Bio Metrics 4

8/14/2019 Bio Metrics 4

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BIOMETRICSBIOMETRICS


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CONTENTSCONTENTS

IntroductionIntroduction HistoryHistory General systemGeneral system

Finger Print RecognitionFinger Print Recognition Hand GeometryHand Geometry IrisIris Speaker VerificationSpeaker Verification Performance & ApplicationPerformance & Application ConclusionConclusion


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AIMS AT..AIMS AT..

Forget passwords ...Forget passwords ...

Forget pin numbers ...Forget pin numbers ...

Forget all your security concerns ...Forget all your security concerns ...

WHY USE IT?WHY USE IT?

Tokens, such as smart cards, magnetic stripe cardsand physical keys can beTokens, such as smart cards, magnetic stripe cardsand physical keys can be

lost, stolen, or duplicated.lost, stolen, or duplicated. Passwords can be forgotten, shared, or unintentionally observed by a thirdPasswords can be forgotten, shared, or unintentionally observed by a third

party.party.

Forgotten passwords and lost smart cards are a nuisance for users and wasteForgotten passwords and lost smart cards are a nuisance for users and waste

the expensive time of system administrators.the expensive time of system administrators. Can potentially prevent unauthorized access to or fraudulent use of ATMs,

cellular phones, smart cards, desktop PCs, workstations, and computernetworks


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WHAT IS BIOMETRICSWHAT IS BIOMETRICS??

Automated methodAutomated method --automatic identification of of person usingautomatic identification of of person usinghuman body as a password.human body as a password.

Pattern recognition systemPattern recognition system --computer systems can record andcomputer systems can record andrecognize the patterns, hand shapes, ear lobe contours, and a host ofrecognize the patterns, hand shapes, ear lobe contours, and a host of

other physical characteristics .other physical characteristics .

Specific physiological or behavioral characteristicsSpecific physiological or behavioral characteristics Physiological characteristics -> visible parts of the human body whichPhysiological characteristics -> visible parts of the human body which

include fingerprint, retina, palm geometry, iris, facial structure, etc.include fingerprint, retina, palm geometry, iris, facial structure, etc.

Behavioral characteristics ->what a person does which include voiceBehavioral characteristics ->what a person does which include voice

prints, signatures, typing patterns, key-stroke pattern, gait which isprints, signatures, typing patterns, key-stroke pattern, gait which isaffected by mood, stress, fatigue, and how long ago you woke upaffected by mood, stress, fatigue, and how long ago you woke up


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HISTORYHISTORY Fingerprints were first used to identify individuals in ancient ChinaFingerprints were first used to identify individuals in ancient China The Henry Classification system, named after Edward Henry whoThe Henry Classification system, named after Edward Henry who

developed and first implemented the system in 1897 in India, was thedeveloped and first implemented the system in 1897 in India, was the

first method of classification for fingerprint identification based onfirst method of classification for fingerprint identification based onphysiological characteristicsphysiological characteristics First commercial use of biometrics was in the 1960's and 1970's.First commercial use of biometrics was in the 1960's and 1970's. In the late 1960's FBI developed a system for automaticallyIn the late 1960's FBI developed a system for automatically

checking /comparing and verifying fingerprints.checking /comparing and verifying fingerprints. In early 1970's FBI installed automatic fingerprinting scanning system.In early 1970's FBI installed automatic fingerprinting scanning system.

In late 1970's Idnetiymat installed the first biometrics physical accessIn late 1970's Idnetiymat installed the first biometrics physical accesscontrol systems in top secret US Government sites. The system wascontrol systems in top secret US Government sites. The system wasbased on Hand Geometry.based on Hand Geometry.

Late 1970s development of voice recognition systems.Late 1970s development of voice recognition systems. 1980's Biometrics systems using Iris scan and that with face1980's Biometrics systems using Iris scan and that with face

recognition system developed.recognition system developed.


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BIOMETRIC FORMSBIOMETRIC FORMS

Fingerprints Hand veinsFingerprints Hand veins

Voiceprints Retina ScanVoiceprints Retina Scan

Facial features SignatureFacial features Signature

Writing patterns Voice RecognitionWriting patterns Voice Recognition Iris patterns Facial thermographIris patterns Facial thermograph

Hand geometry OdorHand geometry Odor

Keystrokes GaitKeystrokes Gait

DNA Ear canalDNA Ear canal


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CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS

UniversalityUniversality: Every person should have the characteristic. People who are: Every person should have the characteristic. People who are

mute or without a fingerprint will need to be accommodated in some way.mute or without a fingerprint will need to be accommodated in some way.

UniquenessUniqueness: Generally, no two people have identical characteristics.: Generally, no two people have identical characteristics.

However, identical twins are hard to distinguish.However, identical twins are hard to distinguish.

PermanencePermanence: The characteristics should not vary with time. A person's face,: The characteristics should not vary with time. A person's face,

for example, may change with age.for example, may change with age.

CollectibilityCollectibility: The characteristics must be easily collectible and measurable.: The characteristics must be easily collectible and measurable. PerformancePerformance: The method must deliver accurate results under varied: The method must deliver accurate results under varied

environmental circumstances.environmental circumstances.

AcceptabilityAcceptability: The general public must accept the sample collection routines.: The general public must accept the sample collection routines.

Nonintrusive methods are more acceptable.Nonintrusive methods are more acceptable.

CircumventionCircumvention: The technology should be difficult to deceive.: The technology should be difficult to deceive.


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BIOMETRIC SYSTEMBIOMETRIC SYSTEM


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FINGERPRINTFINGERPRINT Oldest form of BiometricsOldest form of Biometrics

Highly ReliableHighly Reliable

Uses distinctive features of fingersUses distinctive features of fingers

Finger-scan biometrics is based on the distinctiveFinger-scan biometrics is based on the distinctive

characteristics of the human fingerprintcharacteristics of the human fingerprint

A fingerprint image is read from a capture deviceA fingerprint image is read from a capture device

Features are extracted from the imageFeatures are extracted from the image A template is created for comparisonA template is created for comparison


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FINGER PRINT RECOGNITIONFINGER PRINT RECOGNITION Global features-Global features-you can see with the naked eye.you can see with the naked eye.o Basic Ridge PatternsBasic Ridge Patterns

o Pattern Areao Core Point

o Delta

o Line types

o Ridge Count

Local features-Local features- Minutia Points are the tiny, unique characteristics ofMinutia Points are the tiny, unique characteristics offingerprint ridges that are used for positive identification.fingerprint ridges that are used for positive identification.

It is possible for two or more individuals to have identical global features butIt is possible for two or more individuals to have identical global features but

still have different and unique fingerprints because they have local features -still have different and unique fingerprints because they have local features -minutia points - that are different from those of others.minutia points - that are different from those of others.


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STAGES

Fingerprint Scanning

Fingerprint Matching

Fingerprint Classification


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FINGERPRINT SCANNINGIts the acquisition and recognition of a persons fingerprintcharacteristics for identification purposes optical method ->which starts with a visual image of a finger. semiconductor-generated-> electric field to image a finger

FINGERPRINT MATCHINGMinutiae-based ->techniques first find minutiae pointsand then map their relative placement on the finger.

Correlation-based ->techniques require the preciselocation of a registration point and are affected by image

translation and rotation.


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LOOP, ARCH AND WHORL


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IMAGE CAPTUREIMAGE CAPTUREMinutia matching -microscopic approach thatMinutia matching -microscopic approach that

analyzes the features of the fingerprint, such asanalyzes the features of the fingerprint, such as

the location and direction of the ridges, forthe location and direction of the ridges, for

matchingmatching

Global pattern matching- macroscopicGlobal pattern matching- macroscopic

approach where the flow of the ridges isapproach where the flow of the ridges is

compared at all locations between a pair ofcompared at all locations between a pair of

fingerprint imagesfingerprint images


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MINUTIA MATCHING

IMAGE CAPTUREIMAGE CAPTURE


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IMAGE CAPTUREIMAGE CAPTURE Optical Scanner - captures a fingerprint image using a light source refractedOptical Scanner - captures a fingerprint image using a light source refracted

through a prismthrough a prism

Thermal Scanner - very small sensor that produces a larger image of theThermal Scanner - very small sensor that produces a larger image of the

finger and is contrast-independentfinger and is contrast-independent

Capacitive Scanner - uses light to illuminate a finger placed on a glassCapacitive Scanner - uses light to illuminate a finger placed on a glass

surface and records the reflection of this light with a solid-state camerasurface and records the reflection of this light with a solid-state camera

Image ProcessingImage Processingimage features are detected and enhanced for verification against theimage features are detected and enhanced for verification against the

stored minutia file. Image enhancement is used to reduce anystored minutia file. Image enhancement is used to reduce any

distortion of the fingerprint caused by dirt, cuts, scars, sweat and drydistortion of the fingerprint caused by dirt, cuts, scars, sweat and dry

skin.skin.

Image VerificationImage VerificationAt the verification stage, the image of the fingerprint is compared against theAt the verification stage, the image of the fingerprint is compared against the

authorized users minutia file to determine a match and grant access to theauthorized users minutia file to determine a match and grant access to the

individualindividual


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IMAGE ACQUISITONIMAGE ACQUISITON


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PROCESSPROCESS


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FINGERPRINT PC LOCK


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FINGERPRINT DOOR LOCK


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ISSUESISSUESPrivacy - Comparison and storage of uniquePrivacy - Comparison and storage of unique

biological traits makes some individuals feel thatbiological traits makes some individuals feel thattheir privacy is being invaded.their privacy is being invaded.

False Rejection- False rejection occurs when aFalse Rejection- False rejection occurs when aregistered user does not gain access to theregistered user does not gain access to the

system.system.False Acceptance-False acceptance is when anFalse Acceptance-False acceptance is when an

unauthorized user gains access to aunauthorized user gains access to abiometrically protected system.biometrically protected system.

Accuracy- instances where a fingerprint mayAccuracy- instances where a fingerprint maybecome distorted and authorization will not bebecome distorted and authorization will not begranted to the user.granted to the user.

Hand GeometryHand Geometry


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Hand GeometryHand Geometry This approach uses the geometric shape of the hand for authenticating aThis approach uses the geometric shape of the hand for authenticating a

user's identity.Individual hand features are not descriptive enough foruser's identity.Individual hand features are not descriptive enough for

identification. However, it is possible to devise a method by combining variousidentification. However, it is possible to devise a method by combining various

individual features to attain robust verification.individual features to attain robust verification. Hand geometry systems use an optical camera to capture two orthogonalHand geometry systems use an optical camera to capture two orthogonal

twodimensional images of the palm and sides of the hand, offering a balancetwodimensional images of the palm and sides of the hand, offering a balance

of reliability and relative ease of use.of reliability and relative ease of use.

They typically collect more than 90 dimensional measurements, includingThey typically collect more than 90 dimensional measurements, including

finger width, height, and length; distances between joints; and knucklefinger width, height, and length; distances between joints; and knuckle

shapes. These systems rely on geometry and do not read fingerprints.shapes. These systems rely on geometry and do not read fingerprints. Hand geometry readers can function in extreme temperatures and are notHand geometry readers can function in extreme temperatures and are not

impacted by dirty hands (as fingerprint sensors can be).impacted by dirty hands (as fingerprint sensors can be).

Hand geometry devices are able to withstand wide changes in temperature andHand geometry devices are able to withstand wide changes in temperature and

function in a dusty environment.function in a dusty environment.

H d G t Fi i tH d G t Fi i t


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Hand Geometry vs FingerprintsHand Geometry vs Fingerprints Unlike fingerprints, the human hand isn't unique. One can useUnlike fingerprints, the human hand isn't unique. One can use

finger length, thickness, and curvature for the purposes offinger length, thickness, and curvature for the purposes of

verification but not for identification.verification but not for identification.

For some kinds of access control like immigration and borderFor some kinds of access control like immigration and bordercontrol, invasive biometrics (e.g., fingerprints) may not becontrol, invasive biometrics (e.g., fingerprints) may not bedesirable as they infringe on privacy. In such situations it isdesirable as they infringe on privacy. In such situations it isdesirable to have a biometric system that is sufficient fordesirable to have a biometric system that is sufficient for

verification. As hand geometry is not distinctive, it isverification. As hand geometry is not distinctive, it isthe ideal choice.the ideal choice.

Hand geometry data is easier to collect. With fingerprintHand geometry data is easier to collect. With fingerprintcollection good frictional skin is required by imaging systems,collection good frictional skin is required by imaging systems,and with retina-based recognition systems, special lighting isand with retina-based recognition systems, special lighting isnecessary. Additionally, hand geometry can be easily combinednecessary. Additionally, hand geometry can be easily combinedwith other biometrics, namely fingerprint. One can envision awith other biometrics, namely fingerprint. One can envision asystem where fingerprints are used for (infrequent) identificationsystem where fingerprints are used for (infrequent) identification

and hand geometry is used for (frequent) verificationand hand geometry is used for (frequent) verification..


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IRIS RECOGINITIONIRIS RECOGINITION

IRIS RECOGNITIONIRIS RECOGNITION


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IRIS RECOGNITIONIRIS RECOGNITION Pattern recognition techniquePattern recognition technique - Iris- Iris

recognition combines computer vision,recognition combines computer vision,pattern recognition, statistics, and the human-pattern recognition, statistics, and the human-machine interface.machine interface.

Identification by mathematical analysis of theIdentification by mathematical analysis of therandom patterns.random patterns.

Based upon the qualities of the Iris.Based upon the qualities of the Iris.

Each person has a distinct pattern ofEach person has a distinct pattern offilaments, pits and striations in the coloredfilaments, pits and striations in the coloredrings surrounding the pupil of each eye.rings surrounding the pupil of each eye.


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Iris is a protected internal organ whoseIris is a protected internal organ whose

random texture is stable throughout liferandom texture is stable throughout life


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IRIS PROPERTIESIRIS PROPERTIES

High degree of RandomnessHigh degree of Randomness No two Iris are alike No two humans haveNo two Iris are alike No two humans have

same iris even one just have different iris insame iris even one just have different iris in

both eyes.both eyes. Stable in a persons lifeStable in a persons life

Doesn't vary with changesDoesn't vary with changes


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IRIS SCANIRIS SCAN

Camera at close proximityCamera at close proximity

Captures photographCaptures photograph

Uses Infra red light to illuminateUses Infra red light to illuminate

High resolution photographHigh resolution photograph


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IRIS SCAN IMAGEIRIS SCAN IMAGE


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IRIS CODEIRIS CODE

Localization of inner and outer boundaries-Localization of inner and outer boundaries-

We detect the inner boundary between the pupilWe detect the inner boundary between the pupiland the iris by means of threshold. The outerand the iris by means of threshold. The outerboundary of the iris is more difficult to detectboundary of the iris is more difficult to detect

because of the low contrast between the twobecause of the low contrast between the twosides of the boundary. We detect the outersides of the boundary. We detect the outerboundary by maximizing changes of theboundary by maximizing changes of theperimeter- normalized sum of gray level valuesperimeter- normalized sum of gray level valuesalong the circle.along the circle.

Pattern of 512 bytesPattern of 512 bytes Complete and Compact descriptionComplete and Compact description More complete than features of DNAMore complete than features of DNA


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IRIS SYTEMIRIS SYTEM

Pre

processingFeature-

extraction

Identification

Verification

Stored

templates

Uniform

distribution

Reject

AcceptIris scan image

capture Irislocalization Iris code comparison


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IRIS RECOGNITIONIRIS RECOGNITION

Database of millions of recordsDatabase of millions of records

Iris code generated is comparedIris code generated is comparedSearching algorithm based on PropertiesSearching algorithm based on Properties

of Irisof Iris

Order of a few secondsOrder of a few seconds


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AVIATION IRIS DEVICESAVIATION IRIS DEVICES


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Voice & Signature recognitionVoice & Signature recognition

Does not measure the visual featuresDoes not measure the visual features In voice recognition sound vibrations of aIn voice recognition sound vibrations of a

person is measured and compared to anperson is measured and compared to an

existing sample.existing sample.Dynamic signature verification technologyDynamic signature verification technology

used.used.

Analyzing the shape, speed, stroke, andAnalyzing the shape, speed, stroke, andpen pressure and timing informationpen pressure and timing informationduring the act of signing.during the act of signing.


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Face & Palm recognitionFace & Palm recognition

In order to recognize a person, oneIn order to recognize a person, one

commonly looks at face, which distinguishcommonly looks at face, which distinguish

one person from another.one person from another.

In palm recognition a 3-dimensional imageIn palm recognition a 3-dimensional image

of the hand is collected.of the hand is collected.

The feature vectors are extracted andThe feature vectors are extracted and

compared with the database featurecompared with the database feature

vectors.vectors.


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BIOMETRIC PERFORMANCEBIOMETRIC PERFORMANCE

FARFAR

The FAR is the chance that someoneThe FAR is the chance that someone

other than you is granted access toother than you is granted access to

your account.your account.

Low false acceptance rate is mostLow false acceptance rate is most

important when security is the priorityimportant when security is the priority


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FINGERPRINT PERFORMANCEFINGERPRINT PERFORMANCE

FAR - As low as 1 in 1,000,00FAR - As low as 1 in 1,000,00

FRR around 4%FRR around 4%


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SOME BIOMETRICS STILL INSOME BIOMETRICS STILL IN


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SOME BIOMETRICS STILL INSOME BIOMETRICS STILL IN

DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

ScentScent

Ear ShapeEar Shape

Finger nail bedFinger nail bed

Facial 3DFacial 3D


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REFERENCESREFERENCES

www.biometix.comwww.biometix.com

www.biomet.orgwww.biomet.org

www.owlinvestigation.comwww.owlinvestigation.com

www.ddl.ision.co.ukwww.ddl.ision.co.uk

www.zdnetindia.com/techzone/resourceswww.zdnetindia.com/techzone/resources

www.biodata.com.auwww.biodata.com.au


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THANKTHANK

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Bio Metrics 4