Bio Metrics Basic

7/29/2019 Bio Metrics Basic

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BIOMETRICS AS A BOON TO TWENTY

FIRST CENTURY:

Biometrics (ancient Greek: bios life,

metric measure) refers to two

very different fields of study and

application. Biometrics is the

science and technology of

measuring and analyzing

biological data. In information

technology, biometrics refers to

technologies that measure and

analyze human body

characteristics, such as

fingerprints, eye retinas and

irises, voice patterns, facial

patterns and hand measurements,

for authentication purposes.

Biometrics History :

During the 14th century in the China a

reporter named,Barros wrote that

the Chinese merchants were

stamping children's palm prints

and footprints on paper with ink

so as to differentiate the young

children from one another. This is

one of the most primitive known

cases of biometrics in use and is

still being used today.

ETHICS OF BIOMETRICS:

Let me first of all explain the difference

between identification and

authentication. The identification

process entails matching a physiological

or behavioral characteristic of a person

to an established and pre-confirmed

record of that characteristic. For

example, matching the image of my face

to a photograph in a large number of

photos in a database. Searching, in

other words, to identify a person such

as the rogues gallery used by the police

department.

Authentication is done is through the

presentation of a "token" such as a

PIN, a card, or a biometric whose

validity is confirmed, and thereby

verifying one's eligibility to access a

particular service. There is no

searching and matching to a database,

only the validity of the token is

established, through a single one-to-one

match.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language


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The problem is that a biometric such as

a fingerprint can be used as a unique

surrogate of one's identity which, as a

unique identifier, can be used to trace

people's transactions and link massive

amounts of personal data about them.

If my fingerprints are stored in a

database, then my transactions,

whereabouts and personal information

can easily be tracked.

The issues with biometric systems:

There are two basic types of recognition

errors: the false accept rate (FAR)

and the false reject rate (FRR). A

False Accept is when a non

matching pair of biometric data is

wrongly accepted as a match by

the system. A False Reject is when

a matching pair of biometric data

is wrongly rejected by the system.

When you try to lower one of the

errors by varying the threshold,

the other error rate automatically

increases.

In a biometric authentication system,

the relative false accept and false

reject rates can be set by choosing

a particular operating point (i.e.,

a detection threshold). To provide

high security, biometric systems

operate at a low FAR instead of

the commonly recommended

equal error rate (EER) operating

point where FAR = FRR.

Biometric characteristics can be divided

in two main classes, as represented

as:

Physiological are related to the shape of

the body. Examples include, but

are not limited to fingerprint,face

recognition, hand and palm

geometry and iris recognition.

Behavioral are related to the behavior

of a person. Characteristic

implemented by using biometrics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerprinthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_recognition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_recognition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_recognition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerprinthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_recognition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_recognition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_recognition


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aresignature verification,

keystroke dynamics, and voice.

Physiological Biometrics:

Fingerprints: The patterns of friction

ridges and valleys on an

individual's fingertips are unique

to that individual

One of the most commercially available

biometric technologies users no

longer need to type passwords

instead, only a touch provides

instant access. Fingerprint

systems can also be used in

identification mode.

Face Recognition: The identification of

a person by their facial image can

be done in a number of different

ways such as by capturing an

image of the face in the visible

spectrum using anopticalcamera

or by using the infrared patterns

of facial heat emission.

Hand and Finger Geometry: These

methods of personal

authentication are well

established.

. To achieve personal authentication, a

system may measure either

physical characteristics of the

fingers or the hands. These

include length, width, thickness

and surface area of the hand.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystroke_dynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opticalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opticalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystroke_dynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opticalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentication


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Iris Recognition: This recognition

method uses the iris of the eye

which is the colored area that

surrounds the pupil. The iris

patterns are obtained through a

video-based image acquisition

system. The technology works

well in both verification and

identification modes (in systems

performing one-to-many searchesin a database).

Face Recognition : the analysis of facial

characteristics.

Fingerprint: the analysis of an

individuals unique fingerprints .

Hand geometry: the analysis of the

shape of the hand and the length

of the fingers .

Retina: the analysis of the capillary

vessels located at the back of the

eye.

Iris: the analysis of the colored ring that

surrounds the eyes pupil.


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Keystroke dynamics( Typing Dynamics):

Is the detailed timing information

that describes exactly when each

key was depressed and when it

was released as a person is typing

at a computer keyboard.

Signature: the analysis of the way a

person signs his name.

Vein : the analysis of pattern of veins in

the back if the hand and the

wrist .

Voice : the analysis of the tone, pitch,

cadence and frequency of a

persons voice.

At Walt Disney World biometric

measurements are taken from the

fingers of guests to ensure that the

person's ticket is used by the same

person from day to day.

BIOMETRICS:

Offering greater independence and

privacy coupled with easy and fast

entry to legitimate personnel, our

cutting edge biometric systems

recognize individuals not only

from their fingerprints, but

alternative systems are based oniris and voice recognition readers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_keyboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biometrics.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_keyboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World


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DNA Identification technology:

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Biometrics could be the most exact

form of identifying any given individual

.Every human being has its own

individual map for every cell made, andthis map, or blueprint as it more often

is called, can be found in every body

cell.

DNA can be collected from any number

of sources: blood, hair, finger nails,

mouth swabs, blood stains, saliva,

straws, and any number of other

sources that has been attached to the

body at some time. DNA matching has

become a popular use in criminal trials,

especially in proving rape cases The

main problems surrounding DNA

biometrics is that it is not a quick

process to identify someone by theirDNA.

DNA Biometrics is not a fool proof

method of identification. If forensic

scientists to not conduct a DNA test

properly, a persons identification code

can be skewed. Another problem is

matching prior DNA samples to new

samples; this is a bigger problem

Biometrics Fingerprint Technology :

1. Why we need

Fingerprints?

With increasingly urgent need for

reliable security, biometrics is being

spotlighted as the authentication

method for the next generation. Among

numerous biometric technologies,

fingerprint authentication has been in

use for the longest time and bears more

advantages than other biometric

technologies do.

2. History of the fingerprint:


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But fingerprint identification

technology did not stop as a forensic

method only. Fingerprints are now

being used as a secure and effective

authentication method in numerous

fields, including financial, medical, e-

commerce and entrance control

applications. Modern applications of

fingerprint technology rely in large part

on the development of exceptionally

compact fingerprint sensors

3. Finger Identification

Process:

Fingerprint identification process

consists of two essential procedures:

enrollment and authentication.

Taking the following stepscompletes each procedure.

Step 1:Image Acquisition

The beginning of fingerprints goes back to as early as the a

times. According to historical findings, fingerprints were used on clay tab

business transactions in ancient Babylon. In China, thumb prints were fou

clay seals in the 19th century.


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Real-time image acquisition method

is roughly classified into optical and

non-optical. Optical method relies

on the total reflection phenomenon

on the surface of glass or reinforced

plastic where the fingertip is in

contact. The sensor normally

consists of an optical lens and a

CCD module or CMOS image

sensor. In contrast, semiconductor

sensors, as a typical example of non-

optical sensors, exploit electrical

characteristics of a fingertip such as

capacitance.

Step 2.Feature Extraction

There are two main ways to compare

an input fingerprint image andregistered fingerprint data. One is to

compare an image with another image

directly. The other is to compare the so-

called 'features' extracted from each

fingerprint image.

The latter is called feature-

based/minutia-based matching..

Every finger has a unique pattern

formed by a flow of embossed lines

called ridges and hollow regions

between them called valleys.

As seen in the Picture 2 below, ridges

are represented as dark lines, while

valleys are bright.

Step 3.Matching

The matching step is classified into 1:1

and 1:N matching according to its

purpose and/or the number of reference


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templates. 1:1 matching is also called

personal identification or verification.

It is a procedure in which a user claims

his/her identity by means of an ID and

proves it with a fingerprint.

The comparison occurs only once

between the input fingerprint image

and the selected one from the database

following the claim by the user.

:: Fingerprint Application

Markets for fingerprint technology

include entrance control and door-lock

applications, fingerprint identificationmouses, fingerprint mobile phones, and

many others.

3S Technologies-Bangalore:

3S Technologies- Bangalore - the

biometrics product Division of

Ability IT Services is a pioneering

solution provider for electronic

Security, Safety & Surveillance.

3S Technologies Bangalore - India

offer state-of-the-art security

systems to provide foolproof

security to facilities as well as the

computer networks,using

Biometrics and Smartcard

Technologies.

BARTRONICS:

Incorporated in 1990, Bartronics is a

Hyderabad based company that

started with providing solutions in

Bar Coding, one of the oldest

AIDC technologies, RFID, POS,

Smart Cards working as AIDC

division, RFID division, Smart

Card Division and Retail-IT

division in separate.


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Our knowledge of products,

technologies, implementation

skills and understanding of the

market place make us a dominant

player in the domestic markets,

and help us share .

Biometrics Nutrition And Fitness:

Anyone who tells you that you can lose

weight in a healthy manner

without improved eating and

exercise regimens is out of touch

with the reality of dieting. These

two issues form the pillars of

healthy living and true weight

loss. Thats why a number of

programs have been developed in

order to help people gain

discipline in these areas. The

Biometrics program is designed tohelp people get their eating and

exercise habits in line through the

mediation of a personal or group

trainer. Here well take a closer

look at Biometrics to see what this

program might provide for the

average dieter.

ADVANTAGES / DISADVANTAGES OF

BIOMETRIC SYSTEMS:

Here are some of the advantages and

disadvantages of fully developed

biometric systems that are fairly

accurate:

Retinal scans (electronic scan of the

innermost layer of the eyeball's wall):

Advantages: ;Retina generally remains

stable through life, ensuring accuracy. -

Disadvantages: Requires close physical

contact MW scanning device; may not

be generally accepted by public.

Iris recognition (recording of iris using

standard video technology):

Advantages: Non-invasive procedure

(close physical contact not required).

Disadvantages: Relatively expensive;

requires large amount of computerstorage; may not be generally accepted

by public.

Hand geometry (three-dimensional

recording of length, width and height of


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hand and fingers, using optical

scanner):

Advantages: User-friendly; requires

small amount of computer storage

space.

Disadvantages: Isn't as unique as other

biometric methods; hand injury can

cause recognition problems.

Voice verification or recognition

(acoustic signal of voice converted into

digital code):

Advantages: Works well over the

telephone.

Disadvantages: Requires large amount

of computer storage; people's voices

can change; background noises can

interfere.

Signature recognition (computer record

of pen/stylus speed, pressure, direction

and other characteristics of signature):

Advantages: People are used to

providing a signature.

Disadvantages: Poor long-term

reliability; accuracy difficult to ensure.

CURRENT USES OF BIOMETRICS:

MasterCard International Inc. and Visa

USA Inc., the world's two largest credit

card companies, have begun to study

the feasibility of using finger-scanning

devices at the point of sale to verify that

the card user is really the card holder.

The scanners would compare

fingerprints with biometric information

stored on a microchip embedded in the

credit card.

Walt Disney World in Orlando has

started taking hand scans of people who

purchase yearly passes. These visitors

now must pass through a scanner when

entering the park preventing them from

lending their passes to other people.

The Immigration and Naturalization

Service is letting a select group of

travelers bypass lengthy lines at New

York's John F. Kennedy International

Airport and Newark international

Airport by sticking their bands and

special cards the service has issued into

an automated turnstile.

Criminal Booking Systems:


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Managing criminal identity begins at the

booking process.

Processing a subject under a wrong

name, or capturing low-quality

biometric data can stand in the way of

saving lives and preventing further

crime. Our booking solutions ensure

maximum accuracy of the arrest record

to verify that a subject is who s/he

claims to be, and that s/he can be

properly identified as s/he moves

through the criminal justice system.

FUTURE OF BIOMETRICS:

The future of this technology is just

starting to bloom. Many issues are

arising from this technology and

"PRIVACY" is the main concern. Even

if we are told that the government will

not use the data or release the data to

anyone, how can that be proven? It is

YOUR right as an individual and

person to protect your privacy about

yourself and the direction of this

technology seems to spell "D-I-S-A-S-T-

E-R" for everyone "PRIVACY.

Reference:www.biometrics.com
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Bio Metrics Basic