Bio Metrics Presentation

8/7/2019 Bio Metrics Presentation

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Jyothi Rani.V.SMSc. Computer Networks andSecurity.

Middlesex University.London


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yWhat is Biometrics.

yHistory of Biometrics.

y

Classification of Biometrics : Advantagesand disadvantages.

yComparison of Biometric systems.

y

Some Famous Biometric Devices.yFuture of Biometrics.

yReferences.


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y A biometric is a measurement of a biological

characteristic such as fingerprint, iris pattern, retina image, face orhand geometry; or a behavioural characteristic such as voice, gait orsignature.

y Biometric technology uses these characteristics to identify individualsautomatically.

y Ideally the characteristic should be universally present, unique to theindividual, stable over time and easily measurable.


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y Small-scale security of buildings and IT systems and for use inaccess/I.D. cards.

y Potential large-scale applications at a national level, these include the

Criminal Justice System, immigration and asylum, and port and bordersecurity.

y The collection of fingerprints by the police and immigration servicehas long been regulated by law.


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y In the 14th century, the Chinese were reportedly using fingerprint-likemethods as a form of identifying their children (NCSC, National childscience congress, fingerprint).

y During the late 19th century, police authorities throughout the world

used a method of bodily measurements called Bertillonage.y This method was time consuming, and in 1903 when two Fort

Leavenworth prisoners measurements produced identical resultswithin a given tolerance, Bertillonage lost its popularity and usefulnessto fingerprinting.

y Biometric history in the recent past (three decades) has seen drasticadvancements and the technology has moved from a single method(fingerprinting) to more than ten prudent methods.


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y Physical Biometrics:

* Bertillonage - measuring body lengths (no longer used)* Fingerprint - analyzing fingertip patterns .* Facial Recognition - measuring facial characteristics.* Hand Geometry - measuring the shape of the hand.* Iris Scan - analyzing features of colored ring of the eye .* Retinal Scan - analyzing blood vessels in the eye.

* Vascular Patterns - analyzing vein patterns .* DNA - analyzing genetic makeup.


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y

Behavioural Biometrics Solutions:

* Speaker Recognition - analyzing vocal behaviour.* Signature - analyzing signature dynamics.* Keystroke - measuring the time spacing of typed words .

y Other Biometric Solutions:

* Smart Cards - combining biometrics with identification cards.


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y An individual is required to go through a 20-60 minutemeasuring exam where they would have various bodymeasurements taken, ideally that includes the height, length,and breadth of the head, the length of different fingers, thelength of forearms, etc.

y The results obtained were then recorded and/or compared to arecord database. Though all this was done by hand, the recordfiling and checking system was quite fast for its time.

y The system was a success, identifying hundreds of repeatoffenders, and was used world-wide until 1903, when twoidentical (within the tolerances) measurements were obtainedfor two different persons at the Fort Leavenworth prison. Theprison switched to finger printing the following day and therest of the world soon followed, abandoning bertillonageforever.


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Fingerprinting basically means to take an image(either using ink or a digital scan) of anindividual's fingertips and then store or recordsits characteristics.The whorls, arches, and loops are what make upthis characteristics of a fingertip. These arerecorded along with the patterns of ridges,furrows, and minutiae. This information may

then be processed or stored as an image or as anencoded computer algorithm to be comparedwith other fingerprint records.


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1.Customer places finger on pressure sensitive pad.

2.Computer digitizes t e pattern using a special algorit m.

3. And transforms it into a 1024 c aracter record.

4. T e record is compared to a central database. If t ere is no matc , t ere willnot be any transaction.

Biometrics Fingerprint Technology - Process


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y The technology was used in criminal investigations for over 100 years.

y Fingerprint scanning secure entry devices for building door locks andcomputer network access.

y Banks and financial organisations have begun using fingerprint readersfor authorization at ATMs .

y Grocery stores are experimenting with a fingerprint scan checkout thatautomatically recognizes and bills a registered user's credit card or debitaccount.

Use of Fingerprint biometric:


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Advantages:

Very high accuracy. Is the most economical biometric PC user authentication

technique. it is one of the most developed biometrics Easy to use.

Small storage space required for the biometric template,reducing the size of the database memory required It is standardized.

Disadvantages:

It can make mistakes with the dryness or dirty of the fingersskin, as well as with the age (is not appropriate with children,because the size of their fingerprint changes quickly)

For some people it is very intrusive, because is still related tocriminal identification.


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Biometric Facial recognition analyzes the characteristicsof an individual's face images captured through a digital

video camera.It records the overall facial structure, including distances

between eyes, nose, mouth, and jaw edges. Thesemeasurements are stored in a database and used as acomparison when a user stands before the camera.

Biometric Facial Recognition - The Process:User faces the camera, standing about two feet from it.The system will locate the user's face and performmatches against the claimed identity on the facialdatabase.


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Use of biometric facial recognition systems:

It is a potential tool for averting terrorist crimes, lawenforcement areas.

Software's have also been developed for computer networksand automated bank tellers that use facial biometrics foruser verification purposes.

Advantagesy Non intrusive.

y Cheap technology.

Disadvantages:

y

2D recognition is affected by changes in lighting, the persons hair, theage, and if the person wear glasses.

y Requires camera equipment for user identification; thus, it is not likelyto become popular until most PCs include cameras as standardequipment.


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Hand scanning involves the measurement and analysis of theshape of one's hand.It requires special hardware to use, it can be easily integrated intoother devices or systems.

Biometric Hand Scanning-The Process

The user places the palm of his hand on a metal surface whichhas guidance pegs on it.The hand is then properly aligned by the pegs so the device canread the hand attributes. The device then checks its database for verification of the users.The process usually takes less than 5 seconds.It does not have any way to detect whether a hand is living ornot and therefore can be fooled by a fake hand if pressure isapplied to the plate correctly


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Use of biometric hand scanners systems:

Biometric hand scanning systems are employed at over 8,000 locationsincluding the Colombian legislatures, San Francisco International

Airport, day care centres, welfare agencies, hospitals, and immigration

facilities for the INSPASS frequent international traveller system.

Advantages:

y It is very easy for users to work the system - requiring nothing more than

placing one's hand on the device.y It has no public attitude problems as it is associated most commonly with

authorized access.

y The amount of data required to uniquely identify a user in a system is thesmallest by far, allowing it to be used with Smartcards easily.

Disadvantages:

y Biometric hand readers, including it's proprietary hardware cost andrequired size.

y Injuries to hands can cause difficulty in using the reader effectively, thelack of accuracy in general requires that it be used for verification alone.

y Very expensive.


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Iris scanning analyzes the features that exist in thecoloured tissues surrounding the pupil which has morethan 200 points that can be used for comparison, includingrings, furrows and freckles.

Biometric Iris Scanning - The Process:

The person aligns himself so that he is able to see his own eye'sreflection in the iris scanning device.The user may be able to do this from up to 2 feet away or may

need to be as close as a couple of inches depending on the device.To prevent a fake eye from being used to fool the iris scanningsystems, iris scanners may vary the light shone into the eye and

watch for pupil dilation also.


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Retinal biometrics involves the scanning of retina and analysing thelayer of blood vessels at the back of the eye. Retinal scanning involves using a low-intensity light source and anoptical coupler and can read the patterns at a great level of accuracy.

Retinal Biometrics - The Process:

The user looks through a small opening in the retinal biometrics device at a smallgreen light. The user must keep their head still and eye focused on the light forseveral seconds during which time the device will verify his identity. This processtakes about 10 to 15 seconds total.

Use of retinal biometrics systems:

Retina scan is used almost exclusively in high-end security applications. It is usedfor controlling access to areas or rooms in military installations, power plants, andthe like that are considered high risk security areas.


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Vascular pattern biometrics technology involves measuring thecharacteristics related to the veins in a person's hand or face.The thickness and location of these veins are believed to beunique enough to an individual to be used to verify a person'sidentity.

Vascular Patterns Biometrics - The Process:

The most common form of vascular patterns readers are hand-based, requiring the user to place their hand on a curvedreader that takes an infrared scan.This scan creates a picture that can then be compared to adatabase to verify the user's stated identity.Use of vascular patterns biometrics systems:

vascular patterns scanners can be found in testing at majormilitary installations and is being considered by someestablished companies in the security industry and multi-outlet retailers. Currently it is still building acceptance.


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Voice biometrics works by digitizing a profile of a person'sspeech to produce a stored model voice print, or template.Biometric technology reduces each spoken word to

segments composed of several dominant frequencies calledformants.Each segment has several tones that can be captured in adigital format. The tones collectively identify the speaker'sunique voice print.Voice prints are stored in databases in a manner similar tothe storing of fingerprints or other biometric data.


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Advantages:y Non intrusive. High social acceptability.

y Verification time is about five seconds.

y Cheap technology.

Disadvantages:

y A persons voice can be easily recorded and used forunauthorised PC or network.

y Low accuracy.

y An illness such as a cold can change a persons voice,making absolute identification difficult or impossible


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y DNA Matching involves proving that a suspect's DNA matches a sample left at thescene of a crime. This type of biometrics technology requires two things:1. Creating a DNA profile using basic molecular biology protocols .2. Crunching numbers and applying the principles of population genetics toprove a match mathematically .

DNA : YourOwn Personal Barcode.Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes containing the DNAblueprint that encodes all the materials needed to make upyour body as well as the instructions for how to run it.One member of each chromosomal pair comes from your

mother, and the other is contributed by your father.Every cell in your body contains a copy of this DNA. While themajority of DNA doesn't differ from human to human, some 3million base pairs of DNA (about 0.10 percent of your entiregenome) vary from person to person.


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Advantages:1. Very high accuracy.2. It impossible that the system made mistakes.3. It is standardized.

Disadvantages:1.DNA matching is not done in real-time2.Intrusive: a physical sample must be taken, whileother biometric systems only use an image or a

recording3.Very expensive


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Comparison of the biometric systems


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Employee time clocks are most famous devices, based uponbiometric technology used for maintaining the employeeattendance.

Fingerprint scanners are the devices, which employbiometric technology to store and match fingerprints ofdifferent individuals entering an organization.

Biometric door locks in houses are also immensely popular

to prevent housebreaks and robberies. Biometric smart card readers and ATM card readers are

also being used at different terminals.

Some Famous BiometricDevices:


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y The future of biometrics holds great promise for law enforcementapplications, as well for private industry uses.

y By measuring facial geometry, surveillance systems can identify

suspects against characteristics stored in the security system's database.y Biometrics' future will include e-commerce applications for extra

security on the checkout page, and biometrics will guard againstunauthorized access to cars and cell phones.

y In the future, biometric technology will further develop 3-D infraredfacial recognition access control, real-time facial recognition passivesurveillance, and visitor management authentication systems.

y

Strengthening existing biometric innovations for future growth.y Access control facial recognition.

y Facial recognition passive surveillance.

y Alert management.


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ohttp://www.biometricnewsportal.com/biometrics_benefits.aspohttp://www.questbiometrics.com/biometric-history.htmlohttp://www.video-surveillance-guide.com/future-of-biometrics.htmoGuide to Biometrics By Ruud M. Bolle,Jonathan H.Conell,Sharath

Pankanti,Nalini K.Ratha,Andrew W.Senior.


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Bio Metrics Presentation