KINH TE - PHAP LUAT CHAU AU

7 no HICM NONG NGHICP BD LAN: THI/C TRRNG Vfl TRICN VONG Ngay tir nhiing nam dau ciia the ky 19,

bao hiem ndng nghiep da dugc hinh thanh, trien khai va ngay cang nhan dugc sy itng hd lieh cyc eua cac nudc tren the gidi. Md hinh frien khai hinh thiic bao hiem ndng nghiep theo hinh thiic hgp tac cdng tu (PPP) giua Nha nudc, doanh nghiep bdo hiem va ngudi dan dugc phat trien va hoat dpng vdi quy mo ngay cdng rpng Idn. Tai Ba Lan, bao hiem nong nghiep ngay cdng ddng vai trd quan trpng khdng chi bdi hinh thiic bdo hiem cho cac nii ro ma ngudi ndng dan cd the gap phai ma edn la nhan td tich cyc thiic day boat dpng san xuit ndng nghiep phat frien theo dinh hudng chinh sach phat trien ndng nghiep bin virng va than thien vdi mdi trudng. Trong nhirng nam qua, ehinh phii Ba Lan ngay cang khdng dinh vai trd chii dao trong cdng tde giam sdt, quan ly ciing nhu hodn Ihien chinh saeh, khudn khd luat bdo hilm, la nin tang thiic day cac hoat dpng bdo hilm phat triln. Ben canh dd, vdi hinh thiic ldi trg phi bao hiem eung nhu thyc hien cac chuang trinh hd trg tdi ehinh eho cac hp ndng ddn iing phd vdi eac thdm hga thien lai, djeh b?nh, hoat ddng bdo hilm ndng nghiep Ba Lan ngdy cang dat dugc sy thanh cdng

T h s . Bui V i e t HuTig Vien Nghien cuu Chau Au

vdi so lugng frang frai, dien lich miia vy, cay trdng vat nuoi ngay cang gia tang, ddng gop vao sy phat frien nen ndng nghiep Ba Lan.

\. Cff Sff ly luan, khung phap ly bao

hiem nong nghiep Ba Lan

Ndng nghiep la mpl nganh san xuat vat

chat quan trgng, cung cap luang thuc va

thuc pham cho con ngudi, nguyen lieu cho

ngdnh edng nghiep nhe, edng nghiep thye

pham va hang hda de xudt khdu. Ndng

nghiep cung la nganh thu hiit nhieu lao ddng

xa hgi, gdp phan ddng gdp khdng nhd vao

GDP. Mdt trong nhirng dac trung noi bat

ciia cac sdn pham ndng nghiep ndi chung la

chiu nhieu yeu id nii ro bdi ddi lugng trong

san xudt ndng nghiep la co the sdng, cay

trdng, vat nudi chiu dnh hudng tryc tiep ciia

cac yeu td tu nhien, dieu kien cham sdc ky

thuat, che dp khai thdc sir dung cdc sdn

pham ndng nghiep, che dp bao ve phdng tru

sau benh. Ben canh do, san xuat ndng

nghiep thudng trai tren pham vi rdng ldn,

chju anh hudng tryc tiep cua cac dieu kien ly nhien, xa hpi va mdi Irudng.

16 NGHIEN CCru CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N10 (157].2013

Bdo hiem trong nong nghiep la mdt san pham bao hiem truyen thdng, nam frong nhdm cae san pham bao hiem phi nhan Ihg tren thj trudng bdo hiem the gidi. Bdo hiem ndng nghiep khdng phdi la nghiep vu kinh doanh dan thuan ma mang tinh xa hdi eao, tuy nhien lai chiem thi phan rat nhd fren thi Irudng bao hiem the gidi'. Hien nay, tai nhieu qudc gia, bao hiem ndng nghiep la mdt nhan td quan frpng trong chien luge quan ly nii ro loan dien.^

Dgc diem: La loai hinh kinh doanh cd nguy CO thua Id cao vi riii ro trong san xual nong nghiep Id rat ldn va mang lan xudt thudng xuyen. Ddi tugng bao hiem ndng nghiep rat phong phii, da dang, rat khd thuc hien cdng tac quan iy nii ro, den bii cac thiet hai, dc phat sinh cac hien tugng true Igi bdo hiem (moral hazard problems). Theo Ramiro Iturrioz (2009), san xuat ndng nghiep phai ddi mat vdi vd sd ede yeu td nii ro. Tuy nhien, theo dng, hai yeu td nii ro ca ban la: Rui ro ve gia, gay ra bdi su bien ddng that thudng ve gia do qua trinh ty do hda thuang mai; Nhiing nii ro frong sdn xuat ndng nghiep bi tac ddng cua cdc yeu td thdi fret vd bien doi khi hau. Rui ro frong ndng nghiep khdng chi anh hudng den cac ndng hg ma cdn anh hudng den ca chudi gia tri kinh doanh ndng nghiep nhu ehinh phii, cac td chirc tai chinh, cac nha cung cap nguyen lieu

dau vao, ndng dan, cdc td ehiic kinh doanh va ngudi freu thy^.

Bao hiem ndng nghiep la hinh thiie giiip ngudi ndng dan gidm bdt khd khan khi xay ra thien tai, dich benh. Bao cao cua Ngan hang The gidi (WB) nam 2008 cho thay, chuang trinh bao hiem ndng nghiep da va dang duge frien khai tai hon 100 qudc gia tren toan the gidi"*. Hien nay, tai Ba Lan, mirc dau tu cho ndng nghiep ciia cdc nong hd, trang frai ngay cang ldn, ben canh do, mirc dp nii ro do thdi tiet that thudng, thien tai, dich benh eiing ngay mdt gia tang, chinh vi vay bao hiem ndng nghiep ciia Ba Lan ngay cdng ddng vai trd quan frpng ddi vdi viec duy tri, thiic day san xuat ndng nghiep phat trien.

Tuy nhien, vdi nguyen tac chung ciia bdo hiem Id lay sd ddng tham gia bii eho so il bi thiet hai va neu xay ra nii ro ma co it ngudi tham gia bao hiem thi cdng ty bao hiem se phdi chiu thua Id. Vi vdy, de han che thua Id, cae cdng ty bao hiem se tang chi phi, khi dd ngudi ndng dan lai khdng muon tham gia. Ben canh do edn cd nguyen tdc chon loc phdn tdn rui ro bdo hiem, tire la khdng phai mgi rui ro deu dugc bao hilm. Xuit phat tir yeu cau an loan trong kinh doanh (cdng ty bao hiem la mdt doanh nghiep frong nen kinh te thi trudng), dl bao loan ddng vdn ciia minh, eae doanh nghiep bao hilm phai lya

www.worldbank.ore/nbfi ^ http://www.gfdrr.org/sites/gfdrr.org/files/dccuments/ DRn_AI_Concept Jan 11 .pdf

^ www.woridbankorp/nhfi

http://www.efdrr.org/sites/gfdjT.orp/files/dncimients/ DRFI AI Concent Janll.pdf

(Bda hiem nStig nghiep.... 17

chpn khaeh hang, lua chpn ddi tugng vd pham vi bdo hiem. Doanh nghiep bao hiem cd quyen tir chdi bdo hiem frong trudng hgp khach hang khdng bao dam cac quy dinh phap luat ve ddi tugng bao hiem ciing nhu miic do nii ro qua cao va gan nhu tat yeu. Ngoai ra, nham phan tan riii ro trong boat ddng kinh doanh bao hiem, cac doanh nghiep kinh doanh bdo hiem thyc hien viec phdn tdn nii ro dudi nhieu hinh thuc nhu: dong bao hiem hoac tai bao hiem. Tdi bdo hiem la phuang thiic phan tan nii ro, theo dd doanh nghiep bao hiem chuyen bdt mdt phdn nii ro cho doanh nghiep bdo hiem khac (doanh nghiep tai bao hiem) bang mpt phan tuang ling vdi sd phi bao hiem. Khi xay ra su kien bao hilm, ben bao hiem thyc hien nghTa vu chi trd tien bdo hiem iheo hgp ddng bao hiem cho ben thu hudng, sau dd ben bao hiem cd quyen ddi ben tai bao hiem mot khodn lien luong ling vdi frach nhiem hg da cam ket. Cdn dong bdo hiem la hoat ddng bao hiem do nhieu doanh nghiep bao hiem ciing chap nhdn mpl dich vu bdo hiem theo mpt ti le phin trdm nhit dinh trudc ddi tugng bao hiem...

Vdi miic do phirc lap nhu vay, de thyc hi^n thdnh cdng chuang trinh bao hiem ndng nghiep xet tren cdc gde dp: ngudi ndng dan, doanh nghiep bao hiem va nha nude, trong thdi gian qua, Ba Lan da cd nhiing ehiin luge va dinh hudng phat trien cu the nhu sau:

2. Khuon kho Luat Bao hiem Nong nghiep

Cling nhu mgt sd cac qudc gia chau Au khac, hinh thiic bao hiem ndng nghiep cua Ba Lan da xuat hien kha sdm, tu nhirng nam dau ciia the ky 19. Tai thdi diem dd, hoat dgng bao hiem ndng nghiep chi don thudn la hinh thitc bdt budc tham gia bdo hiem chay. Cach thiic hoat ddng theo hinh ihiic bao hiem nay khd dan gian. Tat ca cac ddu moi bao hiem giiia ben mua va ben ban dugc thyc hien qua Hiep hoi chdy no (Fire Association), cac dao lual quy djnh dugc soan thao vao cdc nam 1803 va sira doi vao nam 1807. Sau The chien thu Hai, bao hiem chay mdt lan nira dugc dua vao va dp dung vdi ba dac trung: dam bao tinh phd quat, tinh diy dii va tinh chac chan. Tir nhirng nam 1990 din nay, dac biet giai doan nhiing nam diu thi ky 21, Ba Lan quyet liet thuc hien qud trinh chuyen doi nen kinh te theo hudng thi tnrdng va hdi nhap Lien minh Chau Au nhim thyc hien cac cam ket gia nhap ciing nhu ehiin luge "bdt kip", bao hiem nong nghiep Ba Lan da chinh thiic duoc the ehe hda vd quy dinh cu the trong cac dao luat bao hilm nhu Dao luat Trg cdp bao hiem Miia vu va Vat nuoi trang trai thang 7/2005.

Theo quy dinh, cac hoat ddng bao hiem ndng nghiep ciia Ba Lan duoc chia thdnh hai loai: Bdo hiem bdt buoc (Compusoty insurance) dp dung ddi vdi hinh thiic bdo hilm frang trai (cac tai san trang trai nhu

NGHIEN CiJru CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N10 (157].2013

may mdc thiet bi san xuat ndng nghiep, tda nha va trach nhiem thyc hien bao hiem vdi ben thir ba) vd bdo hiem tu nguyen (Volunta)y insurance) ap dung ddi vdi cac loai bao hiem cay trdng, vdt nudi va cac hinh thiic hd tra cua nha nudc cho boat ddng san xuat ndng nghiep bi anh hudng bdi cae yeu td thien tai, tham hpa.

Nha nudc vdi vai trd thiic day sy phat

tnen cua thi trudng bao hiem, thong qua cac

ca quan. Id chiic kinh te tai chinh true tiep

quan ly va giam sat cac boat ddng bdo hiem

ndng nghiep, danh gia va hodn thien khung

phap ly Luat Bao hiem Ndng nghiep. Do

vay, Dao luat Bao hiem Ndng nghiep Ba Lan

tiep tuc dugc chinh sira, hoan thien va thdng

qua vao cac nam sau do (27/4/2006 va ngdy 7/3/2007)^. Hoan thien kliudn khd Luat dugc xem la mdt trong nhirng giai phap hang dau

ciia chinh phii Ba Lan trong viec thiic day

hoat dpng bao hiem noi chung va bao hiem

nong nghiep noi rieng, Chinh vi vay, qua ddu

moi cua Hiep hdi Bao hiem Ba Lan (Polish Insurance Association), nghien ciiu va danh gia tinh kha thi ciia Luat Bao hiem ludn dugc

tni trgng va trien khai. Theo bao cdo ciia

Hiep hdi Bao hiem Ba Lan, trong nam 2011,

Hiep hpi da tnen kliai 70 du an khdo sat va

hodn thien Lual Bao hiem, qua dd chuyen tai

120 vdn bdn ludt cho tat ed cac thanh vien

cua Hiep hdi. Trong ITnh vyc bao hiem

ndng nghiep, Luat Bdo hiem Miia vu va

Trang trai ndng nghiep, bdo hiem Chi so

Ndng nghiep tiep tuc dugc Hiep hgi triln

khai va hoan thien.

Den nay, sau kha nhieu cudc ehinh siia,

bd sung va hoan thien, Luat Bdo hiem Nong

nghiep cua Ba Lan da quy dinh cu the nhttng

van de nhu: Pham vi bao hiem, nghTa vu cua

edc ben tham gia hgp ddng bao hiem; Lam ro

cac khai niem nii ro trong bao hiem; Bo sung

cdc dieu khodn can thiep cua nha nudc doi

vdi viec bdi thudng trong trudng hgp han

han; Khai niem ve han han dugc bd sung; Bo

sung edc dieu khodn thanh toan, giai quyet

bdi thudng giira edc doanh nghiep bao hiem

vdi Bg Nong nghiep va Phdt trien Nong thon

va cac quy dinh ap dung danh cho cde doanh

nghiep tham gia bao hiem ndng nghiep...

La mdt thdnh vien eiia EU, Ba Lan bupc

phai tudn thii nhiing hudng dan eiing nhu

khudn khd luat eiia Uy ban Chau Au frong

ITnh vuc bao hiem ndng nghiep nhu:

- Quy dinh hudng ddn vien trg nhd nuoc trong ITnh vye ndng nghiep (Communis guideline for state aid in agriculture EC,

2000); Cac dieu khodn sira ddi eua EC nam 2006.

Aleksandra Szel^owska, "Agricultural crop ^ ^ ^ insurance in Poland (2010)". ftr,--. . ,, / ( ,- ,o ^ ^^ "3ng nam cua Hiep hoi Bao hiem Ba Lan. htlp://ww.aRroinsurance.conVen/pralice/?pi hi.o^/faiu.or. n1/n.,inn.l-r. J , , , ! . d=l1395

(Bdo hiem nong nghiep.... 19

- Quy dinh hudng ddn vien frg nha nudc frong ITnh vuc ndng lam nghiep giai doan

2007-2013, Chuang V.

Quy dinh EC sd 73/2009 ngay 19/1/2009 hudng dan ke hoach ho fro tryc

tiep cho cdc hd ndng ddn theo chinh sdeh

ndng nghiep ehung. Quy dinh nay dugc bd sung va hodn thien tren co sd Quy dinh so 247/2006, sd 378/2007.

Quy dinh EC sd 1857/2006 ngay 15/12/2006 ddi vdi viec hd trg cae doanh

nghiep vira va nhd boat ddng trong ITnh vyc

san xuit ndng nghiep. Ddi vdi ITnh vuc trg

cap cho cac ndng hd, ke tir 1/1/2010 cac hd

ndng dan tai 27 nudc thdnh vien EU chua

tung cd hgp ddng bao hiem trudc do ddi vdi

il nhit mdt nira san lugng (mua vu) se nhan dugc mpt nira sd tien trong Irudng hgp co

thien tai (Dilu khoan EC 1857, 2006).

3. Nhung loai hinh san pham bao

hiem nong nghidp Ba Lan

Bdt diu tir nhirng ndm 1990, Bao hilm Bdng nghiep cua Ba Lan quy dinh cd hai hinh thiie bdo hiem Id: Bdo hiem bdt bugc (Compusory Insurance) dp dung bat bupc cac hd nong dan phai mua bdo hiem cho cdc frang friii vd bao hiem frdeh nhiem cho ben thir ba TPL (Third party liability); Bdo hiem tlf nguydn (Voluntary Insurance) ap dung vdi bao hilm theo miia vu (Crop insurances) vd bdo hilm v^t nudi (Livestock insurances).

Bdo hiem bat buoc TPL dp dung vdi cdc hd ndng dan nham bao hiem nhung nii ro ed the xay ra cho ben thii ba khi cdc hd ndng dan, ngudi true frep phai mua bao hiein hoac cac thanh vien gia dinh ngudi tham gia bdo hiem thye hien qua trinh san xudt, canh tae ndng nghiep gay dnh hudng true tiep den eae ben thii ba.

Bdo hiem bat buoc doi v&i trang trgi nhdm bao hiem cac rui ro cd the xay ra nhu: chay nd, gid bao, mua da, lii lut, mua set...

Mac du quy dinh ciia Ludt Bdo hiem bat budc cdc hg ndng ddn phai tham gia ddy du bdo hiem ndng nghiep bat budc, nhung do mpt vai ly do ma den nay, Iheo ttnh toan cua Van phdng Giam sat Tdi chinh Ba Lan (Polish Financial Supervision Authority), ti le cac ndng hd tham gia bao hiem bat bupc trang trai mdi chi dat 90%, bao hiem trach nhiem ben thii ba la 88% .

Bdo hiem tu nguyen (Voluntary Insurance).

Bdo hiem theo miia vu (Crop insurances) cijng la loai hinh bdo hiem kha phd biln tai hau het cac nudc thanh vien EU,

gdn liln vdi viec chia se cdc nii ro Hen quan

den san lugng, doanh thu, thu nhap ndng hg

bi tac ddng bdi nhiing nii ro thien tai nhu

mua da, s im set, ban ban, lu lut, suong

mudi... vd cde loai rui ro khac nhu mat trpm,

cudp...

'' http://piu.orp.pl/confcrcncc-report s/project/l 526/pagination/1

20 NGHIEN CClU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N10 (157).2013

Bdo hiem vdt nuoi (Livestock insurances): La loai hinh bao hiem ddi vdi eac loai nii ro chinh ciia ngdnh chan nudi tai Ba Lan nhu ve sinh, dich benh, van de ve mdi trudng..., nham giam thieu nhiing nii ro ciing nhu den bu cho cae ndng hd.

Mac dil mang tinh tu nguyen, song ti le tham gia bao hiem ciia cdc ndng hp d Ba Lan dac biet cao. Mdt trong nhung ddu an tac dpng manh me den hoat ddng bao hiem ndng nghiep ciia nudc nay chi'nh Id su kien lii lut nam 1997. Theo so lieu thdng ke, can lii da pha huy va gay ra nhirng tac dgng khdng thi ludng trudc dugc vdi 130 nghin trang trai, 448 nghin dien tich dat canh tac nong nghiep bi pha huy, gay thiet hai len din 2,7 frieu zioty. Nhiing tac dpng do da gay ra nhiing cii soc Idn cho khong chi cho cac hd nong dan ma cdn khien ehinh phii Ba Lan phai friln khai ngay eac chuong trinh ho trg khin cip

vdi ngan sach hd trg len din hang frieu zlotyl

Theo sd lieu thdng ke, nam 2011 Ba Lan da cd 61 edng ty bao hiem boat ddng trong ITnh vyc bao hilm nhan thg vd phi nhan thp. Trong mot mdi trudng eanh franh khd khde liet nhdm Ihu hiit edc khdch hang

Monika Krawiec, "The Scope and Scale of Agricultural Insurance in Poland". wvi^v.ipsapa.it/.../KRAWIF.r

tham gia bao hiem, cac cdng ty bao hiem da thyc hien cae gdi bdo hiem khac nhau. Nhu vay, cdn cii vao pham vi bao hiem, bao hilm ndng nghiep cua Ba Lan lai dugc ehia ra:

Bdo hiem riii ro dan nhdt (Single-risk insurance) hinh thue bdo hiem chi tap tnmg vao mdt loai nii ro duy nhat la mua da hodc bd sung them mdt sd ede dieu khodn nii ro cgng them nhu chdy, suong mudi... Hinh thirc nay ciing duge dp dung kha phd bien 6 mdt sd nudc Ddng Au nhu Bungaiy, Hungary, Cdng hda See.

Bdo hiem rui ro ket hap (Combined-risk insurance) - Hinh thiic bao hilm eho 2 hoae nhieu han nira cae nii ro Irong cung mpt hgp ddng bdo hiem. Vi du, cae nong ho cd the mua hgp ddng bdo hilm eho phin bao hiem nii ro la mua da, lii lut, bao trong ciing mgt hgp ddng bao hiem. So lieu bdng 1 dudi day eho thay nhung nhiing nii ro chinh dugc bao hiem frong tbdi gian qua. Trong s6 cac nii ro dugc bdo hiem, nii ro mua da va suong gid la nhung nii ro chinh frong cac hgp ddng bao hiem ndng nghiep cua Ba Lan.

Xet ve CO cau edc loai hinh bao hiem (bieu dd), ngoai trir hai hmh thuc bao hiem bat bugc la frang frai vd traeh nhiem dan su ben thii ba thi bdo hiem miia vu hien van chiem ti frgng ldn nhdt frong eg ciu bao hiem ndng nghiep eua Ba Lan.

(Bdo hiim nong nghiep.. 21

Bdng 1: Ctf cau rui ro duffc bao hiem cua Ba Lan qua cac nam Dan vi: Nghin hap dong bdo hiem

Rui ro

Mua da

Suong gia miia xuan

Tac dpng tieu cue cua mua dong

Han han

Lulut

Bao

Mua bao

Set

Sat lo dk

2008

88.4

72.2

71.7

14.1

13.7

13.7

13.7

13.6

13.6

2009

174.5

67.8

44.6

9

1.9

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3

2010

188

73 6

50.8

1.5

2.1

4.6

4.6

4.6

4.6

2011

171.8

69.9

54.2

0.6

0.6

5

5

4.9

4.9

Nguon: Andrzej Jane "Difficulties in the functioning of crop and livestock insurances in Poland in the years 2006-2012" http://piu.org.pI/conference-reports/project/I526/pagination/l

Bieu do 1: Cc cau va cac loai hinh bao hiem nong nghiep tai Ba Lan nam 2011 J0O7J vi: Tneu zloty

Nguon: hllp://piu.ors.pl/conference-reports/proicct/1526 pimiiuituiii 1

22 NGHIEN CIJlU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N10 (157).2013

4. Cach thirc to chirc hoa t dpng

bao hiem ndng nghiep va vai t rd ciia

C h i n h phil

He thdng bao hiem nong nghiep cua Ba

Lan hoat ddng dudi sy qudn ly trye tiep eiia

Chinh phu Ihdng qua cac to chiie nhu: Vien

Bao hiem qudc gia Ba Lan (The National Insuarance Institute), Hiep hpi Bao hiem Ba Lan (Polish Insurance Association), Co quan Giam sat Tai chinh Ba Lan (Polish Financial Supervision Authority)... Trong do:

Ca quan Gidm sdt Tdi chinh Ba Lan:

Chju trach nhiem giam sat ve mat tai chinh cac doanh nghiep bao hiem trong va ngoai

nudc. Kiem tra vd giam sat qua trinh thanh

toan, boi thudng bao hiem cho ngudi dan,

miic phi va ti le phi bao hiem...

Hiep hgi Bdo hiem Ba Lan: Thyc hien

vai trd ket noi, truyen tdi thdng tin giira

Chinh phu den cac thanh vien cong ty bao

hiem. Dong gdp y kien phan bien eiing nhu

thyc hien cac dy an danh gia tinh kha Ihi cua

Luat Bao hiem...

Vien Bdo hiem quoc gia Ba Lan: Chiu

trach nhiem danh gid miic dp thiet hai cua

cae trang trai ndng nghiep. Theo Ludt Bao

hiem siia doi nam 2005, Vien Bao hilm quoc

gia se danh gid miic dp thiet hai ddi vdi miia

vu dugc bao hiem vdi sy cd mat ciia cae

ndng hd vd Hdi ddng dia phuang. Viec tinh

todn se tien hanh vdi dien tich thuc t l bi thiet

hai. Cdng tae danh gia thiet hai dugc tiln

hanh ddc lap ddi vdi timg trang frai. Sau 14

ngay, miic thiet hai do Vien Bao hiem dua ra

se duge bdi thudng. Neu dien tieh bi thiet hai

ldn hon dien tfch khai bao frong hgp dong

bao hiem, sd tien bdi thudng se khdng vuot

qua mue quy dinh da ky ket trong hgp dong

bdo hiem. Cdng tac bdi thudng duge thanh

loan ngay sau ngay thu hoach mua vu, nhimg

khdng mugn qua ngay 30/11 cua nam do.

Neu miic den bii vugt qud doanh thu phi bao

hiem, NIT se sii dung Quy Dy trii (Rererve Fund) de thanh toan .

Miic phi bao hiem dugc ehinh phu frg

cap mdt phan, mdt phan do ngudi dan tir

thanh todn theo quy djnh eua NII. Miic phi ndy dugc chinh phii Ba Lan thdng bao rpng

rai vd cdng khai tren cdc phuang tien tmyen

thdng dai chiing.

Viec xay dung bieu phi bdo hiem ciia

cac cdng ty bao hiem Ba Lan khd da dang,

tuy thugc va edc loai hinh bao hiem la bat

bugc hay tu nguyen. Ben eanh do, doi vdi

bao hiem miia vu, cac y lu Id nhu: tan suat

xay ra cac yeu td thien tai nhu mua da, Iu lut,

suong mudi, set, sat Id di t . . . frong mgt

khoang thdi gian fren mgt don vi dien tich

ciing la nhiing can cii de tinh toan ti le phi

bdo hiem khae nhau.

http://books.gooele.com.vn/books

(Bdo hiem nong nghiep... 23

Tro cdp phi bdo hiem cua Chinh phu trong linh vuc bdo hiem nong nghiep

Mlie phi bao hiem duac chinh phii cac nudc thdnh vien EU frg cap rat da dang, tiiy thude vdo ehinh sdeh ciia timg nudc trong viec thiic day san xuat ndng nghiep phat tnen ben viing, thuc day miic do bao phii ciia eac hgp ddng bdo hiem hay dan thudn md rgng ra ddi vdi cdc ITnh vye bd frg cho san xudt nong nghiep, hoac cdc loai hinh trang trai, dam bao thu nhap eho cdc ndng hp. Vi dy, chinh phii Italy hd trg 61% tdng miic phi bdo hiem, Tay Ban Nha 49% bao gdm ca trg cap khu vyc; Cdng hda Sec 15% cho bao hiem vat nuoi va 30% bao hiem mua vu'". Bdo cao mdi day cua Ngan hang The gidi WB cho thiy, trg cip miic phi bao hiem ndng nghiep cho ngudi dan dugc xem la hinh thiic can thiep d hiu het chinh phii cdc quoc gia. Miic trg cap phi binh qudn ciia nhdm nudc nay dat 50% tdng mirc phi bao hiem. Dac biet, d mgt sd nude dang phat trien, miic trg cap phi bdo hilm danh cho bao hiem miia vy len den 70%. Nam 2007, tdng miic trg eip ciia Chinh phu tai 65 nudc da len din 6,6 ti USD, chilm 44% long miie phi bao hiem, frong dd frg cap bdo hilm mua vy 5,8 ti USD danh eho trg cip phi bao hilm mua vu (WB, 2010) '

http://ec europa cu/apriculture/analvsis/extemal/insurd ncc/ " Oliver Mahul, Government suport to agricultural insuarance: https://openknowledge-worldbank.org/bil5tream/handl

Tai Ba Lan, ndng nghiep ddng vai trd quan frpng'froiig nen kinh le, chiem 12,7% lyc lugng lao ddng va ddng gdp 3,8% GDP da cd nhieu chuyen bien tich cyc nhd ed sy frg giiip ciia EU ddi vdi cac ndng trai vira va nhd. Trudc hdi nhap, nhieu ngudi lo ngai khu vuc ndng nghiep hi anh hudng tieu cue nhieu, nhung thyc te kliu vyc ndng nghiep Ba Lan lai dugc hudng lgi nhieu nhat trong qua trinh hdi nhap do cdc chi'nh sach nong nghiep chung ciia EU mang lai. Cdc cong eu ciia chinh sach chung ve ndng nghiep ciia EU CO dnh hudng lich cyc den thu nhdp trong sdn xuat ndng nghiep vd cdi thien tinh binh tai chinh ciia ngudi nong dan. Nam 2008, thu nhap frung binh ciia mdt lao ddng trong ndng nghiep Ba Lan tang 90% so vdi nam 2000. Viec bai bo cdc rao can thuang mai giira Ba Lan va EU sau khi gia nhap da Iam tang siic eanh tranh ve gia cac san pham ndng nghiep cua Ba Lan.

Ben canh sy ho tro tdi chinh ngdy cang ldn eiia Chi'nh sdeh Ndng nghiep chung Chau Au (CAP), Chuang trinh phat trien Nong nghiep ndng thdn giai doan 2007-2013 ciia Ba Lan ciing da thiet lap cdc quy hd frg phal trien san xuat ndng nghiep nhu: Quy Phat trien vd Hien dai hda cac trang trai ndng nghiep va cac doanh nghiep, Quy Qudc gia

e/10986/2432/53881 OPUBQGovc 101 OfficialOUscOOn Ivl .pdf.'sequence= 1

24 NGHIEN CCru CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N10 (157].20T3

thuc hien Chien luge phat trien ben viing

khu vuc ndng thdn...

Chinh phii ho trg sdn xuat ndng nghiep

bang ngudn ngdn sach qudc gia bao gdm

cdc khoan trg cap ha miie lai sudt ddnh cho

khoan tin dung tir ngan hang ndng nghiep

vd cac don vi che bien thye pham. Van

phong Tai thiet va Hien dai hda Ndng

nghiep (Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture ARMA) ehiu trach nhiem phdi hgp vdi cac ngan

hang giai ngan cdc hgp ddng tin dung vdi

lai suat uu ddi.

Trong nam 2010, van phdng ARMA da

thuc hien 12 chucmg frinh tin dung vdi lai

suat uu dai 2%/nam danh cho cae ndng hd

fre, chuang trinh tin dung mua dat, trang trai

va hien dai hda trang frai va cac chuang trinh

tin dung dau tu ca ban nhu mua sam ede

thiet bl may mdc, trang thiet bi ndng

nghiep... Cdn cir tirng trudng hgp cy the, cac

chuang trinh hd trg cua Chinh phu se cap tin

dung cho thdi han tir 8-20 nam. Ben eanh dd,

Chinh phu da thye hien chuang frinh hd frg

tin dung dp dung eho edc trudng hgp phdng

ngii'a va gidi quyet sau tham hpa vdi thdi ban

4 ndm.

Chinh phii eiing thue hien viee fro cip

ngdn sdeh ddi vdi dan gia siie bj suy giam.

dich benh, chet eiing nhu ddnh phdn Idn

ngan sdeh ho frg cde ndng hd kiem fra benh

bd dien ddi vdi 108 nghin eon bd, 5,6 nghin

con cim...; Thyc hien chuang trinh hd trg

ngan sach thiie day cdc hoat ddng frdng rimg

tai eac khu vye frgng diem uu tien ciia Chinh

phii; Hd frg canh tac tai cac khu vyc cd dieu

kien tu nhien khdng thuan lgi, dat dai can

cdi...

Tinh cho giai doan tir 2004-2010, Ngan

hang Ba Lan hgp tac vdi ARMA da thyc

hien giai ngdn 407.636 hgp ddng tin dyng uu

dai vdi tdng sd lien len den 31,89 ti Zloty,

frong dd 151,121 hgp ddng tin dyng danh

cho cac ndng hd fre vdi sd tien 14,32 ti

Zloty, ehiem 37,07% tdng tien gidi ngan.'^

Ndm 2011, ARMA da thyc hien gidi ngan

18.999 hgp ddng tin dung vdi lai suat uu dai,

tdng gia fri giai ngan len den 679 frieu

Zloty.'^

Bieu do thdng ke trg cap ngan sach ciia

Chinh phii eho bao hi lm ndng nghiep cho

thay miic chi tieu cho boat ddng hd frg bao

hiem ndng nghiep ludn thip ban djnh miic ngdn sach da dugc thdng qua.

'^ www.minrol.pov.pl '^ Aleksandra Szel^ows. Poland's road to efficient risk management through farm insurances. Difficulties and development prospeclska.

(Bdo hient nong. nghiip... 25

Bieu do 2: Tro* c^p ngan sach cua chinh phu Ba Lan cho BHNN

Offn v i : Trieu Euro

200

0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Ngan sach phan bb Chi tieu ngan sach

Nguon: Aleksandra Szelqgowska: "Agricultural crop insurance in Poland (2010)". hltp://www.agrotnsurance.coni/en/pratice/?pid^ll395

5. NhuTig ket qua dat du-gc cua bao hiem nong nghiep Ba Lan trong nhirng dan. Nam 2011, dien tich dugc bao hiem da nam qua len den 3 frieu ha, chiem 1/5 dien tich dat

Sd lieu trong Bieu dd 3 eho thiy dien ndng nghiep Ba Lan, phi bdo hiem miia vu tich di t ndng nghiep dugc bao hiem tang nam 2011 da dat con sd 270 trieu Zioty.

Bieu do 3: Di6n tich mOa vu dirffc bao hiem qua cac nam Don vi: trieu ha

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012*

Nguon: Andrzej Jane "Difficulties in the functioning of crop and livestock insurances in Poland in the years 2006-2012" http://piu.org.pI/conference-reports/project/1526/pagination/l

26 NGHIEN cOU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N10 (157).2013

Bdng 3: Mirc phi bao hilm nong nghiep va mirc boi thuwng bao hiem Dan vi: Don vi: Trieu Zloty

2008 2O09 2010 2011 2012*

Nguon: http://piu.org.pI/conference-reports/proiect/1526/pasination/l

Biiu do 4: Phi bao hiem cay trong Ba Lan qua cac nam Ban vi: Trieu Zloty.

200G 2007 2003 2 COS

Nguon: http://piu.org.pI/conference-reports/proiect/1526/pagination/l

Tom Iai: Trong nhung nam qua, tuy cdn mdt sd khd khan va ban che nhat dinh, song bao hiem ndng nghiep Ba Lan ngdy eang khang dinh tam quan frgng trong viec thiic ddy su phat frien ben vung nen ndng nghiep Ba Lan, tao cho Ba Lan chd diing virng chdc fren thi trudng EU va the gidi ciing nhu dam bdo thu nhap cho ngudi dan tnrdc mgi nii ro. Vdi cac san pham bao hiem da dang, mdt khudn khd luat ro rdng, mgt co che quan ly tai chinh minh bach, boat ddng bao hiem ndng nghiep Ba Lan da gat hai

nhiing thanh cdng ngay edng ldn. Trong tam nhin den 2020, vdi dinh hudng phdt trien va hoan thien bd cdng cu chi sd quan ly nil ro, Ba Lan ky vgng se thuc hien bd sung cac hmh thiic bdo hiem mdi nhu bao hilm nong nghiep theo chi sd, bdo hiem doanh thu... Hy vpng vdi ke hoaeh va chuang frinh sap tdi, Ba Lan se dat dugc nhimg thanh edng hem niia va nhirng kinh nghiem trong triln khai bao hiem ndng nghiep Ba Lan se la nhiing bdi hpe quy bau cho nhtrng nudc dang triln khai chuang trinh nay./.