mu. ghi nhn kt qu ca Anh/Ch vo phiu tr liV d123456789Trong :1: cc k khng thch6: hi thch 2: Rt khng thch7: Tng i thch3: tng i khng thch8: Rt thch4: hi khng thch9: cc k thch5: bnh thngCh : Thanh v sch ming sau mi ln th. Khng trao i trong qu trnh lm th nghim.Mi thc mc lin h ngi hng dn.

Ngi iu hnh th nghim gii thch cch tin hnh th nghim cng nh nhim v ca ngi th. Ngi th nhn ln lt tng mu th ng trong ly nha m ha, cng vi phiu tr li tng ng. PHIU TR LIM s ngi th:.. ngy th:..M s mu 123456789

123456789

Chia 96 ngi th thnh 8 nhm mi nhm c 12 ngi c sp xp vo cc khong thi gian ph hp vi mi nhm.Ngi thTrnh by muM ha mu

1I,II,VI,III,V,IV981-422-791-174-668-296

2II,III,I,IV,V,VI353-847-535-248-524-716

3III,IV,II,V,I,VI985-371-632-197-459-359

4IV,V,III,VI,II,I627-932-576-748-191-865

5V,VI,IV,I,III,II484-213-466-321-255-149

6VI,I,V,II,IV,III924-579-783-476-811-292

7I,II,VI,III,V,IV192-745-683-966-531-478

8II,III,I,IV,V,VI357-481-249-167-858-713

9III,IV,II,V,I,VI322-634-975-596-595-273

10IV,V,III,VI,II,I328-769-486-917-651-842

11V,VI,IV,I,III,II134-662-223-487-148-799

12VI,I,V,II,IV,III836-293-926-458-987-169

( Trt t ny lp li 8 ln ) Ngi th s dng mu khi ng trc khi th mu u tin. Mu khi ng l mu c to ra bng cch trn u cc mu nc gii kht vi nhau. Sau khi ngi th nh gi xong mu , thu li phiu tr li. a mu tip theo cng vi phiu tr li tng ng cho ngi th. Sau khi ngi th nh gi xong mu s pht phiu iu tra cho ngi th3.6. Thng tin ngi tiu dng:a) Anh/Ch thng ung nc gii kht hiu g?Sn phm Anh/Ch hay ung thng xuyn nht:Sn phm Anh/Ch thnh thong mi ung:.b) Anh/Ch ung nc gii kht nh th no? khng thm cch khc (ghi r ):..c) Tn s ung nc gii kht ca Anh/Ch mi ngy mt ln nhiu ln trong ngy nhiu ln trong thngnhiu ln trong tund) Anh/Ch thng ung nc gii kht vo thi gian no trong ngy sng tra chiu tie) Anh/Ch bit n nc gii kht thng qua knh thng tin no? bn b ngi thn phng tin truyn thng khc (ghi r ):f) Anh/ch thch ung loi nc gii c ga hay khng? c khngg) Ung nc gii kht gii kht c phi l mc tiu la chn nc gii kht khng? c khngh) Khi s dng nc gii kht Anh/Ch thng n km vi thc phm g?Ghi r: i) Nu c mt sn phm nc gii kht mi, Anh/Ch mong g sn phm?Ghi r: j) Anh/Ch thng mua nc gii kht u? Cn tin trng hc tim tp ha, siu th. qun nc ch khc (ghi r ):...k) Gii tnh: N Naml) Nm sinh:m) Ni sinh:.

A. PHP TH M TNhm em chn ti cc thut ng v c ph

1. Thut ng v c ph:sttNhm thut ngS thut ngTn thut ng

1V mi18Mi ng vt, mi tro, mi chy (khi), mi ha cht (mi thuc ty), mi chocolate, mi caramel, mi ng cc (bnh m nng), mi t mc, mi thi, mi men thi, mi tri cy, mi c, mi hoa c, mi cao su, mi gia v, mi ru, mi thuc l, mi g.

2V v4V chua do acid, v chua do ln men, v ng, v cht.

3Khc2Th cht nc chit, cm gic st

1.1. Mi hng ca c ph (AROMAS)1.1.1. Mi ng vt (Animal-like)Dng m t nhng mi lm lin tng n ng vt nh mi lng t, m hi, da hay nc tiu. Thut ng ny khng mang ngha tiu cc m thng c s dng m t cc mi hng mnh ca c ph.1.1.2. Mi tro (Ashy)Mt t nhng mi hng ging nh thuc l t ngn tay ca nhng ngi ht thuc hoc mi ca ngi va lau chi l si. Thut ng ny thng c dng m t mc rang ca c ph.1.1.3. Mi chy xm, khi (Burnt/Smokey)M t nhng mi ging nh thc phm chy, mi hng ca khi to ra khi t g. Thut ng ny thng c s dng ch nhng loi c ph c rang m hoc c ph c rang trong l.1.1.4. Mi ha cht / thuc (Chemical/Medicinal)M t nhng mi gn ging ha cht, thuc v mi ca bnh vin. Thut ng ny c s dng m t c ph s dng nhiu cht to mi thm.1.1.5. Mi scla (Chocolate-like)M t nhng mi lm gi nh n mi thm v hng v ca bt cacao v scla, i khi cn gi l mi "ngt".1.1.6. Mi caramel (Caramel)M t mi hng gn ging mi khi lm caramel m khng lm chy xn lp ng bn trn. Thut ng ny khng dng m t mc rang ca c ph.1.1.7. Mi ng cc / bnh m (Cereal/Toast-like)M t nhng mi c trng ca ng cc (ng, la m, la mch) cn ti hoc c rang, bt bnh m hoc bnh m nng,...1.1.8. Mi t (Earthy)M t mi c trng ca t t, t bn hoc t mn, i khi cn c dng m t mi ca khoai ty ti. y l hng v khng c a thch trong c ph.1.1.9. Mi hoa (Floral)Mi hng tng t nh mi thm ca hoa. N c kt hp bi hng thm nh nhng ca cc loi hoa khc nhau nh: cy kim ngn hoa, b cng anh, hoa nhi v cy tm ma. Thng thng ch cm nhn c mi thm m t khi no c ph cha hng v ny mt cch r rng.1.1.10. Mi tri cy (Fruity)Thut ng m t hng thm v hng v c ph gn ging mi ca tri cy. Mc axit cao trong mt s loi c ph c th to nn hng v ging nh hng v ca cam, qut. (Mi hng ny khng dng m t mi hng ca nhng loi tri cy cha chn ti hoc qu chn.1.1.11. Mi c/ tho dc (Grass/ Herbal)Bao gm mi hng c ti, cc loi tho mc, u xanh hoc hoa qu cha chn.1.1.12. Mi i/ ng (Rancid/Rotten)L mi lm lin tng n mi i, thi ca rau, cht bo,... do b oxy ha . (Khng nn dng thut ng m t nhng loi c ph c mi thm mnh, khng b bay mi)1.1.13. Mi cao su (Rubber-like)L mi c trng ca mi lp xe nng, nt chai cao su. Thut ng ny khng mang ngha tiu cc m dng miu t, nhn bit mt s loi c ph c mi thm mnh, c trng.1.1.14. Mi gia v (Spicy)M t hng thm c trng ca cc loi gia v ngt ngo nh inh hng, qu v tiu.1.1.15. Mi ru vang (Winey)Thut ng c s dng m t cm gic nh ang ngi v nm ru vang. N thng dng khi c ph c tnh axit mnh hoc c mi thm ca tri cy. Ta khng dng thut ng ny t v chua hoc v ln men.1.1.16. Mi g (Woody)Hng thm gi nh n mi ca g kh, mt thng g si, g cht hoc giy cc tng.1.2. V c ph (TASTES)1.2.1. V axit (Acidity)L v c bn c trng ca c ph c bi axit hu c. Mt thnh phn quan trng to nn hng v c bit ca c ph v rt c yu thch, n khc hon ton vi v chua v ln men.1.2.2. V ng (Bitterness)L v chnh yu c trng c to bi cht caffeine, quinine, v hp cht ancaloit. V ng ca c ph c xem l cn phi c mt mc nht nh, ph thuc vo mc rang c ph.1.2.3. V ngt (Sweetness)y l mt hng v c bn c to bi cht sucrose hoc fructose, v ny thng c trong nhng loi c ph c mi hng ngt nh s-c-la, tri cy v caramel. N thng c s dng m t nhng loi c ph khng hng v no khc.1.2.4. V mn (Saltiness)Mt hng v c trng chnh bi to bi clorua hoc cc loi mui khc.1.2.5. V chua (Sourness)L v c bn c trong c ph, rt r rng, gt v kh chu (chng hn nh gim hay axit axetic).i khi n c to ra mi t c ph ln men. V ny khc hon ton vi v axit thng c xem l mt hng v d chu v c yu thch trong c ph.1.3. Cm nhn c ph bn trong ming (MOUTHFEEL)1.3.1. BodyThut ng ny c s dng m t cc tnh cht vt l ca c ph. C hai tnh cht c bn l: v c ph rt mnh nhng d chu v ngc li, v nh nhng gt, kh chu1.3.2. AstringencyL cm gic kh mi sau khi nm th c ph. y l mt thuc tnh khng c yu thch ca c ph.Trong qu trnh tin hnh th nghim ngi ta rt gn cn 14 thut ng c bn:Mi gMi chy kht

Mi men thiMi cMi gia vMi hoa cMi ha cht

V miMi chocolate

Mi caramel

Mi t mc

Mi thi

V chua do ln men

V miV ng

V cht

2. nh gi kh nng phn bit cc ch tiu Theo kt qu ca bng 1 th cc ch tiu mi g, mi ha cht, mi caramel, mi t mc, mi chy kht, mi chocolate, mi gia v, v chua, v ng, v cht c phn bit r gia cc sn phm vi nhau. T y nhn xt c rng, cc ch tiu cm quan ny s l biu hin c trng ca cc mu c ph phn tch. Trong cc ch tiu ni trn, mi g, mi ha cht l nhng ch tiu cho php phn bit cc sn phm mt cch tt nht. Cc ch tiu mi thi, mi hoa c, mi men thi, mi c khng cho php phn bit tt cc sn phm vi nhau ng vi hi ng ny.Bng 1. Kh nng phn bit cc ch tiuCh tiuNgng phn bit

MiMi g1.52910-34

Mi ha cht1.05810-30

Mi caramel1.42410-30

Mi t mc2.36310-25

Mi chy kht1.45910-24

Mi chocolate3.32210-22

Mi gia v0.02044

Mi thi0.1032

Mi hoa c0.3905

Mi men thi0.5639

Mi c0.9096

VV chua4.46410-26

V ng8.29710-22

V cht1.69210-16

3. nh gi cc ch tiu ca c ph cc khu vc khc nhauTheo kt qu, m hi ng nh gi c th chia cc ch tiu nh gi thnh nm nhm. C th nh sau: Nhm 1: mi ha cht, v cht, v chua. Nhm 2: mi chy kht, mi gia v, mi caramel. Nhm 3: mi g, mi chocolate. Nhm 4: mi hoa c, mi t mc, v ng Nhm 5: mi men thi, mi thi.

4. Bnh xe c tnh flavor wheel

c ph ln menTh cht nc chitcm gic seMi ru vangV mn Saltiness

V ngt Sweetness

V ngBitterness

Body

V chuaSourness

AstringencyMi ha chtmi chyMi troMi ng vtV TASTESMouthfeelKhcMi AROMASMi gMi gia vMi cao suMi i/ ngMi c/ tho dcMi tri cyMi hoami ng ccMi caramelMi tmi chocolate

cc loi mui khccloruacht caffeine

fructose

hp cht ancaloitcht quinine

cht sucrose

B. CCH M HA MU DNG CHUNG CHO CC PHP TH:1. Dng lnh trn R: Chng ta c th dng lnh trong R ly s ngu nhin: sample (100:999, n) vi n l s con s cn ly, ch nu c nhng ch s c bit: c quy lut chng ta nh loi ra (vd 113, 114, 543...) Vi d:> sample(100:999, 100)Kt qu:[1] 168 479 489 795 229 966 505 125 905 997 779 802 305 875 585 219 190 632 [19] 587 126 130 567 486 637 943 196 729 326 184 431 638 410 939 544 133 529 [37] 380 569 313 317 578 302 735 137 559 134 394 771 696 942 440 755 564 162 [55] 621 740 598 496 265 160 950 231 568 406 449 940 312 352 647 924 880 235 [73] 996 363 169 257 982 140 383 987 177 937 886 770 195 233 379 484 706 593 [91] 462 256 882 777 271 368 752 600 455 5792. S dng bng ch s ngu nhin: Chn mu ngu nhin da vo bng s ngu nhin l phng php chn mu ngu nhin rt n gin da trn cc bng s ngu nhin c thit k sn, bao gm cc s ngu nhin c lp c sp xp thun li cho vic la chn ngu nhin. Bng s ngu nhin l bng thng k cc con s c lp c xp ngu nhin phc v cho chn mu. Bng thng bao gm nhiu con s c sp xp vo mt bng in sn. Bng 105.000 s ngu nhin thp phn do Hi ng thng mi lin quc gia lp. Bng ny gm nhiu dng v ct. Cc con s c xp vo dng v ct theo kiu bn c, mi con s ny c 5 ch s. Sau y l mt trang trch trong Bng 105.000 s ngu nhin thp phn. Bng s ngu nhin

DngCt

12345678

10003703997547646733154699314668549785599965

10012514584834230095158466754777855235725532

1002984335472518864658667691878825581076835

10039796563548815458293393545859596328261454

10047804967830146241756325697077344824394318

10055020325658914780850923308481306504777873

10064005967825189346499849807711267781856869

10078435067241540313453504093350625816314205

10083095451637915004872260988600296087337423

10098672336464983050800900666292551851441958

10105018822554861609225014021658591623772296

10115001400463139063593671761957558700271667

10126602321428147429487413308585332650711208

10130445861862631190954101715879019126003079

10145751036314304520971237714954823050768475

10154337358939958482828860341521741187918115

10166150012763644330226857905723474949821871

10177893871312997057154642274239153840518779

10186425793218357934367164055887291116860260

10195686421554704452484104779567749612973594

10205331439631069375454504470754637711277126

10214070448823659633935912717562012281124863

10220731844623028433329959872867740692612672

10239455023299455570792375126008080131246689

10243434881191210277708710919036769772334469

10259227757115507896811175305532893975145760

10265609358302522366475650273615666196293280

10271662317849967019497194758088453226059823

10285084893982664513214305441103991777574169

10294800658200583676657768583211084136120732