Body Language-Indic śarīra and Chinese shèlì in the Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra and Saddharmapuṇḍarika

8/9/2019 Body Language-Indic śarīra and Chinese shèlì in the Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra and Saddharmapuṇḍarika

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The Interatonal Instute fo Buddhst StudesofThe Interatonal ollege fo Postgaduate Buddhst Studes

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dy Le

I rr Mprrv1-tr Sddrmpurk

TooThe Interational Institute fo Buddhist Studies

ofThe Interaional ollege fo Postgaduate Buddhist Studies

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Published by the Inteationa nstitute for Bddhist Studies of the CPBS:

5-323 Toranomon, Minatoku, okyo 1050001, Japan

© Jonathan A Sik 2006

First pubished 2006 Printed in Japan by Bethel-Photo Printing Company, Too

All rights resereApart om any fair dealing for the purpose of private stu research, criticism orreview, no part of the book may be reproduced or translated in any form, by print, photoprint, microform or any other means without written permsion Enquiries

should be made to the publishers.

ISBN 4906267-53X

Correspondence regarding all editorial matters should be sent to the Director of theInteational nstitute for Buddhist Studies in Too.



Acknowledgments

This stuy has takn a numbr of yars to com to fruition It bganoriginally as som brif nots inspir by Schopn 9 9 tr I rturn toths nots svral yars ago, th stuy grw in unxpct irctions, an toa unxpct lngth, taking on a thoroughly irnt caractr I hav hah opportunit to prsnt vrsions of this rvis an xpan work svraltims ovr th yars, particularly in apan Th auincs an collagus ativrsitis an instituts in okyo an Kyoto wr kin nough to offr

stimulating a hlpl suggstions an corrctions I am gratl to thm allIn particular, for hr suggstions of irctions in which to rthink myvinc I am spcially gratl to an attir r ncouragmnt l m tothoroughly r-work this stuy Sh also offr a numbr of valual anusl suggstions on th antpnultimat raft My apprciation is also umy colagu Grgory Schopn for his insightl commnts an suggstionso an arly raft Thanks also to Sishi Karashima for a numbr of importantorrctions an suggstions rthr numbr of th sam on th rst raft Io to th kinnss an car of th infatigabl Shayn Clark Klaus Willgnrously shar a fw Sanskrit rfrncs with m Mor rcntly, ow agrat bt in to my frin Stfano Zacchtti, whos tail suggstionsoring h obscuritis of arly uhist Chins I hav gratlly accpts grous corrctions throughout hav improv th prcision of my translatos Ma Dg was kin nough alo to or svral valuabl suggstons,as as Ptr Skilling To othrs who hav or a varity of goo avic ansupport, I apologiz for not tankng all of you hr prsonally

lthough I hav consult arlir anslations whn availabl, all translaions,

unlss xplicitly stat othrwis, ar my own, incluing thos of mornsourcs Consquntly, an obviously, whil in much of what is corrct hr Ihav bn gui by my prcssors an my contmporaris, all rsponsibilityfor any an all misunrstaning or misrprsntation rsts with m alon.

It rmains to thank Pro Hara an th Intrnational Institut for uhistStuis for thir willingnss to publish this monograph, th basic contnts ofwhich I ha th plasur to prsnt in th form of a lctur at th Institut inOtobr 2004



Techical Note

lhugh wuld cernly hve been preferble hve dne s I wsn ble esblsh crcl exs fr mny f he pssges ced n he fllwng.Hwever n s fr s pssble nd prccl I hve emped ce he besexs

Fr Pl I hve referred he edns f he Pl Tex Sce bu whreference ls he edn f he sxh (Burmese cuncl edn publshedn devngr by he Vpssn Reserch Inste

Fr Chnese I hve n prncpe ced nly he Tsh edn lhugh I

m wre h s smemes fr m perfec I m respnble (r rrespnsblefr he puncun f he Chnese cns lhugh fr he Dghgm Ihve hd the dvnge f beng ble cnsul he puncued ex n herecen nd excellen ndigoyku Agonky gonky. I mde use f elecrncexs fr serchng bu lwys cnrmed redngs n prned edns

Fr Snskr exs I hve emped ver mnuscrp redngs wheneverpssble lhugh I hve used s s he rnscrpns f schrs such sWldschmd nd Td e h wh I refer s he Kshgr mnuscrp

mgh mre prperly be clled he Khdl mnuscrp; I refer hweverby he nme under whch s usully ced

* * * * * *

* Jus s he cmerredy cpy f hs mngrph ws cmpleed I lernedf he exsence f n d Iln rnsln f T. 5 Fo bnnihun jing {?m

by Crl Pun MhininSut, oo bo d tot tinziond Buddh n dzion ins di Ptsu Culur dellnm 2 (Lncn:R Crbb 9 ) pprenly reprned n 9 9 nd 928 ws lesprly publshed erler n Gion d Soit Asiti tin 22 (909) Ihve been unble see hs trnsln.



Contents

nwedgmen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

nal e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ndun

Te Bdy f he Buddha n he Mhini1t 8

) Te Budda's Funeal n he Dghgm and hamagupaka

Vnaya 22

) n he Sddhu1k and Elsewhee. . 0

nnlusve Cnludng Thughts7

ddnal es 80

Leaue 9



c

D bns bns bnsD bns bns bnsD bns bns bnsDn' yu ha h w h L

Trdiiol egro Siriul

is exggeri sy h he sigle ms cerl spiriul d philsphicl uesi i ll Buddhis rdiis is Wh is Buddh d his is uesi which is i lms ll cses euivle he uesi: Wh is uruh kmui Eve discurses which seem d which sme levelcerily d ddress uie diere uesis my freuely be udersd als lk her level bu wh we migh i sric sese cllBuddhlg" he crie f Buddhhd. Therefre whe we sudyBuddhis lierure we wul d well remi wre f levels f discurseher h hse which pper he surfce If Buddhis exs re mg

her igs ls fe spekig bu r presuppsig sme visi f here f Budhhd he ly sure wy perceive h visi is udersdrecisely wh he exs re syig ll levels. T sy his is relly syig mre h h ll hermeeuics reuires rs d frems relibleillg While he i is ly whe we begi py crel ei wa exs a h we b egi udersd wh hey man we mus rememberh we re rrely if ever he rs hve pid ei clssicl Buddhisexs whle hse wihi he rdii wh cme befre us urlly hd

Thr ar a ubr of arat rsos of ths sog whh s wll kow through tsr of rs bgg "Th to bo otd to th foot bo ad so o

For a xapl of appartly trtly oo dsours whh s rthlss also to bra as a xrs Budholog, s Slk 2002b



roduo

agndas ften radcally dfferent frm ur wn we can always learn frmem The recrds f earler readers f Indan Buddhst scrptures mreverare nt fund nly n selfcnscusly cmmentaral wrks

Translatns t nctn as a ute bvus frm f cmmentar r exegess:thy rstate a (perceved meanng n ther wrds albet als n a dfferentlanguag Ts apprach t translatn as cmmentary can naturally havevaluable mplcatns fr ur understandng f the lder lterature f IndanBuddhsm It gves us anther tl n addtn t the studes f grammar andlexcgraphy and the nterpretatns f ndgenus cmmentares wth wct apprach what shuld be ne f ur central gals as hstrans namely tgan an apprecatn f the way(s such lteratre was understd by the cmuntes n whch t was transmtted

n attmpt t make use f translatns f ancent Indan Buddhst lterarefr cmparatve pllgcal purpses hwever mmedately encunters a setf srus prblems bth thretcal and practcal the cre f whch s thefllwng: we can nver be sure ether f the rgnal lngustc frm f angven scrpture r f the wrdng r even cntents f the Vrlage m wcha gvn translatn was mad3 Ptentally even mre serusl we are farlysur tat n a great many cases even the earlest frms f Indc Buddhst textswe nw pssess, extant versns n Pl and Gndhr fr nstnce ar themslves

artfacts f s prcess f transfrmatn frm earler nw lst rgnalsurcs n ne r anther Prakrt (whether these hypthetcal rgnals weretexts as such r mre amrphus enttes a prcess whch cntnued n amr bvus and smetmes heayhanded way wth the subseuent recastng

hs rsp, w ay rly la asd h xd quso of whhr s possb oudrsad wha h x a o s ow auhors gardg raslao as xgss, s forxap h rarks of To 1992 124ff. ad spally rgardg h Spuag To

997) W us kp d howr, ha dsp h osdrabl alu aordd byoparsos wh Bbal arals, s alos aways lar ha h Vorlag of raslaosof h Hbrw Bb was h Masor x as rasd. h as of da Buddhsaras rasad Chs for sa, h suj of h qurs o follow, s qualyar ha h dals of h Vorag a ass ra ad wl ra ukow ad olysghy ss so for raslaos o Tba) Furhror by radg arly Chs rasaosof d xs wh a y o wha hy ay l us abou da Buddhs, do o a aa o py ha hy ao also b rad as bddd hr Chs ox Thy osray shoud aso b so rad bu hs s a ask for Sologss, aog whos ubr doo by ay as ou yslf

a asd hr h possb bu f ra rar as whh w gh ha prsrd Tb a sp Saskr ausrp fro whh w kow a parular Tba rasao oha b ad Howr, s ow Sklr 2004, whh hods ou h hop ha w aydd soday, so ass ha dr ass o h ry d ausrps o whhso Tba raslaos wr ad)



trodto

(r even whlesle rewrtng f texts n Snskrt Therefr strctly spekngn mn cses we w never hve drect ccess t any rgn" s such Ofcurse ths dcult s f n entrely derent tpe m tht whch cnfrntsus when we ttempt t mke use f trnsltns nt Chnese (r Tbetnhe mnpultns thrugh whch text s put t mke t t Gndhr r evenSnskrt mrphg metrcl ptterns nd s n prbbly rrey crss thethreshld nt trnstn We my therefre ccept wt due cutnextnt Indc texts s rgnls" n mny cses despte the resut tht therem then be mprtnt derences between vrnt but prle versns f thesme rgnl' Ths reslutn des nt hwever ddress the seprterlem rsed b the fct tht n the vst mjrt f cses we d nt ndcnnt nw the precse wrdng f the mterls whch served s the bses

r Chnese (r even Tbetn trnsltns f Indc wrks Speccll nd fgretest relevnce fr us t present even s we grw cser t understndngthe prbble phnlgcl nd mrphlgcl shpe f the mterls whchseed s the underlng surces upn whch sme erer Chnese trnsltns uddhst scrptures were mde we remn lcked n the pstn f bengunle t spec wrdfrwrd equvlences n gret mny cses Tht seven ssumng tht we pssess ne r mre extnt Indc versns f texttnslted nt Chnese s we ttempt t utlze the ltter t shed lght n the

nterprettn f the frmer s we ttempt t emply trnsltns s vretf cmmentr we remn nd wl remn ncpble f determnng whether gven Chnese renderng ws ntended by ts trnsltr t reect hs understndng f sme prtculr term nw fund n ur extnt Indc texts rwhether perhps the versn he ttempted nd ntended t render ws wrdedsmewht r even cnsderbly derently Ths w cntnue t be prblemeven s ur knwledge f ths lterture grws nd ne tht must hve smemct n the wys n whch we use trnstns s cmmentry n the sense

Of ors, I do ot ma to mply that all da Bddhst srptrs wr orgalyopos rakrtoly that som rtaly wr.

Ts pot s ot, howr, wthot osdrabl otrorsy th rsoto of wh f possbl s fortatly rrlat hr. E th y ar Norma 1 993 for staatratly ss xprssos of rathr dffrt mport ldg "traslat, "trasposort from o dat to aothr ad "pdat a txt] bas ts lagag was growgara.

Th matras whh form th ammapdaUdnavaga txt orps prod a xllt /as potTgs ar ot aways ts bad, ad th as wth systmat or phlosopha works

w th sag of thal oabla a b mor rgdly dd may prst fwr, orss sr, problms of trprtato tha w otr or fforts to om to grps wthss systmat txts.



trodo

dscussed bve Frm ths perspectve the vlue f Chnese trnsltns frnterpretve redngs f Indn texts cn ften be lmted

Whle ths stutn then dsules much Chnese edence m vref pplctns there re nevertheless cses n whch t s pssble t s twere sdestep ths bsc prblem becuse t s nt the dentctn f precse vcbulr whch s n uestn bt rther the wy n whch n lmstcertnly rmly estblshed vcbulry r cncept s rendered nd understdIn the fllwng I wuld lke t explre ne exmple f cse f ths prtculrpe

Sme yers g Gregr Schpen tk up the uestn f the menng fn mprtnt phrse n the Mhinibbntt whch hs n vrus wys

nluenced much f wht hs been sd by mde schlrs but Erly Buddhsmn Ind The phrse n uestn ppers n pssge cncernng the nerlf the Buddh nd the subseuent erectn f sp fr hs relcs.9 In thebrest utlne Schpens rgument runs s fllws: There s ndmentltplgcl dfference between nerls nd the relc r sp cult The cruclpssge n the Mhinibbnsutt hs been understd t restrctprtcptn n sj t the lt frbddng mnks t engge n thsprctce; becuse the key term s hs been tken t refer t the relc

cult r sp wrshp t s ths frm whch mnks re thught t hve beenbrred Schpen hwever rses the relted uestns f t wht exctly theterm sj refers nd whse prtcptn n ths prctce s ntended tbe restrcted In hs pnn s des nt n ths cntext refer t therelc r stp cult but rther t the nerl r cremtn preprtns ndcvtes. Mrever he suggests tht the restrctn gnst prtcptn ns practce s drected nt t ll mnks but very specclly t ne prtculrnk nnd

In supprt f hs suggestns Schpen shwed tht the term sjmens n the ne hnd lterlly wrshp f the bdy" (when s s tkenas grmtclly sngulr nd n the ther relc wrshp (when s splurl nd tht the njunctn ddressed by the Buddh t hs dscplenndatht he shuld refrn frm sj f the Buddh er the lters

Shope 99Uless otherse speed the followg se the word "rels) the sese of

potreatoal reas.10 See aso Shope 1994 37 "the edee appears to be oerhelg that the terrrj orgallyad for a log tereferred to the rtal hadlg or preparato ofthe body pror to reato thogh soetes t sees also to lde the latter O the lastpot see also p 3 9



nodon

ethrefers nly t the frmer tht s t the prcess f preprtn f teb r cremtn: the nerl rtes. He ddtnlly supprte ths rgumentb rther references t faa- n the Mlsrvstvd Vny nd severl

ter textsI beleve Schpen wh lmted hs nvestgns t smll number f textsresered n Pl nd Snskrt strngly estlshed ths prtn f hs cse.rever he dd s purely n the bss f Indn evdence n ndc lngugetets methd whch s th pprprte nd necessr I wll not suggest nthe lwng tht we try t re r unerstnd Indc texts tru Chneser ther trnsltns here r elsewhere In tndem wt ther cmmentrlnctn, hwever Chnese mterls my smetmes e le t shed lht nInn rlems mrrr r relect Indn understndngs (r msnderstnd

ngs r even hve the cpct t help expse prblems where they were ntrevusly recgnzed. In ths regrd I wuld lke t dress severl reltedssues Frst I wuld lke t demnstrte tht crel ttentn t Chnesesurces shuld hve pnte schlrs lng g twrd prper understndng te centrl pssge n uestn frm the Mahainibbnatta, 2 n understndng cnfrmng t Schpen's redng. Secndnd n sme sense cnverselI wll cnsder the pssble resns why sme Chnese surces nrtculr the Chnese renderng f the Dghgama, seem eter t shre n

te erlext ver the menng aa evdent n sme mde nterprettns the term r s I wll rue rter use vculry whch whle speccllyntentned culd neverteless hve led reders nt cnsn

The bsc dstnctn Schpen refers t between grmmtclly sngulr lurl frms aa (the Snskrt euvlent f Pl saa) s ld n the Vda a mens bdy r frmethe rgd prts f the bdyn the

The k hee of ose les n dsngshng beween hnese eeons of ndan

nesanngs and hnese o enal Asan) ndesandngs ofIndan eas. do no oeook he fa ha oe han one shola aeas o hae nesood heaeas befoe h qe oely. When Waldsh 944 94: 2 4), fo exale whowas hooghly faa wh all he elean soes saed he al assage qoedeow on he bass of s Sansk and l esons Waldshd 950- 95 3 5 §3 62 ) hewoe Af de Fage nandas we se de e des Bddha nah de anaefahen solen anwoe de Bddha de Mnhe gehe das nhs an das se aensahe He says h he sae n hs geneal nodon o hs seon 944 94: 2 0: "Af eFage nandas was de ehna geshehen habe eg de Bddha das gehe de

Mnhe nhs an an ge dese Dnge den da sahesndgen aen belassenDa w de Bddha wohl Asdk bngen da de noalen Besangsgebheaf hn nwendng nden sollen . . . Af Dngen nandas gb de Bddha wee an eehenfeelhkeen habe an n de glehen Wese we be ene Welhesheoznehen. Thee an be lle dob hee ha Waldshd oely ndesood hesse a han o onen he dsoson of he body



trodo

sngulr nd bnes n he plurl Of crse n Clsscl Snskr f cnnd des cmmnly ccur n he plurl n he sense f bdes" s well bhhumn nd nml The reln beween bdy nd bnes s n prblemcn hery Frm the pn f vew f relgus prcce hwever s Schpenhs emphszed here s sgncn derenc beween remen f n nce bdy nd remen f he resuls f cremnn ncen Ind mslkely szble gglmern f bnes snce bdes were prbbly generllyn bune very hgh emperures.

Whle Schpen rgued h he ldes nerpren f he Budh'ssemen n he Mhinibbnutt mus hve referred nly resrcnn he prcpn n nerl r cremn preprns he ls suggesedth by he me f he ler bks f he Miinh hs undersndng hd

pprenly been ls r les supplemened snce he ex pses dlemmwhch ssumes h he expressn refers relc wrshp Themplcn then s cpsulzed n he very le f Schpens pper s h heppren msundersndng s very ld ne gng bck les he hcenu 6

I hve n dub h Schpen s enrely crrec h mny mdern nerprens f he semen n he Mhinibbnutt nd even rdnlnes such s th mpled by he Miindh, re bsed n msundersndng

f he rgnl ex. There hs hwever lng exsed bh sgncn evdencewhch supprs he crrecness f he undersndng suggesed by Schpen s

Both fors appear for stae the wel kow "eral hy rst the sgar asbody V 10161b ma tca ciki -ram, ad the the plral as boes 3 adhu rti tih rrai Shope refers for ths pot to Nora 1 93 : 27 See for exaple alyas agle 1969: §12020 a §2214 ato the reslts of reato wold hae lded large aots of ash for the

ost part o the wood or other el Moreoer as we wll ote below soe aots of thereato of the Bddha expltly eto that the eral pyre s qehed ot allowed tobr tself ot. Shope ( 1991 1 0 1 1 3 . 2 9 followg Delle ates the releat part of the textto the fth etry. Althogh t s lear that the Miindaaha ore or less as we hae texsted by that perod whe t s ted by Bddhaghosa hs oetares t ay wel haebee fored soewhat before that te thogh after the oposto of the earler setoset by o Hber (1 996 5 § 1 79 betwee 1 00 B ad 200 Nora 1993: 150 saysof the Milindaaha that "t st hae bee oposed log eogh before the te of

Bhaghosa for t to be regared as athortate) Strtly speakg howeer se whatShope says 1 99 1 : 1 0 s that "Ths lea allows s to see . . . how the jto waserstoo Sr aka abot the fth etury " we ght dersta h to eathat ths s how the text of the Milindaaha was beg read by those sh as Bhaghosaperhaps, who tlzed the text ths pero Ths sees to be or shold be a dfferet ao the asserto that ths s eessarly the perod to whh the texts oplato belogs.



rodo

well s sme whch mht be understd t demnstrte tht cnsn vere menn f the wrd f r s wll suest n pprectn f thembuty r multvlence f the term s lkewse nt new In the fllwn Iwuld lke t fcus prmrly n sme Chnese mterls relevnt t ths prblem exmntn wll fll nt three mn prts I explrtn f e wy cenr psse n questn nrrtn the events surrundn the Buddhsmn hs been treted n Chnese trnsltns; I A n extensn f thef rt n nvesttn f severl unusul uses f vcbulry mst ntbly f e Chnese Dghgm nd the clsely relted hrmuptk Vny;) Observns n sme wys n whch the termnly f f hs beend nd trnslted n Chnese chely n the Sddhu1k nd erlyjprmt ltertre



The Body of the Bddha the Mhrinisr

) he Body of the Bddha in the Mhpn-s

The ccunt f the Buddhs nerl nd the pstmrtem dspstn f hsbdy s tken up n number f essentlly prllel scrptrl ccunts.7 Wemy begn by lkng rst t the Pl text f the centrl pssge cncernnghe dspstn f the remns f the Buddh upn hs deth tht upn whchSchpen fcused hs ttentn. The text rst pprches the ssue wth uestn:

( )kaha maya bhane ahgaassa sae papajjm ayva umhe nana hoha ahgaassa

s I gha umhe nana

saahe2 ghaaha saaham anujaha saahe2 appama pno pahavhaaha sannana khayapaQ p bhmaapaQ p gahapapaQ pahgae abhppasann e ahgaassa s kassan

kaha pana bhane ahgaassa sae papajjabban yah kho nanaao cakkavassa sae papajjan eva ahgaassa sae papajjabban I kaha pana bhane ao cakkavassa sae papajjan I ao nanacakkavassa saa ahaena vahena vehen . . eena upyena4 pacah yugasaeh ao cakkavassa saa vehev ayasya elaoy pakkhpv .ao cakavassa saa hen cmmahpahe6 ao cakavassa h

kaon I eva kho nana ao cakkavassa sae papajjan p 2) V arhe V omit dhm 4 V eeupaye 5) V ayay ) caumha

1 7 These lde the l Mhrinibbnsu the Dh-Niky hys Dads adCarpeer 1903 the Saskrt Mhnisr, reostrted fro Ceral Asafraes Waldshdt 1 950 1 95 1 exreely agetary reas of he stra GdhrSaloo ad Allo 2000 ad he Tbea traslato of he drkvsu of he Mla

sarsda Vaya ted Waldshd 950 1 95 1 addto to the Chese ersos ell dy belo These sores exept the sbseqetly dsoered Gdhr aerals) haebee osdered deal by Barea 1970 1971 alhogh ofess do o alays d hsehod of presetao traspare The dealed reatet of Waldshdt 1944 94 salo of ese ale ad osderably easer to se tha Bareas ork Oe shold see alsoBarea 97 5 ad 97 9 ad Sgoo 1 94 2973 1 472479 hle keepg d thathere s a large seodary lteratre o spe probles ths lteratre The oparaeable Okayaa e al 995: 651667 s a ery sel ad o sortg o he relaoshp ofhe aros ersos Mhrinir-sr. See too the tables Hasegaa 974: 2 529ad Tskaoto 1 969 4243 1 hys Dads ad Carpeter 1903 14111427 §V-11 oes TS) BreseSxth Col edto Dhaagr-l-Gahal 2 Dhaagr gatpr Vpasaaesearh sttte 1 993 1 07 1 - 1 3 otes The seod porto §V s repeated at§ 1 7 1 6 1 24 th the Mallas askg ada the sae qesto ad gettg the saeaser



The Body o the Bddha the Mhprnisr

y tranlatn whch tke cgnznce f Schpen cncun herentene prmarly t hghlght the techncal term n ther reltn annt necearly t tn a a cmprehenve nterprettn f the page a

whleHow, Rvn On, shoul w bhv ow h hgs bo?

You shoul b unconcn, nn, wh h wosh of h hg'sbo

Pls, nn, sv fo h u gol, b comm o h u gol,v bng zlous, n, n solu ow h u gol h wswos, n, ws bhmns, n ws houshols wh p fh n hhg who wll pfom h wosh of h hgs Q"

How, Rvn On, shoul hy bhv ow h hgs bo?

nn, hy bhv ow h bo of unvsl mpo, so shoulhy bhv ow h bo

of h hgHow, Rvn On, o hy bhv ow h

bo

of unvsl mponn, hy wp h

bo of unvsl mpo n nw lnn cloh . W ppng h bo

of h unvsl mpo n hs fshon n fv hunsuccssv lys, hy plc n n on ol-v , n hy cm h ,n hy bul sa

fo h unvsl mpo g fou-wy nsconSo, nn, o hy bhv ow h

bo of unvsl mpo

The key expren here n the ne frm whch much ha been rawn avva tumh nnd hoth tthgtss sjy Yu hul beuncncerne nn wth the wrhp f the Tathgt by" It thexample f the term s- tht Schpen argue hul be taken t refern t rec wrhp but rather t the ner prepartn the wr sugh here n cmpun t be unert n the ngulr a by" Wene, mrever that precey the ame wr s ue here t egnate

Bddaghosa hs oetary o the stta here edetly takes sdh sds-)h,oetg Sumgl-Visin, hys Dads ad Careter 16 321 Brese Col edto Dhaagrl-Gathal [Dhaagr Igatr Vasaaesearh stte 993): §204 1622) sdhe gh i umhe rhte gheh, "steo te te goal eas yo shold stre for the hghest goal arhatsh. the root text reas srthe here too o what ass do ot kow. Howeer as oted hysDas ad Stee 1 92 1 92 674b elsewhere Bddhaghosa also derstads sdh as sd h s-rh, glossg t for stae wt ske he Dhmmphkh ad Dh. 66 that otext ths does aear to e orret as sorted y the arallels Udnrg

2 3 1 0 skrh), ata Dhpd 3 2 sdh) ad Gdhr Dhmmp 263skh). Bt lght of Bddhaghosas oetary ad y derstadg of te geeralteor of the assage hae rosoally hose to derstad the ter here as sd-thotg tat ts terretato s aso asally rreeat to the a sses der dsssoee. For a detaled exaato of the ter's tradtoal terretatos see Tara 2003who does ot howeer eto the reset assage or ts oetary



0 The Bo o the Buha in the Mh·nisr

bh he bdy he unversl emperr (akaatin) nd ht the BuddhSchpen ls drew tentn n supprt hs hypthess t subseuentpssge n the Pl text the Mahainibbnautta n whch he suggesedht ne cn cully see the trnsn rm sngulr plurl aa, nd heesulng sh n menng rm bdy" relcs"

(2aha kho yasm mahkassapo yena kusn makuabanhana mallna

ceya yena bhagavao cako en' upasakam .. kha caka paaha ka pao vva2 bhagavao pe sas van I . . . vane ca pan'yasma mahkassapena eh ca pacah bhhusaeh sayam eva bhagavao cakopaal I

hyamnassa

pana bhagavao saassa ya ahos chav v camman vmasan v nah v lask v assa n' eva chk payha na mas Isan' eva avassssu . ahe4 kho pana bhagavao sae analh uakah pu bhav bhagavao caka nbbpes I . . kosnak p mall sabbaganhoakena bhagavao caka nbbpesu aha kho kosnak mall bhagavao san saha sanhge nacceh geh veh mleh ganhehsakkasu gau kasu6 mnesu pjesu I

V ad nam 2) (it padto vvrtva 4 V ad ca 5) VIsndhagare (?) ) PT pikrsu

hen he Veneable ah-Kassapa wen o he akuabanhana n Kusn he ala's shne whee he Blesse One's pye was. . . . hce ccumambulanghe pye uncoveng he Blesse One's boy] a he fee he eveence heBlesse One's fee wh hs hea2 . . As soon as he Blesse One's fee] ha beeneveence by he Veneable ah-Kassapa an he ve hune monks heBlesse One's pye caugh e of s own acco.

Whle he Blesse One's bo was beng bune no cne o ash of he ouesn nne skn esh enons o ol of he jons coul be scene. Only heelcs emane. . . When he Blesse One's ha been consume cascaeso wae fell fom he sky exngshng he Blesse One's pye . . . he allas ofKusn exngushe he Blesse One's pye wh wae fagan wh all sos of

h Dai an Carenter 1903: 163.24-164.23 (§2223) Burmee Sixth Counileition DhammagriPliGanthaml 2 Dhammagiri gaturi iaanna eearh ntute1993]) 122 .24-1 2 3 . 14 Peter Skilling rew m attention to the ablatied here remain unure o it exat

ene Two examle ma be ite at M ii12467 m d kri mean ointingtheir eet at me while at in. i02 7- bhg ss gghsi ym nnd uccrmck nisum mean "the Blee One grae him rom/b the hea enerable nanarom/b the eet liting him the lae him own on a be. The ntax inluing aitation o the eon examle) ha been iue b on Hinber 196 §194 uner thelaiation "Der Ablati er ihtng un e Orte.



The od o the uddh n theMhnis 11

scs Thn fo svn ys h lls of Kusn p h ls n h ssmblyll woshppng honong spng n vnng hm wh nssongs mus glns n pms

A menned bve I beleve h Schpen hs lly esblshed hs cseccerng he prper nerpren f saa-p n hese pssges slely ne bss f he ndc evdence he dduced. Hwever wll be very neresng e h s nerpren s ls cmprehensvely nd ue unmbguuslyspred by he Chnese rnslns f he sr.22 We wll revew hese ne crnlgcl rder f her rnsln. Bu befre we begn we mus rsake sme effr dene he key ermnlgy whch wll pper n hesepassages

ddn he erm upn hch we wll fcus ur cenrl enne w key erms re emplyed express bdy" n he pssges nesn nmely shn nd t R23 We ls nd hese cmpunded s .4s fr s I cn ell whle here my be sme dsncns beween shn nd nerms f precse referen nunce r ffec n sme cses f Chnese usge ngeerl he erms re frm Hn mes n les freuenly f n usullysed vrully nd ms en enrely synnymusly.

cler exmple my be seen n Hn nerl nscrpn ded 43 C hch we nd he expressn shm ngmng twng mngcn :�f,RL ugh he shn s n mre hs cs re brlln; lhugh he tas pershed hs repun persss.

2 Ths seems be cse f nhng

er n elegn vrn Hwever here d exs exmples whch suggesa les n sme perds r fr sme uhrs r n sme specl csesse dsncn beween he w ws nended. In he penng wrds f hejng* fr nsnce he Classic Filial Pity we nd shnt R

Oher ource o vrnt otent relevnce rom wder erectve re n rncle notcondered n the olowng. Thee ncludebut re not lmted tothe Srtvd VnT ] 44c6b un 60]) nd vrou Mhn r tr. We houd note tht common Chnee word or core sh F nd sh , ernever to be ued n reerence to the ded bod o the uddh. Whle Snkrt doeer n Buddht text rendered ssj nd ssh j, r ow t never doe o nreeence to the uddh. The nveron o th comound

tshndoe occur n uddht text lthough t not

common t er to be unknown to dctonre Morohh uo). Such nveron rehoever rther common n erl uddht Chnee ee Zrcher 1 977 1 0) nd n Chneeo er erod generll ee Cheng 1992: 22.) For thee reerence m ndebted toSteno Zcchet td rom rown 200 2: 2 1 7 whoe trnton hve moded lght.



1 The Bod of the Bddh i n the Mhn-s

n nd hr nd skn ne receves frm nes prens]" The senencesrucure suggess sme dsncn here between n nd , nd ndeed ler cmmenr speces ne: n wei gng wei z�

n mens gng [bdyundersd here s hed nd runk; tmens he fur lmbs."26 Such dsnctn hwever ppers be ue rref s n fc nyhng her hn n rfc f he cmmenrys need dfferene erms whch re cully n prcce whlly synnymus

w whle s cernly rue h we mus ke n cnsdern hepssbl h cern vcbulr chces cn nly be undersd whn helcl cnex f he rnslrs deled nury n he fcrs mvngsuch chces s plnly mpssble snce we generlly lck even he smllesshred f drec evdence f wh srs f dscussns mgh hve been gng nwhn sme prculr rnsltn grup ll we hve re he resulng rnslns hemselves On he her hnd we d hve gd de f wh he mnlnes f phlsphcl dspuns were whn Chnese Buddhs cmmunes nd beween Buddhss Cncns nd ss n he Erly Medevl perdhe me whch he rnslns f neres us here belng I s pssbleh hs perspecve mgh help us undersnd sme vcbulr chces Fr les wh respec phlsphcl dscussns f he nure f he bdyvs-vs he nure f he sul" s pln h he vcbulr emplyed n

such phlsphcl cnexs ws fen deren frm wh we mee n hernslns unde cnsdern here In Hn nd preHn phlsphclsurces bvusly nn-Buddhs snce pre-Buddhs the physcl bdy s msfreuenly dened by xng n ppsn smehng whch nmes hephyscl sul " vrusly dened by gre vret f erms begnnngw n nd gng n frm here. Mrever ccrdng deled sudyf debes ver he sul" n Erly Medevl Chn preEsern Jn hnkersn her emp ree he pssbl f n mmrl sul ended use

erms fr bdy lke rou [] nd xingti [] h unmskbly refer pershble enes'7 The sme sudy ges n sugges h he erms frbdy nd s cunerpr [were] sndrdzed s xing nd n here n

spr] n lms ll he dscussns f he bdy prblem snce heme f Zhu Sengs �{] essy" referrng here he Sn wuxing un f he md-furh cenur.2

uoted in Moohsh 95590 99d (3803478. See Wn 2002 385 nd 98v sn nd t esectiel fo the cittons of the ods s itl snonms, nd ssomeho sh dsnshed n menn o 99 3 o 99 3 on the monk Zh Sen see Zche 959 47



Te Body of te Budd i te Mahaniastra

everheless here re prme exceps hs per f usge. Ihe Chese vers f he Mindapaa, fr sce dscuss euse f whch s dsgush he lfe prcple va) frm he physcldy, we d deed ecuer he erm sn, dy dsgushed frm mng le-frce29 A her exmple Kumrjvs le furhceur rslnglun hs rederg f e pvl Mamadyamaari f grjuwh cmmer cs dscuss f he lc f spr" sn argug h c exs sce f dd wuld resde eher sde rusde he bdy sn f sde he bdy he ex es the bdy wulde desrcble d he spr lwys wh 0

Such exmples f smlr usges cemprr Chese Buddhs lerureculd be mulpled Ths leds us he cclus t rs f ll he erms

n : d R eher le r cmb hve he srghfrwrdmeg f bdy.

Secdly des pper lkely h hese erms wereelly seleced by rslrs s euvles f Idc farra due herusage r bsece frm y prculr dgeus dcrl r phlsphclexs ccessble us w I s everheless stll pssble th he Buddhsraslrs fel h by lm hemselves sn, d cmb fhese w erms d vdg vcbulr such s xng hey wuld be ble dsce her reme f the Buddhs bdy m sme f the cmplexes

T 10B (I) 1228 (uan 2) . Te oespodig li text eke 1 888 5 1 9oee s oly abbhntre}, witout expliit metio of ody. See emiville 925 1 t s iteestg to ote tt te Abhidhaakbha i its ith pte otis disussioi ites ovestio ewee Ngse d ig ilid o, s the Sskit text llsm Klig) i wi we d te followig dh 95 695-) ki nu sa}st hrrm any } nyac harrm i d so o te elie Ciese tsltio of tebhdhakabha, tt of mt dtig to 56256 we d tis edeed T 1559

[I 0 22 un 22]) Hee gi lely shn : is usedo od i te pilosopil otext of detes ove midody o lifefoeody) dulismSee o tis iteestig efeee L lle oussi 92 1 9 1 : ix.2 emiille 92 5 5, wit otes, d Skillig 998 oly te lst of wi ws le to ee to tebhdhkbhya i Ssit T. 156 2 5 2 uan 2) idetly, quik look t the text suggests tt tewod R is used i te hnglun i its most oml sese of sometig like suste, utee s ody

I ote te existee i the Logme isiptios i te Guyg ve of te ompoudshnshn

: evidetly i te sese of tsmigtig soul/spiit see Tsukmoto 199

500 Te usge equies te ivestigtio. O shn see te oise osevtios of Zetti 200 . 28 He emids us, moeoe,of te pilosopil oetio ofshn s edeig of man with Ciese osios oete si meig of te oself anman ide sie the lte ws edeed essetillyutil te time of Kumjv, wtishn otody



e Body of te Budd te Mahparinia-sta

f nemprry phsphc debes ver the nture f bdy nd su"sme bu n f whch empyed dsncy deren bdy nguge.32

w e us urn the Chnese rnstns pre the P pssge weed bve.

The Banniuan jing s rerded n trdn scrptre cgess nnymus nstn dng m the perd beween 1-420 Hwever s very cse cern h s n f be crrecy trbued Zh QnX,33 nd heefre dbe cnsderby erer he perd 220-252 mng he des f he exs we w cmpre here In we nd the fwng:3

)

� m_o . o ± • o x . m±_¥� . . . m �!}rI@ga f@. @fIl nm�. o

vl

Afte the Buhas emse how shoul one pefom the neal g ? heBuha sa Yo be quet! Bahmns an householes ae gla to take cae o themselves. nana] agan aske: What s the pocee though whch the

bahmns an hoseholes shol pefom the neal?" . . wappng he boshnf n new cotton cloth . an cemate shw t When ths s onecollect the elcs sh) an set up a stpa an eet a shne at a cossoas,wth bnnes an canopes ape t n slk, an oe owes an ncense

Icdetay ee oBuddt Ida cotext of uc debate oe tadard term forbody wa deed arra e poar dtcto etwee ar ad tman foud at eat aeary a te ataathabrhmaa / Bhadrayakpaniad I2 [Weer 1855 1088 /

I2 [Lmaye ad adekr 1958: 2] ote tat te dyada receo read pafor Ka tman .) e poarty cotue poopca teratre for taceyyastra . 1 . : arradhe ptakbht, [If te body were detca wt te ou tman,we te body bured tere woud e o . I oter word te ddua wou tebe reeaed from wt te cremto of te body wc ot te cae.JJ Accordg to 192 cocuo ared y Ko 199 d Natter 200 21 2001 1 For a raday deret ew of te attruo of t ad eera oter Nratraraato ee wamatu 19b ao 19) wo ee te work attrbuted to Bo Fau a tetraato of Z a tt of te ukow trtor ere cred to Z a) a tewor of Darmaraa ad tat acred to Fax te work of Gadra. Depte ome

gerg dagreemet I foow ere te ew of Ko ad Nttier wc amog otertg do ot requre woee regmet of te attruto of oter trato.Neertee t rem poe tt oe or more of tee trto a fact beewrogy aged. See ao o Fx eowJ . I) 18c1 22 uan ia) t. Wdcmdt 1 9 1 98: 2 1 5 .



Te Body of e Budd i e Mahaniaa 1

Here the vcbulry ply dtnguhe between the nerl tretent he bdy (dented by the cpund snt ! n the ne hnd nd thestcretn reultnt relc e) n the ther The quetn ped herecncerns the nerl zg �, whch ke t cytl cler tht th trnltnly ccrd wth the nterprettn Schpen ffered fr the Pl text: hwne suld tret the bdy" en hw ne huld perfr the nerl

Our next surce the F banniuan jing {l w trnlted rughly a-cenury lter by B Fzu 8 beteen 290-06 In ths trnltn urassge red:5

4 C{@R{ {, o

®o jin, M•R , zjo {1o

ji,

o {, 1®g. . . @t*H, �CfIL �l o

After the Bddhs demise, wht is the procedre throgh which we sholdperform the nerl (ng for the Bddhs bod (shn ? The Bddh sidto nnd Yo shold be qiet it does not concern [yo]! Brhmins ndhosehoders together wil te cre of y

bod

(shn nnd sid Wht is

the procedre throgh which they wil tke cre of the Bddhs honorble bod6zn @" The Bddh sid to nnd The procedre for the nerl (dgs s the procedre for the nerl (binzng �) of niersl monrch

36 Bt theddh srpsses him" Annd sid Wht is the procedre for the ner(zng of n emperor" The Bddh sid to nnd The procedre for thenerl is to wrp the bod (shn @ in silk tisse . After the cremon (shw is oer collect the relics (shei ( nd set p sa t crossrods "

Here gn te vcbulry kes t cler tht the nerl prcedures cncern

e dssn f the uncreted bdy The Mll pek f the Buddh' e Buddh helf refer t h sn, the e wrd he ue n spekng e bdy f the unversl eperr (caravartin), nd nlly nnd sek e Buddhs bdy There de nt pper t be ny ndentlsnctn pled here lthugh f cure nnd vcbuly s hnrc 3

T 5 () 169298 uan ia) s Wldsmid 1 9, 1 98 2 14 Compe e simileme 1 7 1 5-2 5 uan ia)

No oe o ymil osideios would ppe o e e leio eweeg nd bnzg; is ppes o e puely se of eleg viio Te ex my, oweve e mkig disiio ewee ds use of plul speso ponou "we dng d e Budd's espose wi uses "you r wou y plul mke Of ouse is i iself is f om olusive Clssil Ciese



Te Body of e Budd i e Mhnirs

The Drghgama ws rnsled by Buddhys 38 nd hers nChnese n 43 s he Chang Ahan jing 39 Ths e my be ssgnedvully whu dub he hrmgupk sch nd hnks he celesehes f Sesh Krshm we e nw cern h ws nsled fmsme fm f Mddle Indc Buddhyss Drghgama hs s vesn f hepssge qued bve s fllws:4

5� M S _ R

£P ± E z _r W9_ :O,$3

M i X S ,$3_

_¥

wimJ®a ®�: s*:O Z @�t ¥ t= Mw J Wz5@flj �(

W i

At that time nanda got p from his seat adanced and spoke to the Bddhasaying After the Bddhas demise what is the procedre for performing hisneral zmg ?" The Bddha said to nanda Yo be qiet Think abotwhat yo shold do The psakas will be glad to take care of it themseles 4

At that time nanda repeated his reqest three mes saying After the Bddhasdemise what is the procedre for performing his eral?" The Bddha said If

in genel plul mkes e ey fequely omied, d despie ei moe ommonemplomen i Buddis tslios, ei e of omissio tee oo is ig Te see of plul mke, eefoe, i o wy llows us o eessily ssume singul is expliilyinede. On e oe d, e usge my ey well e signi.

Te seod e is lso we Se e Beu 9 Te ideiy of e nslo d eled polems e disussed elow Ksim 99 onluded is lgge ws o ideil wi Gd, on esis of meils en ille. Suseque disoeies of Gd lguge eils,wi mog oe igs e eed ou kowledge of is poology my s equesion i ew lig. Howee, do o know of y emp so f o onfon eeidene of e Ciese Drghgm wi e esuls of e mos ee sdies of e newlyisoeed Gd meils eig pinskigly exmied y Rid Slomo n isem e niesiy of Wsigto.

T 2) ) 2022 9 (un 5 Tis meil s ee sled efoe Welle 9990 5 (lxiiilx) Wldsmid 9, 98 2 Kmisuk i Okym e 995 280282 See lso e ely idel sseio i e epise i ese, T. 2 205 un 5tJ 1tPf [mN !'Z.



Te Body of te Budda te Mahania-stra

one wans o know how o perform he neral, one shold follow [he procedre]or a niersal monarch" nanda again asked Wha is he procedre for performng he neral of a niersal monarch?" The Bddha said o anda Theprocedre for he neral of a niersal monarch is rs o wash his bod

wih fragran ho waer, hen o wrap his enire bod shn : in new cooncloh sccessiely wrapping i in 00 lers Placing he

bod

shn @ inside agolden cofn, i is hen sprinkled wih sesame oil, and he golden cofn is lifedp and placed inside a second large iron exerior con Fragran sandal wood ishen sacked p arond he oside of he exerior cofn One piles p all sors ofrenowned permes, coering he op [of he cofn] compleely, and hen cremaeshw ® i When his is done, he relics he �frJ ) @ are recoered, anda

s emle

( is se p a a crossroads4

Aanda if yo wan o perform myner l,

rs wash [me] wih fragran howaer [ . and so on as before] "

Just as n the ther translatrs versns a clear dstnctn s made betweenbdy" r ) befre the crematn and relcs (e) aer

lst cntepraneus wth the ust cted Drggama translatn s theal versn f the Maparii1a-ra we wll cnsder here4 the Dabapa jig *¥�!, translated by Faxan nly a few years later n 7

46

he parallel passage there reads4

.�, W e M , � A O .Mo M,

$ o @ m o � , o _So

@{.� :o ± � .{

I aot resst potg out for te eet of tose wo may ave a terest tepopular ulture of a geerato ago tat te resultg ede mght also aptly e termed aS Temple owever terestgly despte te passages asserto tat ada sould ot oerelf wt te eral we ada ssts tat e wses to e told of the proedures fore Buas era te Buddas respose does seem to aept te posslty tat adaself wl arry out tese rtes "ada f you wat to perform my eral " p 7 wt te seod perso proou epltly employed evdetly te sgular For a mu later verso datg aout tree etures aerwards see Addtoal Note 1

Te ate s aordg to te Chu sanzangji 2 T 2 15 L 12 (uan 2)Wat s ay evet most mportat for us s tat se Faa retured om s famoustraves oly 1 s traslato aot e earler ta that of te Drghgama ompeted 1 O te attruto of ths traslato to Faa see te detaled dsusso atsuoto 92 5 1 1 7 T (I) 19921200a20 uan hng; tras Waldsmdt 1 9 1 98 2 1 5



i apania-ta

o

A f o

{$' �B jo X 9 t M*o M mM m. n. J¥KZ 1zrti;T @M*m. IJ

RPi ' mM{ [ N {: U' £zr j* M*i5 £ i Ef?.

mM. & i. A* A1@i. C{j

At that time nanda then sad to the Bddha Blessed One after yo enterparnra what s the proedre for worshn ng C [yo] TheBddha sad Yo shold not now onern yorself wth these thngs Only thnkthat after my demse yo shold protet and phold the Tre Teahngs. Takepleasre n preahng to people what yo heard long ago. Why? The gods themseleswll worsh m bod

hn) , and brahmns as well as kngs hoseholders andlaymen themseles wll also worsh m bod

"

nanda sad Athogh gods and men wll themseles perform the worsh, Istll do not know what proedre shold be followed" The Bddha sad nandaworsh m bod followng [the proedre for the neral o a nersal monarh. wrap the bod

hn n new loth of ne weae [plae t n a on and so on} .. .

Frthermore nsde the ty prepare a rematon grond .

gong to the

remaon grond brn nense satter lowers and worshp wth ms. rmamblate that fragrant pyre seen times Then plae the on atop the fragrantpyre and sprnke t wth fragrant ols The proedre for lghtng t s [to start}from the bottom. When the rematon hw s omplete ollet and taethe rels he @ plae them n a golden essel and eret a

s on that spot

[People shold onstantly worsh daly brnng nense satterng lowersand so on. nanda yo shold know that ths s the proedre for worshn

a

nersal monarh. Smlarly rem tng m bod hn as a kings yo thenbld as

. . . If there are bengs who rase baners and parasols brn nensesatter owers lght lamps and reerene my s wth hymns of prase thesepeople wll attan great benet for a long tme. In the tre before long otherstoo wll eret a re t s (s @ and worsh ts bod ther bodes hn

The same paern we saw abve n he her ranslans s paralleled here:nly afer he creman des bdy" vcabulary n, and wrshp f hebdy gve way relcs" e The cmmn erm gnng usually a ranslan

f j appears be used n a very brad sense The basc meanng f heerm mples makng fferngs bu here ha sense s planly narrwHwever exacly wha enals s n always clear



Te Body of e Budd te Mahpaniaa 1

A s mde bundnly pln by ll f hese Chnese pssges he nsls ese exs cenly undesd nnds quesn cncen nly heedues f nel nd f hndlng he cpse whu ny efeence wsh f elcs spsus s Shpen suggesed he Pl ex suld beesd. A Schpen emphszed hweve numbe f mden schllyamens seem he bsued he cucl dsnn beeen cpse ndls Wh s smew supsng s h n nly hse wh del wh heevbly mbguus Indc evdene bu even sme f hse wh ve dnn e vully unequvcl Chnese evdence ls she n ss F nsne hvng clgued he deences nd smles fall sns we ve us exmned whch shuld hve mde vey lea e Bud's dve nnd cncens nly e nel nd Beueless wen n sy:4

Conseently all of or sorces are agreed n this wofold point the fneralprocedres of he Bddha are the dt of he lait and not of the monks who areno o concern theseles with hem The clt of the Bddha an oh ca leas the exernal fors of his clt, shold in the rst place be resered fordeot lay followers

Beu's dvenus ddn f nd f hs elcs" pes ee heuene f s wn pecncens f despe que ccuely edng we exs sy he wen n bue hem smeng else s well aw ls ne e Chnese suces ye mde vlly e sme le s Beu He wen n meve nnec hs esul hey bu lpmen f ely Mhyn mmunes buldng un n ssumpn fae mnsc n ly nvlvemens wh sp wsh I hve eleggese hs ndmenl msundesndng seusly undemnes eyas f Hw' s gnel hey.0

partuar, t te ery e of te passge, te tos ue stp are rtere asg q s ; perps to e tke s worsp of ts ody, or of ter oes, g me offergs to ts oy, so o. To wt te term ody, , tspartuar stae refers s ot speed s t to te stp tself, or to te remas of teBua ote tere Te key amguty ere ges o te sese of q ; a proou, otexts su as ts geerally possesse Te sese of te expresso remas uresole,a we re perps ery fortute tt our lrger rgmet does ot sta or fl te e

terpretto of ts pssge Breau 9 7 1 7 , wt my aed empss. O p. fter rely regsterg teCese passges w, s e orretly otes, dsuss te ody, er d p of te oyBareau rote Notos e pssat que e mot sskrt dsgt e orps e adrer) sgera uss pr l sute les restes orporels mes retrous sur es leux e lmato, es reques orporees, e qu porr osurr parfos os textes.



2 Te Body of e Budd te Mahpanirastra

Oher emples llusre rher he suggle beween cceped nerprens nd wh es cully sy In hs nsln f Wldschmd's edn fhe Snskr Mahparinia-sra Iwm Yuk nurlly del wh

pssges n h e whch menn farra nd farra-p Hs renderngs rensrucve In he crucl pssge cncernng he Buddh's dvce nndh he n cncern hmself wh fara-p Iwm rendered he cmpundwh shari no kuy IJO4 farrawrshp " whch s sy relc wrshp she dd n severl smlr pssges Hwever precsely he sme Snskr erms elsewhee rendered sgi �{s2 r oomurai no gishiki �s3 nerl"n nerl rul" respecvely. he sme me even when mens bdy"n he sngulr farra lne s rnsled by Iwm bh wh shari relcs" n he ne hnd nd wh nakigara crpse" n he her5When he dscussn urns he resuls f he cremn Iwm rerns shari In hs ncnssency Iwm s fr frm lne In wh seems behe erles Jpnese rnsln f he Pl Mahparinibbnasua h fyd Tssh fr emple we nd vey smlr pern nnd's frsuesn he Buddh ( §V 0) s rnsled wh shari s fllws7 i#, tdD*IjDfM9" Blessed One hw shuld we ke cre fhe Thgs relcs" nd hs vcbulry cnnues (n §V n hescussn f he nerl f he ckrvrn: T #, .$±OHDl

9 Then Blessed One hw shuld we ke cre f he unverslemperrs relcs" Bu he nswer suddenly swches m shari karada (ls

rw 195: 3 3 , d 06 . For my rtsm, see Sl 2002, s well s te wor ofoters ted tere Iwmoto 1 9: 1 1 5 , 1 3 5 , d 1 3 6, trsltg respetvely Wldsmdt 1 950 1 9 5 1 : 3 5 83623), 10 6.), d 1 2 §.2)5 Iwmoto 19: 139, 10, trsltg respetvely Wldsmdt 19501951 18 .22),

20 8.8). I te ltter se Iwmoto trsltes adya gate sapthe artate arre arrapj s� B d! B - T 9 �{;'bL 9 0 �{ c . Weextly te sme expresso ours lter (Wldsmd 19501951: 32 §501]), oweverIwmoto 19: 1) reders t B - T {O � {;b trodugyet slgtly dfferet voulry, replg "perform te erl rtes wt "perform tertes for te erl of te Budds orpse5 Iwmoto 1 9: 13 , trsltg Wldsmdt 1950 19 5 1 28 §9 . 19). Iwmoto 1 9: 1 3 8, trsltg Wldsmdt 1 950 19 5 1 : 1 6 §. 1 2).5 5 Iwmoto 19: 136, 139, 11, 12, d 13 trsltg respetvely Wldsmdt 19501 95 1 12 §.), 20 2 3), 2 §9 1), 26 §9.5) 28 §9. 1 5) d §9.20).

Iwmoto 1 9: 1 15 sltg Wldsmdt 1 950 195 1 : 3 §50.5 6) Byd 1 93 5: 1 26 1 2 , 1 53 1 5 1 58 . Ts tretmet s lso peulr se Byd d teeet of ess ot oly to Cese soures, ut to Rys vdss qute orre Eglstrsto s well



The Body of the Buddh i the Mahparnastra 2

ea mukuro) bdy cpse" nd hen mmedely bck gn � $ Z � $ljO < W g t 1 $3 frzWg;)O < o < *fIJWg/t nnd peple . heunvesl empes cpse; nnd s shuld yu ke ce f he unveslees cpse nnd s yu ke ce f he unvesl empes elcs ul yu ke ce f he Thgs elcs " n he epse f VI0 §.17 , whch n he Pl s pecsely he sme sve f he dn f hevave nd" he ele shari hs becme karada � jO*mz{P=Wg Blessed One nnd ic], hw shuld we ke cee Tahgs cpse" Fnlly n he nsnl pgphs V2-24whee sarra mves fm sngul plul we nd que lgclly s karaby n hen shari elcs Thee s pbbly n wy ccun f such

nnssency even ncheence (whch culd be nsnced n ny numbe he plces s well he hn s eec f he nsls pecncepnsalugh gven hese ucuns fm ne senence he ne s dfcul ee wh even he nsls hemselves mgned he es mgh be ng say



Te Budd Fuel i te Drghgm d mgupt i

II) he Buddha's Funeral n he Dighg and Dhanapaka

Vnaya

he emes of the pssges of some moder sholrs ted bove does oted erler by Shope) re lerly osstet f ot t les prohee Wh hoever of nen Chese tnslons? We hve lredysee ht he prllels n these exts §§ 4 5 to the rst Pl pssge eed §) e vtully unmous n seeng referenes o he pre-remtonobje of veeron s body shn T or shnT ut he e look bt morebodly he temet of ths theme these rnslons e o ote feoddes ese eter round one prulr ord sh. We my exmehe trnslons begnng h he oldes foussng o the vobulry employed desptons of he body of he uddh We should begn by lookg od body lnguge tht used of e uddh ousde the de eloext nd hene n referene to lvng body

I Zh Qs trslton tht dng from he rst hlf of he hd ere d he follog ount of the uddhs selfdesrpo of hs lless: 8

7� _ _ ®mw *. �

o m . o

At that tme, the Bddha washsc ll hen ) ill, and hs entire bod

was n pan The Bddha thoght The pan s horrble Howeer, all my dscplesare absent. I oght to wat for them to arre, and only then ass nto nraBecase of ths llness, I shold be energec in my own efforts, 9 absorbed n theedtate concentration in which one is not mindl of diersity (nnasaj 0

Here o terms refer to the uddhs body shn d q 1 In oFs hlf-etury ler rendeg e d he sme epsode s follos:

T (I) 1 80 2 15 un shng Wldmidt 1 9 198 9 1

To gt ti illeI ee folow Beu 1 970 1 0

Te em q i gi pefetl odiy wod fo "od. Te Shun foite impl dee it ee Wg 2002 1 8) T. 5 () 159 (un shn Wldmidt 19 1 98 9 1 9



Te Budda Fueral i te Drggm ad Darmaptaa iaya

W* mo . g tl 8R m $ o •R o . * Rm

he Bddhs] entre bod (shen ws n hrrble pn nd he ws bot toenter prn The Bddh thoght to hmself All the monks re gone If Ittn prnr one I wold not be deoting myself to those who re wthotthe dhrm nd ny." nnd got p from where he hd been sttng t thebse of tree pprohed the Bddh nd sked Hs the Bddhs snted bod

shngshn not been feelng well He yo reoered?" The Bddh repled: he not reoered t s extremely bd. I m bot to enter prnr

d egs hm o dely hs prrv, d he fer of dsssohe ddh g sys No my ody (shn) s ll p" 4:. dhe er he fmos omprso of hs ody o old r hose soldregh s goe he sys My ody (shn s lke hs h s sold s reghgoe" :RD 63 Here ody lguge osss of the erms shn hehoor6shngshn d he ompod shn The rslor speks of heddhs shn d ses hoor olloo 6-shngshn d heddh hmsel speks of hs shn d shn

t les someh eed y Zh Qs erler rederg s h heDghgama rslo he ls e ll osder se Fxs slghly lerrslo does o o hs epsode:6

(9)

I@ • W . � 8 f o • #8o M o

Lter drng the smmer rn retret the Bddh beme hsall (shn ) nd hs entre bod ) ws n pn. The Bddh thoght to hmself sows Now I m beome ll my entre

bod

(shen n horrble pn Howeerm dspes re l bsent If I were to pss nto nr ths wod not be rghtf m Now I shold be energet nd mntn my fe by my own eorts "

Here e d he ddh spekg of hs o ody s shn d he rroroo llg shn d g reme erely osse h h ed he her rslos The referees hs pssge re of orse s

T. 5 I 13 , 1 5 1 un n; Waldmidt 9, 198 93 . () I 15120 un 2) Suei i Oayama et al. 995: 23 Wele 5 (iiiWadmdt 1 9 198 9 1



24 Te Bus Funel in te Drggm n Dgtk Vin

e oed bove o he lvng body of he uddh hh e hus see desrbedvrously s n 6engn n nd ords hh hs onexpper sonymous boh n deoon nd onnoon We do oe hoever

h o Fus ex hs nd use he explly respel ppellon 6 ng nGeerlly spekng he sme vobulry s used n referene o he ded

body of he uddh hs orpse Hoever here re ses n ll hree erlyrslons of he Maparinirasa n hh nsed of he vobulrfor body" ossg of he ords jus lsed e nd somehng unusul heerm e fJ hh geerlly desgnes rels " s used nsed n he seseof uremed ded body " These ses our he onex of he dsussoo he reme of he uddhs body by he Mlls. In hs regrd for heors provdes us e my rs of ll refer s bsele o he Pl exhh s srghforrd nd reds s follos:65

(10)t ko koinrk mll puri pu n i b kuinry

ndml c bb c vcr nnip t ko koinrk mll yen upvtn . . yn bvo rr tn upkmiu upkmitv bvto rr ncci i vdiei mle i ndei kkront

rukront

mnn pjent . .ev t div2

vnmeu It ko koinrkn mln d oi iviklo kho j bvtorr jetu ve dni my bvto rr m

I t kokoinrk mll bvto rr ncci . . . kkront . . . dutiym pi divvtinmeu

t ko tm div koinrkn mlln td oi I mybvto rr nccei . . . kkron . . . I dkhien dki nrriv biren bir dkio nr bvto rr m ti I

V m k 2) kvm vm m v m

Ten te Mll of Kuinr ordrd ir ervn yin Gr permerlnd nd ll te muicl intrumen in Kuinr " Tn te Mll of Kuinr went to wer Bld On bod w . . in Upvtn. Arrivin teretey pent te nir dy in onorin rpcin vnrin nd worippin eBled One

bod

wi dnce on muic rlnd nd cen . . . .Ten it occurrd o h ll of Kuinr It oo lt tody to crmte e

Bleed One bod. W will crm Bled On body omorrow." And oty pen t econd dy . . n onorin . . h Bld On

bod

wi dnce . . .

s Dvis n Cente 190 159.160.5 §.11) Buese ixt Couneton DgiiPliGnth 2 Dgi, gtui Visnn ese nsttte99) : 1 9 1820 7 .



The Buhs Funel in the Drggm n Dhgtk Vin 2

Ten on e even dy occued o e Mll of Kun Honon . e Bleed One w dnce le u cy o e ou, ound eoude of e own, nd ceme e Bleed One

bod o e ou of eown

I hs pssge, ll ourrenes of he erm used for he orpse of heddh, sarra re n he grmml snglr, nd here s ohng prulrlyl o udersd hough obvously none of he orrespondng Chesevesos s rnslo of hs Pl su nd ll hree n f belog ose lneges oher h he Thervd (even f s no ler preselyhh hese e some ses here n be lle doub of he deny of hee ehl erms n he Chese exs nd he Pl verson Whle, s e s

ve he Pl ex referred o he body of he unversl emperor nd h ofhe uddh eqully s sar nd hle he Chese rnslons refer o heed ody of he uversl emperor h ordnr body lnguge, hen mes o dsssng he nerl of he uddh some vrons of neresppe The frs exmple o hh e my dr eno ours Zhs erly rson:

1 1 )

Tey l eed oee rouou e cy nd bnn ower nd pemecme o e Budd' Bown er ed ey mde eveence, nd peeneder offern n worp Toee ey ked nnd W e nerlg pocedure He nwered em d been u I e poceduefor e nerl o unverl empeo Bu e Budd ould be even beer

As eve hs mml oex mkes ler, he el spoke of hee by heo refer oly o he peemo orpse of he ddh; here se exs o pos-emol remns (rels) o hh reverene mgh bepd Hever, hs vobulr s o used ossenly by Zh Qn, no e eve dee y pern of er spekers peferrg, or ern oexsllg fo er erms he ex goes on, fer he Mlls prepre sees glde os:7

T 6 (I) 9 3 un x Wshit 944, 94 272 T 6 () 9 6 9 un xi Wshit 944, 94 27 6



2 Te Bus Fne in te Drggm n Dtk Vin

) j BI L [ A 5[ B+ c o b , *

$� o b o

Tey prepared new coon clo and 00 nely woven clo A a me epeople aered from all arond from roo e rrondn 0 I areal of em bro mcal nmen ower perme and came o e wn§la] ree Toeer ey ook e Bdda bod shen and placed aop eolden paform en onored and worpped w mc

Here he very sme body referred o erler by he rror s seI ssmply[sn , he body of he uddh er he orpse s ke ou of the t

d prded by gods however we reur o seI8

) o W

Af!Jo

Innmerable oer od rewed many pe of eavenly ower from e kyand raned down perme Ten e Grand Mner Poxan and e Grand

Mner conferred. Tey wed for e mcal prae performed by mano jon w e mc of e od o end off e shi

Ths se oe g po o ohg oher h he uremedorpse fer he ber s rred oe ge of he d ou oher ske o he ple hs ex lls uu Y The he Mlls :9

8

1

$�Ro E B o M $�

M o {o t /o

[ji T , o #E *o

@$ /o ., o

Wrapped e Bddabod sh n coon clo and nex wrapped a

oand me n 00 fnely woven clo Tey lled e olden cofn weame ol and placed e Bdda

bod shen wn e olden cofn . .Te Grand Mner O raped a brand and wa abo o cremae e Bdda

n b e pyre wa mmedaely exnged He red ree me b

T 6 (I) 9b 3 un xi; Wlscit 944 94 23 24T 6 (I) 9b3 un x Wlsci 944 94 29296



The Bhs Fnel n the Drggama nd Dhgtk Vn

en ou ec me Te veneble Anudd poe o nnd, yng Te re doe no gne due o e w of e god Tey ve een M-ypcomng from Pp0 w renue of 00 He ll on e rod, nd nce en o py reverence o e Budd, e god do no pem e e o gne "

nnd d: Oy we wll epec e god e "

Here e d he body referred o oe s shn oe sshn d oee ex speks smply of remg he uddh rn ou expl oe e body The see he shes o Kyp o he rod here eeouers se from hom he lers of he uddhs deh The see forms hm h Gods d me gher ogeher d orshp hs body 1 fer some phlosophl dsusso o mperm

ee Kyp sys If e gher our robes d go qukly, e ll be ble osee e uddhs body shn)" Eeully Kyp3

(1 5)

1TW{fo § M { B {E fl lM*i, E M {

Aved e wn [l ree, nd beeld e Budd nerl pye He ednnd: A long ye uncremed, plee ow me e Budd bod

she nnd nwered Te Buddbod she lredy wpped, oed

n eme ol, nd plced wn e golden ce Oude e pyre bul upoougly oed w pefme Aloug ye uncremed, verydfcul ndeed o ee." Kyp epeed reque ce, nd nnd nweredec me] e d r, dfcul o ee e Budd bod sheg

Afer e udds fee emerge from he rppgs, Kyp oes ey e dsolored d sks The hbul] olor of he uddhs body

The ne o ths c ltentve P o Pv s hee (nd elsehee) nscbexn EMC pn The second chcte lso be e hch obbl eldsMC n o n bt nethe o these tnsentl sot the eqvlence th va/a Thepoble s dscsse n soe etl b Pellot 933 ho entons intr alia the sggestono the excoghe Hln tht one shol e not bt the un EMC £n

eh Ksh ho ene e o Pellots std beleves tht Hn s coect btnotes tht the nvestgton s eqe T 6 I) 9b 6 (uan ia Wlschdt 944 94: 27 T 6 I) 9b24 (uan ia Wlscht 944 94 2 9 T 6 I) 9b2c3 uan ia Wlscht 944 94 302



Te Bs Fel i te Drggama Dgtk Vi

n) s golden; hy s t [no] dfferent?" { £!74 nnd desrbes the epsode of pous old omns ters nd then follo Kypsverse of lment The lst menton of the body of the uddh n ths text

errds e get menton of the remton nd subsequently of the resultntbones g {5 ther dstrbuton nd so ons of some nterest. It omesn to verses spoken by nnd the nterpretton of hh s ver dfultnd the trnslton onsequently unsure: 77

1

f JZ

*H¥:T

I /

/ti

Th Bdd bc i p inid nd o com o v (shen ofh Bm wold Oiginlly dcndd by mn of i pii nd now vi h

W ppd in coon, in ond ly of nly wovn clo i no ndo co [i] Moov, no wd cln, b i i p ndoogly bigh

Muh of ths s hghly obsure but seems nevertheless to pont to doeve of the nture of the uddh nd hs orporel mnfestton or nrntonn ths orld. If Przylusk s rghtnd t lest Wldshmdt thnks he sthenthese verses re nothng other thn vgorous protest gnst the nenttrdtons ordng to hh the body of the uddh s shed nd lothedn grments. Suh prtes hh re sutble for ordnry mn nd equllyor krvrtn seemed useless nd out of ple n the tme n hh the

uddh hd beome ompletely dvnzed nd no longer hd ny humnpperne.78 Aordng to ths ve Zh Qns text or t the ver lest theverson of nnds verses preserved theren sees the uddh s not onlytrnsendent but by nture suprmundne. Ths does not pper hoever tobe ve supported by deptons of the uddh elsehere n the sme

T 6 () 9c6 (uan ia Wlscit 944, 94 302. T. 6 ) 90 9 (uan ia.

T. 6 I) 9024, 272 (uan ia i te st cse te exessio isfn { in teseo shn j Hee clel boes, is eqilet tosl J elics. T. 6 () 9036 uan ia iscsse i Plski 9920 7 ( 790)Beu 97 : 229. Pzski 9 920: 7- 79 0), e b Wlscit 944, 94 307



The Bddh's nel n the Drghgama nd Dhtk Vin

ranslatn t lest wth egd t the specc vcly sed n reference ths bdy r f exmple n tems f the depctn f hs physcl llness ctedabve whch pesppses vlnele nd hmnly physcl Bddh In

addtn when the dy f the Bddh s twce efeed t n these verses t snce wth the wrd sn, the secnd me wth qu The pcte f the tnscendentuddha seen here y Pzylsk whteve my be ts sgncnce des ntappear t e elted t t relect ny specc specl vclr sed nreerence t hs dy

T cntne srvey when we tn t B Fzs tnsltn we ndthere nml" refeences t the cpse f the Bddh desgnted wth dy"langge s we saw eler t n ddtn the fllwng pssge whch speksf he prcedres pr t cremtn:9

1 7'L\*RPB {IJ igrA *B

1i3

T bmn nd ouold n d fng u lfom of Bdd

st

w w o n fom c n g Bu lfomcould no b lfd T ouold og d I no obl o mov

lfom Cn w k ou of c

where else n ths trnsltn des the wd efe t the by f theuddha menng elsewhee lwys elcs" In ddtn s f s I cn seewhere n the lst f r srces Fxns tnsltn s sel sed n nythnger than the sense f elcs " Ths leves s wth ne srce yet t cnsdehe Drggama trnsltn nd hee we nd the mst cmplex set f exmples el vcblry sed t refer t the dy f the Bddh Wht ptterns f

any drect the emplyment f the tem s the key estn we wll ty taddress nd the centrl sce f the peplexty whch mtvted he presentsudy t egn wth

The rst pssge n the rggama t ttrct r tentn reds s fllws:0

18R m , gRm&,

®{" $H! n

T 7 b4- 6 (ua ia Wldschidt 944 948 276 T (2) () 27c7-2 (ua 4) This el hs been tnslted b Welle 99 940 9 (ccviii) Wldschidt 944 948 272 Be 98 27 7 Hkt n k et l 99 4



3 Te Bdd Fne in e Dggm nd Dngk Viny

A a m M dcud mon hmv foo: c oneo bck o i om, m, ow nd muca numn, andquickly o o n o woi shel C. on dy uin eBudd shel @ on fom, 8 M you k fou con of afom od of bnn nd o, bun ncn, c ow nd ymuic in wo

Enn ou n nd n cma i"

hs sequene begns th n employment ofse n ht n be nothngelse thn the sense of body ded body orpse" somethng hh exstsbefore the remton hs yet been rred out he referene here s to the

body of the uddh nd the spekers re the Mlls he text goes on to syht the Mlls then dd return to ther homes gther the requstes for orshpnd gong to the tn l trees beteen hh rested the body of the uddhdd orshp of/to the se" gnng se #. 82 fter dy they pledhe se on pltform nd so on nruddh rns them tht they re stngeffort, sne the gods re bout to ome nd lft up the pltform themselvesWhen the Mlls sk hy nruddh reples:

)&wE#CJ J, f@M

*izo IL Z , wE 1

®M*iz

You abou o k m ow nd muc numn o wo ehe on dy you n o u Budd she @ on afom . andcm Bu h od w o k h shet [in c nd fo vn dyvny wo i wi m ow nd muc inumn ae yw ak Budd' hel , u on fom and cm

Here nruddh speks usng se to refer to the orpse of the uddhhe Mlls then gree nd resolve tht they ll beut the t nd forseven dys orshp the se nng se 4 the sme vobulrybeng used both to report ther dret speeh nd to report ther tvtes

Conexy pe bee "bie og e em cung in ief no cconnoon.

)

T () () 7c45 un 4)T 1 () () 7c98 un 4)T () () 8 3 un 4).





3 2 The Bddh Fe i the Drggama d Dmgtk Viy

oabulay shis o shn W a bgin o spula whh in hist at las this usag o she is a honoi on wih odina wods obod avoidd ou o sp o h Buddha Th s instans in this

sun o h bod o h Buddha whih igh oiva th us ospial oabula. Thos whih ollow howv o th lss altdakavatin with gad to who i is said hat his bod hn is washdFo th akaain onl a his ation ® do w noun th shelaly now in h sns o lis @ W ight hn wond whth anintntional disintion has bn intodud naly btn a lss ald od shn, and h Buddhas bod as she This hpohsis igh inth st pla b stngthnd b h idial ollowing paagaph inhih th Buddha is ad to us "bod languag in n to his ownt) ops88

� & , lB

Zo @n riz, @- � @

[ Budd old m nnd if you wn o pfom my nl C sws [m wi o fgn w n wp

bod

hen @ in nw coon

nd bnd i succssivly in lys Plc bod in goldn cofn ndcm @ i collc lics (sh ® nd c @ sa cossods ' "

Th wod she appas in his passag in andas wods poting thdit sph o th Buddha, but it is usd onl to to post-ationains lis ® Whn th Buddha spaks o his own dad bod h alls itn This is onsisn wih th spulation o a dinial us o sptoaulay sin w igh wll iagin h Buddha dpid as aoiding

honoi languag with spt o hisl owv w nd a disussionwhih appas o ontadi his nat dihoo slighl lat in h sanaati sun89

(.X RMo

,

*lB

*, *i o ;,

T. 1(2) (I) 28b115 <ua 4) t. i Wee 1939 194 194 ccc); Wdcmidt1944 1 948: 28 5 Hikit Okym et . 1 995 : 3 5. T. (2) () 28b28c2 <ua 4) tr. Wee 193 9 1 94 1 95 (ccciv); Wdchmidt 94 1 948 29 5 Hikit i Okym et . 1 995 3 5 1 .



The Bddh Fel i he Drggama d Dhmgk Viy 3 3

T Malla aain akd: Wy do od no prmi fir o burn"Anirudda rplid: T od conidr a MaKyapa i prnly cominfrom land of Pv wi dicipl and a i now u midwa; wan o bod of Budda oshn) ® wil i a o bn crmad

Bcau od kow i innion y do no prmi r o burn

ee the Buddhas disiple niruddha reers to the unreated objetot ith the hypothesied respet ter she but rather s he Buddhs bodyn) ® While e ay hve no ouble ith he Buddha using non-respetoabulary about hisel e now have to onsider hether we ight aintainboth that she ntions in this text as an honori usage ontrasting itharked shn and also that the Buddhas disiple ight speak o his orpse

sg the less ealted ter shn There are hoever other eaples o suhsage ter Kyapa learns that the Buddha is dead he and his ve hundredsples are saddened and laent his passing. The aous disrespetl disipleee alled *Upananda90 rejoies at the Buddhas death and the onseenteedo he iagines it iplies or the disiples nd Kyp laents to hisooers9

)

I U *, P fo I�i J�t n1 1J Fmt ¥j, rFE -fl �t-,

-CIJo :M*, P:o j§ @M*, Po

®.#H E* BM

@.# J= , m, @• l* 3 •1 o « o E {!o

L u uicly pack up our rob and bowl and o o wi la rwr w will b abl o ill uncrmad Budda

A a im monk ard wa MaKyapa aid and in up fromir a y cord Kyapa and wn o Kuinaara o wr nandawa rd im ood o on id and aid o anda W wan u on looka Canno w av a look wil i i ll uncrmad ®

nanda rplid: Alou i i no crmad @, i i ill difcul o aan T raon i Budda

bod oshn) @ wa alrady wad wifraran o war bound wi coon bound uccivly i layr inalld

See Be 197 1 3 fo he viee of ide bo he idey of hi ge. . 1() ) 8c1 7-91 uan 4) i Welle 1 93 9 1 94 1 96- 1 97 (cccviiicccix)ldchmid 1944 1 948 3 1 Hiki i Okym e l 1 995 3 53354



T Budd F Drama d Dmk V

ithi a gode cofn . so it is dicult to view the Buddha's bod@ again Kyapa repeated his request thrce, and anda answere [each time as he had

at rst , that it is dicult to see the Buddha'sbod @ agan.

Then Mah-Kyapa turned toward the pyre of fragrant rewood, ad at thattime the Buddha's bod had pushed out both o feet from within the manylayers of encofning And the feet were a different color [om their usual gold

Kyapa saw this, and asked nanda quesoningly "The [habitua] color of theBuddha's bod is

golden; why is it [no] derent?

ere hen the onks seak the sh to see the unreated @ sel Cut hen nanda seaks he reers to the ondton o the Buddhas euallunreated @ bod sn) the to ters se and sn aarentl

eng used snonousl et derental aordng to seaker Ths derentaton ght et suort te hothess sne n the ase o se ordnaonks are seakng hle n the ase o sn t s the Buddhas ntatenanda o seaks A the tet agan goes on aa eas that te dsoloraton s due to the aton o a ous od oan nd 92

()MB, /'5o �n, C!fl g:J�;{

£fJ/ fo *m- 41t j!o ®*l'IL

. M aru , a

a.o * -, F+= n@

jo i , fit 1*Mf

W � , @' ±Eo

Whe Kyapa heard that he as very sad ad, immediately ring toward the

pe of fragrant rewood, did reverence to the Buddha's r C. At that time thefour groups of monks, nuns, male and female lay followers and the gods abovedid reverece at the same time and the Buddha's feet [which had been visibledisappeared from sight staight away . .93

t that time [after Kyapa nished his reverence] , the Buddha's pyre burst itoame spontaneously without ayone igning t Then he Mallas discussed amogthemselves: "Now the fre s burning ercely, the blaze difficult to suppressW he is cremated @, we may be able to etingish [the re Whereshall we look for water to quench [the re] At that time, the god of he l

T. () 94 255 uan 4) . i W 939 940 97 (cccii) 000 (v) Wdmidt 944 948 3 0 Hk Okm . 995 3 5 5 3 573 58 om r K of mt.



he Buha Fue i e Drggama Dhrmaptak Vy

ee wc were bede te Budda pyre ad profound fath n te BuddaWay and wt dne power e mmedately quenced te re of te Buddape

en te Malla once agan dcued among temele "Wtn twee yojana

t town f Knagara te are ragrant ower Let u brng all f the adW te Budda st

ey wet bede te ct wall, and ppe ung pem and owertey ad brougt en te Malla from the kngdom of Pp eard tat teBdda ad ded at te twn la] tree, and tey all thougt I ould go terew and t to get a are of te s take t to my omeland erect a paad wop t

ere oth the narratie oice and th speech o th Mallas us th ter to reer to the dad body o the Buddha owr, the uncrated body alled se C it is this se which is cratd @ and what reains ater thereation res are etinguished is likwis trd se

I suggested that in th case o th translation o Zhi Qian w could se noprticlar pattern to his use ose to rer to th uncratd corps o thedha, which h uses in this sns onl wic nd o cours, although Bou does use the word in this wa, h dos so only onc, so ther is nottern possible But the Drggama translation ploys th word se in thene o body rpatedl, and this allows th possibili or dtction o atte, i one eists W ay plot th uses o th relant terinology accordingto eaker and to reerent as shown in the accopaning tabl s oerlea

he only signiicant direnc idnt her ss to be that th Mallaseer spe o the Buddha's corpse asf6sen and Kyapa ner spaks o it ase oth Anirddha, th arhat, and nanda, th still unawakend disciple,e both ters h rst ustion we ust ask is what signicance thistriutio ight hae Scond, and ro uite anothr point o iew, we

t consider how a readr could undrstand this se which is taken, prpared,rned and then rcoered ro th nral pr, prcisly h sa word inth seenc indicating both states o the objct, irt unburned and thenrned he contet and orall narratie ow ay indd ak it clear on aebycas basis that soetis th word se ust rer to a corpse that ist e initiall prepard and bud, whil subsuntly it appears in th snse postcretional relics But is this rally clarl understandabl , or on thentray, ight it gi an ipression not unlik that on ight gain by reading

oern trnlations o th Mapai1a-tra which, as w hae sn aboe,tate in their treatnt o the ter farra in such a wa as to renderherent oprehension o the tet alost an ipossibilit?



Mallas Narraor

Bddha's she as 1 8 , 1 9 19-scorpse s 24 @ 24

Buddha's she as 24 @ elcs

Buddha's copse2 3 af6shin

Cakravarn'scorpse as shin

Cakravarn'sshel as elcs

Buddha's corpseas shin

nruddha nanda

9 20

22 @ 2 3

20

20

Mons K§apa

23

2 3®

Buddha

2 ®

5

2 @



The Buha Fuera i the Drggama a Dharmaptaka Viaya 37

et us tu to a basi uestion wh is the unbuned opse aed she? it be aitained that a distintion i eves o espet is intended beteenoy d she, with she epoed as an honoi euivaent o bod otheise

esigated odinai shn shn t shn o the ike?9 In ode to ty tose this uestion we wi st want to epoe whethe we nd othe,opabe uses o the sae voabu esewhee in the wos o the tanstosose edeigs we have ooked at above95

e shoud pehaps not be entie supised to nd itte opeentaeee i the tasations o Zhi Qian and Bo Fou given the ait o theo se i the sense o dead bod even in thei Mapani1asasations A a as I an see, the wod sh appeas athe ae in theos o Zhi Qian,96 and outside the passages noted above §§ eve in

Preou moe tet of the tet have ot away eeme to otice ay eica iticot much e attempte to epai it eer for itace i hi eeray etremeyre Germa traatio coitet reer sl impy by arra either retori thetrcriptio ito Sakrit or ea Sarra a a Germa wor He reer oitetyy Lei (oce rper perhap by iavertee. But he owhere make ay attempt topi ht thi arra miht be oi i the Chiee tet or what it miht mea ahit ho ometime traate rather coey a ometime paraphrae eey aterate

een Leicham a rper a equivaet ofs oe aai ever oti the ctao the vocbury (Ma Dee poit out that Leib ha a Chritia cootatio, whie rper Leichm refer to cocrete thi, boy a corpe.

Bare ( 97 : 8 94 14 19 85 77ff a o o ikewie mae o peia otice ofh voy iterpreti the wor coteuay everhere a corp Fiy the eerayt heviy aotate Japaee traatio of Okayama et a. retai sari ip ai a ote at th rt reevt itae (Hikita i Okayama et a 1 995 63 1 . 8 inicti tht it mea corpe, itai rather tha reic. The eeity for the ote icate that omethi i ot riht here but o rther obervatio are oere

Thi i icietay a eampe of oe iappoiti feaure of thi eeray uperb

r Jpaee traatio of the Drggama amey the ocaioa retetio of Chieetrm in Jpaee eve when thi i ot etirey appropriate Sie a far a kowhre i o way that sari ca mea corpe i Japaee (o ome ee ofsari i Japaeeii rre oe ee Yuyama 1995 386) i thi repect the traatio here i wropite the ote (Aother oit of thi traatio i the perioic e i the Jpaee ofhric ohre eve impie i the Chiee a for eampe whesn { i traate p 3 5 3 54 with butsu n sugata ey oe hou yteaticay uy a Chiee Buhit traatio of the ameprio but ice a a practica matter uh a urvey i beyo my abiitie at preet rtrict

thi ivetiatio to the work attribute to the traator to whom are aribe the earyaarinistra. accpt a the corp of hi traato thoe ork iee by attier 3 : 4 -4 nmey T . 6 54 6 8 76 8 7 1 69 1 8 5 1 98 1 5 8 1 3 8 3 6 1 474 493 5 3 5 3 3 5 56 559 58 1 63 78 735 79 1 1 1 a maybe 7 57 a 5 1 1 . earhe thi aother work cite here eectroicay rather tha reai throuh them i their etirety a



8 The Buh uer i he Drggama Dhrgutk Viy

th sns o body owv on phaps osy atd usag dos dawou attnton In a passag n Zh Qan's tansaton o h Aashai Prprami, o whh o ous w hav an tant Sanskt tt w nd th

oowng

(25)m, £a n-wo , a

The Bddh sd One des nt becme Bddh thrgh ths s-sli; nets Bddhbd osen) frm mnscence ter m deth m relcs (si)

re st t be wrshppedTo ths oughy osponds th oowng n th pubshd Sanskt tt8

26)bhgvn h tsmt trh kk nnentmbhvrrprtmhen

tthgts tthgt t skh gccht srvt prtlbdhtthgts tthgt t skh gccht . ev c mm prnrvtspst e� rr pj bhvt

The Blessed One sd "Therefre Kk, t s nt mens f btnng thshscl bd (abvaaa) tht ne s clled Tthgt99 Rther, whene hs btned mnscence ne s clled Tthgt . nd fter I m dedt these relcs f mne wll be wrshpped

Th Indan ontato abhada ntpts th Sanskt opoundmabha-farra h appostonay tmabhafarram ity tmabha a

farram I w apt that abhada's goss and Zh Qans tanslatonhnh l '(J a attptng to onvy th sa sns thn hnhkws shoud aso b undstood appostonay as body hn farrah," o n oth wods sh that s to say body' Evn ths s ot

ou certy hve bee referbe97 225 484 1 7 1 8 ua 2. ogih 1 9 3 2 19 3 5 2 10 1 0 1 2 1 7 1 8 2 1 1 . 67 (Mitr 58 ee beo . 102 99

ou be obe to tte . . tht Tthgt i e Tthgt o oHoeve, uet the ereio i ie ith hre uh tht i aaariarta§ 1 2 1 (St-Hote 1926 amaa amaa iti kaa uat kiya u tat kaa amaaamaa i ucyat or equet refr i the Varaccdik for ite (Shoe 1989 103 tay ktay iti subt ays t tatgata bts tat ktra iti100 ogihr 19321 9 3 5 2 1 0 1 3 14



he Buha Fuea i the Dggama a Dhamagptaa Viaya

weer, te fact tat wat we undestand to be te appositiona copoundabafarra was tansated rbai ira wit abha endeed n and farra as sh a conceabl but need not necessail in its tunggest, peraps paadoical tat Zi Qian did not iagine sh on its own be capable of coneing te euisite eaning of "od as suc. It a sggest tat cases in wic odina bod language is used ae to bendertod as in soe wa conseuent unaked and witout paticuaiprtance pobabl oe eaistic wa of ooking at te uestion oweer,i ee shnsh as a ecanical eot to ende te two eleents of tepond abhafara an eeentbeleent caue, witout coniderain fr uestions of te eae wit wic te resut igt be understood be wit access on to te Cinese tet0 Te tansation ten, i not

nerpretie o uc as "liteal, atug it a siultaneous indicate Zins appreciatin at tmaba-farra ee signies soeting oe tan ere bd I wil ague tat suc an appeciation a old te ke tondersanding oter bodi uses of sh ocabula

er iportant point, owee is tat in watee wa Zi Qian ae nderstod te teinog e epoed ee e did not ceate it In a i tre fo te bul of is transaon of te !ashasri Prapraiis tranation as oe te natue of a eision of te ealier tansation of

aea dating to 7 CE. tan tat of an independent work nd inaeas transation we nd te passage in uestion as folows02

27 / f( 1: i :7r

i g :� 1 : 7 l i == i g :�

i g: � � 1i g:� 1 g

Th agsca uy of Zhi ia' taatio ow big ai out by Ja atti wi ub hp u b ueta how he teate Sait compou a thu ugge hows na thi paticua itae. T. 22 ) 32a 5 -20 (uan 2). Atay the potio quote hee oepo to thenskit tt tha ete oto ogihaa 9 32 - 935 2 7 a foowyyam kauika saaattthgatsyata samyaksambuddaa aamitnitai a ca kauika tatgata

tmbhaaaatilamba aamityakauaanita san saaanayabtbhati ena y aya saaanaa abhvan bavati buddhaaaabvan baatihaaaaabvan baati sagaaaabvan bavati I I i a savaanahetukam tmabvaaaatilamba savaanayabtatvt savasattvn caityabtnna satkaa gukaa mmana an can acyana savtt bavati ea ca mama anitai sata a baviati I I



4 he Buhas Funea in the Dggama an Dhamaguptaka Vinaya

Te Budda spoe o aa Devnm Inda "I is no oug e shenshu ae fom *saaja[] omnisiene a one eomes a Budda TeTagaa emeges fom wiin Pajpami e Pefeion of isdom Jus

so auia e body of saaja emeges fom wiin Pajpami eTagaa Aa Samyasambudda as a saaja body en asaaja ody is on I eae a

uddabod 6shen) I am able o eae auddaod fom saaa. Afe my painiva my elis (sh) will ewosipped

n ligh o his vidn, i is la ha Zhi Qians us o h opoundne is no oiginal, bu an adopion o an alad xising nding.ha ains u, howv, is ha, whov iniiall oind i, his usag

a b lvan o oh siila xpssions in oh anslaionsAs w nod a on ago, h anslaions o Zhi Qian and Bo Fazu

oh han hi Mapariniatra os povid no good oplnaxapls o la usags o se in h sns o ops. Bu his is no so oh oh anslaions aibud o Buddhaaas, o who is did hDrggama In a, w nd wha appas o b pisl h sa usag inha anslaos nding o h Dhaagupaka Vinaa, Sn Thisaod a, howv, s boh lss oinidnal and siulanousl poniall

lss signian whn w all no onl ha boh h Chins Drggama andh Dhaagupaka Vinaa blong o h sa Dhaagupaka s, bu hah Maparinira tra isl is a ha a pi o Vinaa, and hus no onlh pisod bu h gns o h wo xs in whih i appas a loslpaalll, i no ssniall idnial.3 In h Dhaagpaka Vinaa, hn, wnd h ollowing an o h vns suounding h Buddhas dah 0

(28)

F ##O E & l§WZ , ® , 0 mf' , tZ 7?B

A a ime e Blessed One aained painiva in Kuinagaa in e Mallagove eeen e l ees Te Mallas wased e Buddas sh and

On oae coesponences etween the Chinese Drggama an DhamaguptakaVinaya of which thee ae many see Baeau 966 42 8 () 966a 9-24 (ua 4 tans in aschmit 944 948 296 n hiseneing of this tet too aschmit atenates etween Leichman an pe aseneings of



The Buhas Fuera i the Drggama a Dharmaptaka Vaya

wpp t n cln cotton Thy n bon it in lys, m n onon ll t with fnt ol, plc th si @ wthn, n cov it with Thy m n ot coffn o woo, plc th ion cofn withn pln pgnt woo on t. Thn th sgnt h of th Mlls lt t wth

® vy qicky th os tnsh th .

ee te naato speaking of te Budda as seen b te Maas epose n te sense of te Budda's opse Te tet oninues saing tat otes o lgt te e and again te gods iediatel etinguis te aese Maas ask w and Aniudda answes 05

()

F 9 a' , t Ao £, 1 C*{�fIJ:o D£ £ic

MhKyp s tvln on th o btwn th two lns o Pv nKn togth wth op of t monks. H thnks ill I b blto s th s et nbnt s of th h C o not Th os knw whtKyp ws thnng, n so thy qnch th ms

ee Aniudda is speakng epoting te tougts of anote disiplee gea MaKapa, again usng se in te sense of te Budda's opsee noe tat te oabula attbuted to Ma-Kapa's tougts is not teuaked bod oabula used b Aniudda and nanda in te rggaau te potesized espet te se A te tet goes on Kapa easat te Budda as died and akes is wa to Kuinaga e tells is disiples 06

(0)

H &Cm.�* �o RtMJ.

A ? s , &@m#�fIJ*

&®.�fIJ wo Po E8o m.�fIB . . . . £cP o M{�fln " ·

I w t p qckly tk obs n bowls � w th ssOns si s still nbn C w wll b bl to viw it. Th monksh wht MhKyp s, qickly took thi obs n bowls ... Thy

T. 428 ) 966a2 8-b2 ua 54) ras i ashmit 944 948 296-297 T. 428 ) 966b224 (ua 54); tras i ashmit 944 948 0 3- 04 a seeBareau 97 242.



42 he Bdh e i the Dggama d Dhmpt Vi

me to hee nn w, n i "nn, we wnt to go to iew the BeeOne whie it i ti unburne nn reie "You nt to go to theBee One hie it i ti unbune @, n you nt to iew it. It i

extemey iut to iew. hy? The Bee One i rey herppe in e otton . . e in n io on . . Thi i hy it i iut toe

At ht tme MhKy gruy rohe the yre o the Buhsh l @

Here Mah-Kyapa, his disciples, nanda and the narrator all use sel ireference to the Buddhas corpse Then Mah-Kyapa sees the Buddhas feethears the explanation of their condition the stor of he weeping woman and

so o chants his verses of laent which are not quoted), circumamblates thepyre and the narrator concludes: 07

)/o

!�CfIJB,

.

The e potneouy ignite ithout being it. At tht me e Mhyph bue the C . . he gthere the ommunit of monk . . "

Ahough other versions of this episode, including tat of the rggaago on to mention the relics resulting from te cremation, their distributioad so on, this Vinaya text moves directly to a dierent topic In these passages,then sel refers exclusively to te body of te Buddha, his corpse, without anyparallel istance of its employment in the sense of "relics However, it isworthwhile noting that in te only other use of te word sel in the entireDharmaguptaka Vinaya it equally obviously does mean relics8 In additio,

we should reiterate that in this texts presentation of the episode not oly issel used to designate the corpse of the Buddha, but it is the only word whichis so used; "ordinary body vocabulary is entirely absent Therefore, eveyapa here refers to the Buddhas corpse as sel, someting he does not do he rggaa These two facts no doubt present signicant problems foray hypothesis of an itentional differential deployment of body language,with sel being used as an honoric term for te un cremated body of theBddha by certain individuals , while others refer to te very same body as sn

or wih comparably unarked terms) Since the rggaa and the Dharmaptaka Viaya are boh attributed to te same translator and moreover contain

. 1428 ) 966c - 2 (uan 54). . 428 ) 9578 uan 52) referri to the ittio of reic i p.



The Buhas uea i the Drggama a Dhaauptaka Viaya

ecsely th sam pisod vr similarly prsntd it is dicult to argu thata acularly ntnond usag of vocabular is to b found in only on of thisa of texts but not dployd n almost idntical prsntation in th othr

Now w hav spokn of both th rghgaa and th Dharmaguptakaaya as ranslations attributd to th sam indvidual th translator Buddhaaas But wth this w ncountr a problm For although tradton tlls usat he s rsponsbl for ths translations t s qustionabl xactly what roluddhayaas himslf may hav playd n th xcution of th translaionsattbuted to him. n fact w may vn b prmittd if not complled toueson whthr h knw much Chins languag at all .9 Th hagiograhsad e Prfac to h rghgaa translaton agr in attrbuting "Buddhaaas translation of both that txt and of th Dharmaguptaka Vnaya to thelngal Chnse natv Zhu Fonan �{i, with th Chins dsciples Daosh and Daohan acing as scrbs Th Prfac gos on to mntion thael corcon t rghgaa translaon undrwnt spcially wth rgardto te smlct of ts language

f we attbute esponsbilit for th actual translation of th rghgaaad Dharmagtaka Vnaya mainly or signicantly to Zhu Fonan rathr thanocussg ou attenton on Buddhayaas w might mor protably invsgate way farra trminolog is dalt with n othr translations attrbuted to

onan Th nterrtation of ths potntial parallls s howver madesgncantly mo dcult by th fact that th gnr of th txts avalable forcomarson s entirly dirnt. Whle th rghgaa and Dharmagutakaaya passages w hav studd blong as w notd to ndamntally smlageres t beng qut clar that t Mahparini1ara s at hart a pece ofaya orignatg as a porton of the nascnt hagiography of th Buddhawch belongs to th Vnaya ltratur th othr xamples of Fona's translatos n whch levant vocabular appars all com om Mahyna stras

t s most key that he i ot see Aitioa ote 2 D The eviece ofvarous cataoges a prefaces is actay somewhat compicate acasoay cose t has bee scusse severa times i the iteratre, for istace byToiwa 938 878882 a 838845 Hirakawa 970 3-34; a Okayama et a. 9959. See aso Shh 968 90 a Okayama et a 995 05 with . 5462 o 380384asatg T. 2059 (L 334b uan 2 a T. ab respectivey. The Peface to theharmagptaka Viaya trasatio 42 8 ] 567b3 -4 actay attributes its trasatio

an corectio proper to Hubia but moe authoities (Tokiwa Hirakawa cosierhs to be a ero. Cetay the amost eca hai of the passaes uer ivestigatohee agues strogy for the ietity of the espective tasators of the Drggama aharmagptaka Vaya at east with egar to this episoe. The questio however requirescare recosierao om a more oba perspective For stes of ths ue see Uebe 970 Okayama 984 a amata 990 9 5 24



4 The Buha uera the Drggama a Dhaauptaa Vaa

Depte the genre derene, however, t ndeed a fortunate ondenethat we do fnd a numer of paage n tranlaton attruted to Fonan nwhh the rumtane of the Buddha' parnra, h death, are dealt wth

Before we note thoe paage, however, we hould note an example preelyparallel ton fat, vrtually the ame aone we already tuded n ouronderaton of the tranlaton of Zh Qan and Lokakema aove ForFonan along wth *Dharmaprya, anmop $ lke Zh Qan, alo tranlated the Aasasri Praprai nto Chnee, and "h tranlaton, nft even loer to that of Lokakema than Zh Qan'. It thu nourpre that n Fonan' veron too the Sankrt term abvafarra rendered wth snse:2

32m o . mo .

W o o . W o f =

o mo B. o

Te Bdda spoke to akra Devnm Indra Bease t s not trog teshenshlt, one beomes a Bdda from aaja[] omnsene Te Tatgataemerges from Prapramt te Perfeton of sdom. st so Kaka tebod of "saaja[] emerges from Prapramt Te Tatgata ratSamaksambdda s born from aa[] I obtaned a bdda-bod 6shenfter m parnrva m res (sh w be worspped

t ver plan that Zhu Fonan not only learly knew Lokaema' renderng,t for the mot part, a here, eentally oped t 1 However, we do nd theterm ne alo employed n other work attruted to Fonan

A exmpe of the me ompound snse appear n the rt hapter of

onn tranlaton f ndeed t a tranlaton) of the *AnarbavaranKin ing 9. Athough we annot onrm th text' orgn n ethern nd text or etan tranlaton, t taken a a genune tranlaton andttruted to Fonn already n the fth entury y Sengyou4 It ndeed ave peular text ut whether t had a genune nd orgn or may ratherelong for ntane to ome Central Aan mleu le mportant for u herethan the partular Chnee voaulary t ontan For n t we nd a numerof very mlar expreon, the ontext of whh more or le) make lear

T. 22 6 () 5 4b2 26 uan 2) See acater 968 2 2 . T. 2145 (V) 0c3 (uan 2 b22-2 uan 5) Accor to Uebe 1 970 34 t asraate aer 399





The Bddh's Fne in the Drgama nd Dhmgt Viny

terwrds te text returns to te sn-se vocbulry

35 fIJ'"

tht e he Bessed One entered into the Fire Contepon (assand ndoned his sh-she to dissipion 20

toug te text is not perectly cler to me, it ppers to continue bysying tt te Blessed One, te Budd, sits down upon lrge jewelledos, nd ten turns to is own se nd ddresses it in verse ( #;L

)1 No mtter ow we tke tis it is, to sy te lest unusul i notdownrigt bizrre neverteless understnd e ere to reer to te Budd'sboy, since te verses begin: 22

36

or uncounte eons I hve nurtured the erth eeent in you y ody

No I ndon you s hppiy s snke souhs o his skinTis too is r rom completely trnsprent, but te text ppers to ve

te Budd ddressing te body e s possessed or lietimes but ten owdid e trnsmigrte?) , nd tt e now bndons. In ny cse it seems lmostimpossibe to understnd se s reerring ere to relics bit lter in te texte nd sentence repeted tree times or te West, Nort nd Sout): 4

adtau at.thogh the comond ssumg does not e in diconies s sch the iing

iself is el ttested. See fo instnce Cuc he Sons of the Soth) 0 D Zho *The Get Smmons in hich e nd T 3 85 X) 0 58c2 -22 (ua sa. O gin ehs bndoned his eized bodys." T 3 85 X) 058c25 26 (ua sa. T 3 85 ) 0 58c2-28 (ua sa.

folo the sggestion of Stefno Zcchetti ho ndestndsz s enditionof dtu mtr causa so tht dz endes tu. e oints ot thtefeences to thetdtu in the body e common in Bddhist litee Seishi shimsggests the ltente ossibility he nted yo on the ethly o teestil) sheeo contless eons.IN T 385 X) 059b2325 c5- 68 0609- (ua sag. ote lso the eessions



The Bddh s nel n Dggama nd Dhngt Viny 47

37 m Wo H$o n�M.

� {*

* ith 1 6.

he deon as fa away fom hee as he sands of llon llonGages ves hee s a wold alled Sah Buddha s named amun Nowavg ded ad dsosed of hs sen he s aou o ener he Inemedaeae n ode o onve engs

Seng ade he werd heology of h ex whh among oher hngeany eem o ay ha a uddha even havng obaned nrva and huexnon neverhele ener he nermedae ae beween brh omehngh by amo any eh of he dornal magnaon houd be nonevabe ere an be e or no doub ha n h ex shnshel repeaedly refer oe hya body of he uddha whh he abandon a deah1 If my underandng of he ex orre here moreover ao one nane n he nroon o he vere noed above ofshel aone employed n he ene of heudha own "boy ha o whh he pea.

onderng oher ranlaon of Fonan for none of whh one agan

e oe Ind or even Tbean parale he voabuary n hee worear o be a ea omewha deren In Fonan ranaon of he Zuishng pus shihu chugou dunji jing nr'+{1* we nd a brefenon of he udha aemen o he bodhaa Zuheng *Paramrha:fer my parnrva you hould worhp my shel ;J for weny neredae aeon Th enrely ordnar here shel an hardy be aen oherwehan a "re whh moreover ndvdualy em ray of gh The ex hengoe on o menon "worhp of he whoebody shel " gnng qunshshel

�;J Immedaey folowng h here menon of "he shel of heorpe y{shnshel � . ea he "whoebody shel" are ao ad ondvuay em ray of lgh There n hor no ndaon here ha shelod be aen oher han n he ene of "re whh o ay omeoremaona reman The meanng of "whoebody shel reman unpe bu a ea here ne he re ndvduay em gh he erm apearo efer o re of he enre body raher han o a nge body whh reman

th erss at 060b4 8 the seond of hih �;H ears to haeani transgrate ang behnd sn-s On snsl se rther ddtional ote 3 T 309 032b2929 uan 9). arlier 00 1 1 1 0092 uan 6]) there is an entirechatr ttled Sashing the bodysusn



8 The Bddhs ne n the Dggama nd Dhmgt Vny

ntct, sense he ter qunshn-shN certanl takes on laterSlrl lthough derent o the Mhrinir n alost every

w, the P cong doushuin ing shnmui shuo nu jing 9:

s Mhna scrpture whch lke he non-Mahna Mhrini1sr also purpors to depct he Buddhas last seron ust beore hsdeath, lbet whle he s s eated wthn hs golden con engaged n he vrsmdhi Here here are repeated reerences to "wholebod she" qunshnshe� s well as to "pulverzedbod shel" sushn-shel UlJ127 It soten r ro clear precsel what s ntended b he word shel n hs text aproble tht s ndeed not uncoon n Mahna scrptures and whch s Iwll argue, be o soe relevance to our basc proble. 2 8 It does, however

see tht soetes shel should be taken here n the sense o "bod2lthough the text lso speks o he aous batle aong eght kngs to dvdehe sheln she ?J shel obvousl here then to be understood as dvsble)relcs 10 Fnll, n enre chapter o the Pus ingluo jing * trbutedto Zhu Fonn, s devoted to worshp o theshel 'J n whch we repetedlnd the expresson "worshppng he whole-bod she" gnng qunshnshel � 3

Despte the appernce o the copound shn-shel whch at least prov

sonlly we a understand as apposonl, and n whch thereore shel s tobe understood n he enng o "bod, n translatons other than hose othe Drghgm and Dharguptaka Vna Fonan does not appear to usethe word shel alone ths sense ortakng nto account one obscure nstncen the Anrbhv-r least not clearl so Thereore even soespecc ntenton les behnd the vocabular eploed n hose passages wesded bove hs ranslaons o the Drghgm and Dhraguptaa Vn,tht ntenonl usage does not apper to be rrored elsewhere n hs oeuvre

See fo eme T 384 II) 030b 031b2-3 uan 3) Thee my be efeence toths tte ssge n Xnyngs Yiiing ini - ent of 80 edtonTbe Xnenfeng 1980 6b 86) hch sys *! st When t05b56 uan 1 ) the tet sys #-AJ U I beee tht the od mst be eb ezng the body nto ecs come 023 4 uan 2 ] AIB!O) Some nstnces e neetheess moe obsce thn othes o eme the menngs) sh n the dscsson t T 3 84 I) 033c uan 4) s/e moe thn sy nce to me.

n the eesson t T 3 84 II) 1 0 b26 uan ) {J oeehee too the ect sense of ths eesson nd ts synt e obsce to me "osh the n ymn Bddhs goden con T 3 84 I) 10 5c 9 uan ) nd contnng on 08 T 66 99 (uan 1) chte 3 1 ; bted to onn edy n T 2 1 4 (10b29 uan 2)





The Bddh's Fner in the Dggama nd Dhrmgtk Viny

maucipt fagmt.35 T compta od fara i atttd vatim i t of t Budda dad bod. 36 Moov, t od ya iud b th Budda imf i fc to i o ivig bod, 37 ic, i

th Chi uag a abov, migt ao uppot t uggtio tat ti a ditictio btw t pct od ic ot u i fc toth bod of th Budda, farra, ad t odia od imf u ifc to i o bod ya, atoug i ti ca t ft i ca aivig bod, ot a dad o. 38 I additio to ti, t txt ao cotai ov, hic a patd vbatim i Sait i th Avadnafaaa, i hichada i mad to pa of th dad bod of t Budda a ya. va aa to, but quit igicat difft fom, th v attibutd to

ada i th taatio of Zhi Qia oicd abov. 39 Th i othig ith Sait v of t doctic udcut Prui i adav i Zhi Qia taatio, but t bod aguag i both m to b amia a it coud b aco t dicSiitic iguitic divid. T uag ih arit v agai igt uppot pat of th pothi t odth pct to th uag i t Ci taatio of t Drghgamaam that a hi co poa dicip ada ma f to th Buddhath ta th mot vatd vocabua. O t ot ad, i fact a

agai a abov, nada actua u bothshn ad shel vocabua ith Drghgama, omtig hic pa agait uc a poti Moov, ot a dic vidc i quit o appat coitt ith

ou iia pothi . I a ig fagmt of th Gd vio txt of thMahpariniastra, hic abut b o ma d caibogto h Dhamaguptaa, d th fooig

econstcted at Wadschmidt 950 9 5 3 6 e 46 hich eies on the manscrit 3 5 Te dierentia sages noted here hae at est been ecognized by Roth 98 293294. Wadschmidt 950- 95 44 43) 423 = 2 3) 49 5 = 665) nd 4920 = 24 ) are te ony emes hich e not reconstcted Wadschmidt 950 95 42 0 45 nd 22 3 5) n the Pi ssges re to those cited aboe in hich the Bddh seks of his bodiyain the tet mentions the Bddh's discomfort ithot eicit reference to his body So tooin Wadschmidt's inted tet of the Sanskrit 950- 95 § 4 ff) Hoeer s s Wieoints ot to me a Trfn frgment of §49 ST 68 r4 qoted in Wdschmidt et a

9 3 ky 2) hs tai tatgataa ko io [read o See aboe § For the Sanskrit see Wdschmidt 950 95 492 324 24 35 2 3 3 34)= Seyer 906909 . 99. 2 -200.6) These erses he been discssed seer times mostnotaby by Przyski 98-92 8 980 nd Vdeie 964 82-86. We cannotdiscont the fct tat metric considertions my e y art in ord seecon in rse Saomon and on 2000 24 = S 29/44 recto See so their n to r- nd 2 on 260



The Bddhs ne in e Dggama nd Dh Viny 5

38droniye niiu aahaya aayen eadronio udhvariva arvagadhoakehi

kaa ayiu

1rayuaaehi kaa vehayiu ahaehi aahi varayugaaehi kaaehia ayaadroni eena111+ v + + + [dh. n. i[da inva rao ahaudaranaya arira aayiu

aaharahe huva akariu

e editors translate tis as follows

he u i in a a . er an inerva of a week hey ook i ou of he aof oil and bahed he

bod wih a fragran iquid . They wraed he bod

ih e hundred air of unbeaen* oh Haing wraed he bod wihfie hndred air of nbeaed oh hey ed* ? an iron va wih oil aferbiding a re of a* fragran [wood hey burned he bod of ng Mahdarana They bi a a a he roing of four ain road

Here in tis sort fragment referring to the orpse of ng Masudarana te Budda in te rst tree instanes the dead body of te king is spokenf as y, wile in the fourt ase referring to the very same orpse the wordeployed is instead frr lthough to be sure our text is ver fragentarere is no suggestion ere tat te speaker or point of view of te narrationa anged between those sentenes in whih y is used and tat in wihe nd instead frr. pparently if we may judge by su a short and imperfetlyreserved passage te autors of this version employed bot y and frreuivalently in te simple sense of orpse In addition as we saw at te veruet of our investigations in te rst passage we ited from te Mhprinu § ), tat Teravda text in Pli uses te ter srr eually torefer to te opse of bot te Buddha and the akravartin not utilizing te

er y at all These Indi soures then suggest tat on the one hand it isosible as the Sanskit Mhprinisr shows to support in Indianres te ypotesis of a dierential usage of frr and y ording tois understanding frr is a respetl term neverteless ntionally euivaet t y in terms of its basi referent. Suh a distintion ould possibly berepresented in Cinese by a differential use of shel and shn, respetivelyHoever on te oter and tere is also evidene in both the Gndhrhprinisr and in te Pli Mhprinibbnsu suggesting that

is need not neessarily be the ase tat even witin exatly te same environet namely that of disussions of te disposition of te orpse of a Budda Indi texts may make no distintion in the terms used to desribe thedies of a universal emperor and Budda It thus appears to be possible fordian Buddist texts to employ distint words for the orpse of a Budda and



5 The Bddh's nel n he Drggama nd Dhn Vny

that o a ess exated gue. It is aso possibe o such texts to discuss in thisve same context the dispositon o a copse o the Buddha o o anothewithout ecouse to an such disinction in vocabuay. And since we have no

wa o knowing what teminoog ma have been empoed in the ndicsouces om which he Drghgama and Dhamagptaka Vinaa wee ansatedwe consequent have no diect means o discening whehe such a possibendic distinction is to be imagined as undeing the usages we encounte inChiese tansations

That said natua it need b no means be the case that we must necessaisppose the Chinese tansato o the Drghgama to have been attempting tomio some patte he saw o thought he saw in his ndic souce. We ma

imagine as a ea possibiity that he simp intoduced such a distinction on hisown1 I this is so ou seach o ndic pototpes o modes is pointess andwe must instead concentate ou attention on the Chinese context itse Butthee ae o couse ote possibe expanaions as we Fo instance wemight have to do hee with a simpe case o eegant vaiation. oweve theeis no othe eidence o such eegant vaiation esewhee in these epetiive andomaic episodes which suggests that eegant vaiation is an unike expaaon o the phenomenon we see Anothe possibiit is that we have to do inthe Drghgama tansation with htmic consideations the seection o theone chaacte tem shn vesus the to chaacte she �flJ heping to maintainthe oma sequence o ou chaacte phases This is an attactive ideawhich evetheess seems to be contadicted b two cases: in expession §20 one chaacte woud be hthmica peeabe to the two that ae usedad §2 in which the opposite is the case and two chaactes woud behthmica bette than one It woud appea theeoe that this idea cannotbe maintained

et us appoach the question now om anothe point o view om the

Chiese side as it wee athe than the ndic Eaie we expoed the meaningo odinary bod teminoog the shn and o ou tansatos In contastto his basica cea usage just what does she mean in Chinese and howwe documented is the use o the wod in the sense o "bod? The wod shelis we attested in what we ma sa is its "odina meaning o "eics om avey ea peiod. Whe thee is no queston that it is a tanscipton o ndicteminoog specic to Buddhism42 we appaent nd it peseved eaiest in

Pehs mch s he nese nss menned ele n n 94 ndce eseccby n he mden nese endens f hnese es Th s sy he hnese new sme ndc cby befe he ndcn fBddhsm b s s f s s nwn des n ben hs eemey sml sc feBddhs n wds n hs ed see f emle eybln 983 76-77



The Bddh's Ferl i the Drggama d Dhrmgt Vi 5

seclar works, in th "Rhapsod o th Wstrn Capital (Xin ; ohang Hng ( 78- 30 C and in th "dministrativ Crmonials o Ocials Selectd or Us (nun dinhi ishi un on

�m of Cai Zhi in th midscond cnr Whil thes instancs are o some dob concring their rrnts, quit clar is th occurrncf he word writen shl slighl dirntl than is sual lat, on thll of a omb, daig rom th scod hal o th scond cntur, in HlingrD;* in nr ongolia Sinc his inscription accompanis or labls anlsraon of rlics, thr is no dobt about th intndd maing or rrntof h erm do not know th arlist occurrnc o th word in Chinsdhis scripre, bt it appars alrad in th work o Lokama both inhs raslaion o th Prunnsmuhvshismdhis45 ad ase saw abov in his rdring o th Ashsri Prrmi both dating 1 79 C Shel is, natrall rcordd in th maning "rlics b compresi modern dictionaris, which do also howvr not th maning "bodr corpse.

4 this h ar vry probabl basing thmslvs ltimatl on

3 Te Erl Middle Chiese rooitio of the trsritios old hve differedigt the trsritio of the sl term l 'flJ m be reostrted (folloig

lebl 1991) s i-li\ hile the l of the rst slble of old hvegttizti rter th sirtio (mrig isig s oosed to Dertig Toe) i _l t no the sigie of this differee if (ritio i or bsee of rdils is i erier Chiese ritig) of tese exmles re disssed i Zrher 1 990 1 60 1 6 1 1 64 5 O the dte see Hrriso 1990: 256 259 The ord ers i T 418 9 1 1 b 2 5un ) trslted i Hrriso 1 998 52 orresodig to 1 3 8 i Hrriso 1 990: 1 03 dT 41 8 III) 91 6b 1 (uan 3) trslted i Hrriso 1998 79 orresodig roghl to 182 Hrris 1990 148

Fr te dte Hrrisio 1993 es 1 4 1 144 Wogihr 1 93 2- 193 5 270 (Mi 94); T 224III) 43 545 uan 2) d elsehere. Comre the trsltio of the sme text ttribted iprt t Zh Foi T 2 26 517b19-20 uan 2)47 Od 1 9 1 7 8 1 3b Nmr 1 9 8 1 602b; Morohshi 1 95 5 1960 9466b (30278 60); Lo 861 93: 5 1 84b.

I old lie to be ble to s tht either i or texts or elsehere is the term arra ite sese of relis ever erl trslted (or trsribed) i Chiese ith term other th r vrits tereof Hoever it is geerll dift to o hether istes ofCiese ords sh s g boes or u shes for exmle orig i erl otexts

igt ve bee iteded to reder di arri or otherise to idite relis s sh (sse to trstig termiolog sh s atni boes for steerhs tioleivet bt evertheess t est lexill distit)

ieise do ot ish to iml tht ever iste of referees to relis s rederedi Chiese trstios ih terms hih mbigosl hve this lterl meig somehtextreme se s fod i the Mlsrstivd inaaaava hh e d the



5 The Bddhs Fe the Dggama d Dhgt V

the glssaies f the Chinese Buddhist lexicgaphes, which at least mdenseiaize Budhist ictinaies indeed fequently cite That the auths fese glssaies infequenty mentin the wds me cmmn sense f "elics

is ndubtedly ue ecisely t its uency. 148 F e task f these lexicgahesas t accunt f dicult wds difult meanings f wds, and theinegect f s in the sense f elics nly undesces this as its genealyassmed meaning, ne calling f n the cmment

Althugh u investigatins abve leave n dubt that s was being usedin the sense f "cpse in sme passages, we d nt have t seculate thatlate Chinese eades culd cnceivably have seen s as a tem f cpseYuanzha ( 048 6) in his cmmentay n the Dhamaguptaka Vinaya

says the fllwing, even if nt necessaily in diect efeence t any aticulaassage in hih this sense is elevant149

();J t P

S: H in Chins his is ansad -bhind ody en) ha isos.

Desite this efeence in a elatively late Chinese cmmenta, it is cuiustat in neithe f the tw mst imptant, and centuies lde, cmpehensivegssaies f Chinese Buddhist tems is the use f s in any f the passages

fooig vese coceg the ecs of d Dege j 6 u a a, 32234 sso o po is ang gi u ki i om t p ni mi i ang po in p ni tu passogs m in I Ths es Chiese s foos 45 XV] 4 23 uan 40:I

Both of these tstios fo hich

e hve o extt dic oig, me most the sme thg: Wth the sh dimod ofisdom he destroed the mot of his o bod Ch sctteed hs o bod d csedit to be t] givig hf to the ig of jgh, hf to the g of V Hee, efeece to ht e ce the eics s ost-motem emis ofd, e d the odbod sn, us) sed to seci ht is to be divided betee the cometig fctios Thee e exceos the e eh cetrani miniji of F the detio of sl icdes o ecogitio of sese of bod citig o itsmeig "eics T 2 3 L 3 8b4-5 uan 5 Jo H Jm 0 x �o

Note tht t of this deitio, gn es to he be sed i the sese ofoes o seeto, bt ot bod s sch ee fo stce T 220 3 60 466 T 509 XX 795, 6 uan 3 , 54b3 uan 64, d T 559 XXX 2 95b2 5, c 20hee it is eivet to astisak Hi 977 44b, o hch see Edgeto 953 vsthi Fo the ivesio sn see beo, 5 7 T 805 L 4 2c2 728 6



The Buddhas Funeal in he Dggama and Dhaagpaka naya 5 5

ted aboe addressed50 Ths does not mean howeer that the word s notoherwse taken up n these glossares and dened as "body. What s pecularhoweer s that despte such dentons the source passages to whch these

denons are appled oen do not bear out the oered nterpretaton That to say he glossares recognze she n the sense o "corpse or "body butn the orgnal contexts o the passages they cte n support o ths denton(or he oher way round shel does not actually appear to hae ths sense Lets look at he examples

Among he earlest o the glossares s uanyngs Yiqiing ini { o 649 There n regard to a passage rom the er begnnng o theLos Stra we read he ollowng 1 5 1

()

� i.

.o o o

< (!): coec o be anscbe ;(hu6) 1 52 Ths s ansaeec ea bo-bone hen S s of [wo pes] he whoeboqudnn) an he puveze-bo (uh)

Here Xanyng ntroduces a twoold speccaton that o the complete

bodywthout at least any explct dstncton beween corpse and lngodyand hat o what are sometmes called "pulerzed-body relcs , sushne flj 1 namely what we would normally thnk o as shel n the smpleen o relcs as such54 These are terms we brey notced aboe and to

Se T 2 12 8 ( 650a (uan 52), 705b (uan 59) Xuanyings Yiijingyinyi , int of 870 dition aibei: Xinwenfeng 1 980): 1 2 .2b p . 3 70 1 4 1 6a p. 475

Reint of 1 870 ediion aibei: Xinwenfeng 1 980): 6 . 1b p 186 h suggstion hee and beow that is an eoneous tanscption is based on theoah's bief tat a- must be popey anscibed accounting fo ever syllabei s- does not do s tm is found fo instance in such diconaies as Oda 1917 587b and Naamua 8 447 S Additional Note 4 t is not woy impossible that evn if only vagey this twofold distinction may asot som ida of Indic as deived eihe om the oot "to ey on be suppotedo to b crshed these coesponding espectively to the senses of "(whoe) body and

(anula) elics See Mochiuk 1 93 2 - 1 93 6 2 1 85c MonieWilliams 1 899 1 05 7cSomtimes it seems hat aa has been taken expicitly in the sense of "suppot Se foape te expssion in the Daamika-a Kond 1936 57 ahde 1926: 3.30 E)aakyanaaya ranslated by i�nanda T. 287 [X 5 3 6a6 uan 1 ) with: in which uy Pi seems to tanslate aa In the Ygcami (Bhattacaa 9 7 1 3 7 T. 1579 280c28 uan 1 tansated by Xuanzangpak dualaaay





The Buh's Funer n he Drggama n Dhgpk ny 7

Now, what i intereting i that all three of thee work to of whichaowledge a the meaning of only body" refer to the following aage Kumrajva tranlation of the Lotu Stra60

43g

Agi it ws seen tht fte he buddhs ttined ini, sevenewelledss wee eected with the Buddh's elics

It i lear from thi aage that shel here doe not mean body" at leat ina covetional ene, but rather lainly oint to te relic" which areomally laced within a a, a reliuary mound or monument We know mut be the cae ince what i laced in a a i otcremation remainot a oe And in fat thi attribution of the meaning body" to she intae in whih, contextually, we would exect relic" i found elewhere he work of thee ame lexicograher In reference to the Avaasaata Huilin ay16

44 �

�ah_ ih (i) coecly �ialihla (!uO) Also exessed with ilih (s)ee iese tis is tslted s body (sen)

Oe agai, however, the context of the aage in the Avaasaa itelfom whih thi term i being drawn make it crytal clear that shel in thea itelf doe not, and cannot refer to body" but without doubt mean

ei Te tra aage read: 62

T 6 (X) b3- uan ) T hs crrespns he fwng nskr ex (Kern n 908- 9 7 3 ) a tu uddaktru parinirtn uddn agaattstp ratnamas t i sa sadarant sma. Ths reng s he cnsensus f hepese mnuscps see T 998: 0 The Kshgr ex (T 98 b-3) ishty fferen a t uddaktru udd agaata parinits t dtustpniari ratnamani aa sadarat sma s he Gg mnuscrp (Wnbe 9 6 - 7 ) ca t uddaktru parinirrtn udn agaat ratnamatustp[s] t i sar sadarant sma T 8 ( 8 uan 3) T 79 (X) 867 uan 7) Cp Cery 986 36 (The crrespnng Tbentnsin is wre sghy ereny see Derge Knjur pal cn ga 8 ee s T8 [X] 97b uan 3 ] )



8 The Buddha's Funeral n he Dghgama and Dhanapaka naya

(45)

OM �

Bddha, n order o ae ben a hey wh perze her own bode norec (s) nnmerabe, nconabe, nconceabe

Here he ex uie exlicily diinguie shn from shel i i body,hn whic i ulerized, creaing shel Ti wording ere o iglighhe oddit of Huilin' euialence shel wi hn

a na examle of gloorial inerreaion, in e cenury ocabularytudy Fn nyu we nd e following 163

46 E � v

a_ (s) h ranaed a "body, s or aan

Te aage in reference o wic i deniion i offered, oweer, i hefollowing, from e D hidu un 6

T 2130 UV) 986b02 ua 1) Accordng o he hypohess of Ono Geny he exdes o beeen he Souhern Q and he Su placng probbly n he ng Ono follos n ndcon n he Shitta Mkuku of Enrkj Shngen } h rbues he ex o he ang onk Baochang 48 35 1 8), and hs brough opn by Ennn n he nnh cenur. See Ono 1 93 1 , nd he suary by TsuorYsh

n Ono 1 932-1935 : 10 2 1 3b-2 1 4a. The relevan reference s n Bussho n

914 187b.Of course, here are oher possble references o glosses on shl For nsance, n Pugngs

coenary on Xunng's ranslaon of he Abhidhakabha . 1 8 2 1 Jushe luj�g2 [X 156a2426 ua 8 , coenng on T 1 558 [IX 44a24 ua 8) explnngaadhtu Prdhn 19 75 1 1 9.24 o III.9) e nd:

o .W • mR Ro �o oaadhtu here ranslaed: "body-real). In Sanskr dhtu s he real of he

Buddhas body. I s also called � t-l shllu aa. In Chnese e say body t hephyscl body of he Buddha sh. Ancenly as ered - sh hch s an

error. T. 509 ) 278a617 ua 30) ranslaed n aoe 19441980: 1940. Noe halhough he Fa fayu arbues he uoaon oua 9 no enon of shl occurs n hjua eher he ex knon o Baochang as dvded dfferenly or an error occurred soesge n he coposon or ranssson of hs ex. Alhough ore research ould be needed conr he hypohess he ables n I 1 996 sugges he forer as ore lkely.



47

The Buddhas Funeral n the Drghgama and Dhaaguptaka naya 9

] �t.mo ±*'fJ o

Th Buddh mnif hi nry ino nir nd [ohr rc njwdsp Throuhou h nd [h Buddh cu bin o worhp hlcs (shi)

It evdent n th aage (ncdentally om a text anated by umrajvaalo reobe for a Lotu Sa anaton and a contemorar of Buddhayaaad Zhu Fonan) that dete the cear euvalence for shel uggeted by theloar contng of to word for body" here shel ha at eat on theuface) nothng other than t ordnary meanng of rec "

What become daonngy cear om our urey ofthee excograhcaoe that whe Chnee Buddht commentator were obvouy aware thate could mean body" they aarenty had very tte good ene of whenh meanng hould be aroratey aed and when not And f theeecalt n the vocabuary of Chnee Buddhm were unclear on the concetwhat may we magne of the unchooed reader



a n he Saaapuka and Elsewhere

) Si n e hpuk d Elsewhere

In looking at tranation other than thoe of the Mahpariniastrabut attributed to the ame tranlator we encountered mot eecialy in thecomound exreion ome indication that may hel u undertandthe ecia emloyment ofshel in the ene of the uncremated core of theBuddha Let u now go a bit farther and ee if there might be other cae inChinee tranlation belonging to the ame general eriod in which the wordshl i ued in omething other than the traightforward ene of relic"Since I at any rate have o far been unable to ocate any clear cae in whichshel refer to a core in thi body of iterature our focu mut turn fromoible ditinction in dicon or honori uage to metahorica or deiberately

multivalent hraing in which the term shel aearPerha the mot notabe examle aear in the enormouly inuential

Saddhaapura and it two Chinee tranlation by Dharmaraa (ublihed in 286 C and umrajva (ubihed in 406 cE Recaing the tartingoint of our inuirie in Schoen thei about the Pi Mahparinibbnasuttaand it treatment of sarra one famou aage in the Saddhaapuaraaear a eecially intereting becaue it conciely reent reciely thecontrat we noted at the outet between grammaticaly ingular and lural ue

ofIndic farra The Sankrit text read a follow 6

6 ern and Nanjo 1 98- 1 9 1 2 2 3 1 9- 1 1 . Ths readng s also found n oher Nepaese exsToda 1985 3; 1991 132134; 21 126) The same passage n he ashgar manuscrp ofe Saddaapu¢aka reads slghly derenly alhough he pon s he same (Toda 1 98 1 1 1 3 222-4) a cta tatgataai dtavyi tat kaa t kagaam va baiajyajatta ptivad tatgataaam upaikipta bavati No Gg ex s avalable.

See Tsukamoo 1976 4549 who suggess ha he "whole body of he Tahgaa hererefers o he eachngs wren down n he form of a book On hs "equaon of he

kga tatgataaam whch Schopen ranslaes (apparenly agans he grammar, busee beow) as "enre ahgaa-relc wh he "presence of he book namey heSddhaapu¢aka self see Schopen 1975 167.

Ths passage has been reaed by ajyama 2 1 5-6 . I s worh nong a docrnallysgncan feaure of hs ranslaon of he rs senence G \ �= �d J gW!i / '�dt v . Here Kajyama nerpres he expresson a avayam patipayitavyi as a srong negave mperave. The mplcaon hen for ajyama sa s srcly forbdden o esablsh a relc spa. I beleve ha hs serously msrepresense nenon of he ex whch raher sgnes ha such an esablshmen s "no necessar

w he mpcaon ha s neverheless permssable Ths s how he ex was read by sTbean anslaors (Nakamura 1 976 2 3 1 d d bi gg pa i ku gdug g pa gag midgo) as well as by modern nerpreers (see he nex noe). ajyama also gves umrajva's1lfIJ s radonal kakikui readng f A\ G (e.g., Nakada1989 652) Despe hs convenon whch would probably be undersood as ndcang asrong probon ("mus no) seems o me almos ceran ha b here means "s



aa n he Saddaapu¢aa and lsewhere 1

(48a ca tasmi avaya tathgatarr prat�hpaytavyi I tat kasya heto! I

ekaghaam eva tasmis tathgataarram upaipta havat I

Proviionally aumng tat one may mly and mecancay mantan tepoited ditinction of lural fi a relic" and ngular frr a body"we may tranlate t a follow 66

The reics o the Tathgata eed ot ecessary be staed there [i thepreviously meoed shre . hy Because the

od

o the Tagat s areadydeposited there i oe sige mass

It ould be ute lan from te outet tat te ndc crture ere paying wit te meanng of te word fr (atoug certanly not n anyumorou ene Te Engli tranlaton oered we defenible from apilological viewoint may nevertele tu be ad to m or at leat obcureometing of te work te text i tryng to do wen t emoy to entirelyrelated Engi term to render te o intance offrr tee entence 67 may even not be going too far to ugget tat an awarene of te imilardua uage in the Mhrinisr (or obly elewere exected to

orm the Sddhur auence arecation of t doubling 68I i cae in ligt of te ndic text certany efconciou ue of twoorm of te word t i ard to ow ow to eauate te to Cnee anaonof the paage in wic different coice aear to ae been made by tereective tranlator in reone to te callenge of rereenting in a foreigndiom a text of may layer Kumraja tranlaton in Mio inhu jingfpt�ji i a i uually te cae uite tragtforward and undertandable69

no necesssary.66 Coare aso he follown ranslaons Burnou 1 85 2 : 11 ) "l nes as ncessar quees relques d ahaa y soen doses . Pourquo cela? Ces que e corps du Tahaa yes en queque sore conenu ou ener. Kern 188 220) " s no necessary o depose n recs of he ahaa. For he body of he ahaa s so o say collecvely deosedere do no undersand "en quelque sore and "so o say. o Burnou and Kern readekghanam iva See also Iwaoo n Sakamoo and Iwamoo 1 1 55 and Masunam e al976 1 6

leave asde as rrelevan o our an pon he addonal weaess ha by subordnano he rear of he nlsh senence s rendern oagaam va somehng o he adversaveforce o hs exresson s os.6 Such allusons are almos common n he Saaapua nohe examle s hesocaed Parable o he Burnn House whch whou doub audes o he so-caled FreSermon n he ama-Nkya eraure





aa n e aaapuka and Elehere 6

eem reaonable o ecuae ha Dharmaraa boh ued shel o rereenoth ingular and ura form of farra, n order o emhaize heir leradentity and ye diinguihed he wo form whch he erha muaneouly

realized to have dinc meaning by he addion of he (neverhele oherwieeenially ynonymou) moder fa, uddha and i, Tahgaa1 Whlethe reul can hardly be caed a grand ucce f my inerreaon of hentent behind hi renderng i correc neverhee ere o demonraethe tranlaor earne ue o reere omehing of he muilicy andlayering of meaning he found n he crire

The key o underandng wha i gong on here he realzaon ha heiue i le one of hiloogy han of docrne Oher aage in he ame ex

which refer o he body of he Buddha demonrae he comlexy of heproblem For examle one enence whch emoy a dieren ndic erm forody" read a follow1

5 1 ) khal bhava anasysya

ahgamabhvavrahasyak maha kaavya

Moks ae y anva ne gea jewelle sa shl be mae hs

bofrm he Tahgaa

The Kahgar ex ha 1

Karahma n h gloar of harmaraa' ranlaon 1998 38 .v. h ene s a "relc human reman bu make no commen abou hee o ermaaren no reang hem a compound See alo Karahma' gloa of Kumravatranlaon (200 1 229) n hch l perhap le ufabl agan gloed alo h "humanreman. If h Englh erm aken o gn he uncremaed bod nce doe noaear to have h meanng anhere n Kumrava ranlaon h denon no a. though perhap no hou ecepon n he ovehelmng maor of cae harmaraa ue o render bua and i for tatgata Ho he ma have underood heerent unerlng vaence of hee o erm of coure a deren queon n haricular cae a Jan Naer ugge ma be ha he dnguhe beeen he one and

characer term n order o preerve he phrae four characer rhhm. 74 Kern and Nano 1 9081 9 1 241 6-7 See oo Toda 1 98: 6 1 989 6 1 992: 1 9-1 62 , andToda and Mauda 1 99 1 2 7 Glg manucrp (Waanabe 1 97 2 34 goup B agree hthe tex n KernNano

or he ord vigaa ee ddonal Noe 57 Toda 1981 1 18 229a-7



aa n e Saaapuka and Elseere

52mama biava painivayymaya agaay m bv vi y ik

anayaikamaanapa kaavya

Kumajva edeing which may eec mehing f ahga aghanarun a fllw 76

(53)

�,

Af my dmi, o wo wi o woip my oml bod (qudnsen)

oud c a ga pa

Dhamaak�a hee i a cea deie hi ue f w eaae em fbody7

(54)

§� * na-A

my dmi, onoing T g ' bod (sen), complly aki nily and oougly and ai a ga pa-mpl fo i

We begin ene me ain hweve in he endeig f an immediaelyfllwing aage 78

55aya mama po* daau diu avalokadu�u y�u budda�v aya

addamapuQako damapaya apakya �u �v aya mamabv vig ap amabyudgacc ai ai buddai bagavadbi aminaddamapuQak damapayy b�yam pa�anmaQalayopai vaiyaa i� � ca buddn bagavam ima addamapuQakadamapaya b�amnm aya

m mm bv vig ap

dukadady

, Glg: bo Cns nlon!

17 T. 262 X) 3256 ua 4)77 T 263 X) 02222 ua 6) ee Karasma 992 47 s Karasma noes tsagrees e Kasgar ex raer an e Nepalese ex eded n Ke-Nanjo17 Kern and Nanjo 908-92 24 8-2 ; Toda 989 6-7; 992 62-66; Toda and atsuda99 27 Fragmenar n Glg Waanabe 975 24 Te rs par of e passage s dscussedn Tsukamoo 976: 52



arra the Saddaapuarka d Elsehere 65

Lt t of mn t of my bodfam abhvavaha) wv n t Budd ld of t wod-ytm of t tn dcton tdou on doctn t Sahaapu7ka, xoundd t t mn undd n t k bov t mbly wn t dcou on doctn t

Sahaapuaka, bn cd by ny Budd Bld On nd myt of my bodfam abhvavaha) off contuton to toBudd Bld On wo cn t dcou on doctn tSahaapuaka

coat to thi paage a amitted i the Nepaee maucipt adio,the Kahga text hee i iteetigy dieet 1 7

(56)d mm du dku vlokdt�u vbuddkt�u byudt yt yt okdto yo y ttt m ddmukdmyy kyt tt tt okdto m mamtmabvavgaa

aaa �nmlmdyd bydcct tt c ty tttyt u vy ntk t�t �c] � c mm aavgao 'byntt tt t� t� buddn bvt m dmyy�mnm duk vdt I

t t of mn n l t Budd ld of ll t wodytm oft tn dcton My t of t bodc of m bodfam abhvavahaaa) 1 80 fom mdt t mbly n wtv woldytm omtt xound t dcou on doctn t Sahaapuaka And tt mn undd t n t k bov tt Ttt And my mybodfam

aavaha) xd wtn t off contton to to BuddBd On wo cn t dou on doctn

t i ot eay quite cea how the itoductio of frr vocabua itoe Kaha text chage it meaig,8 1 ad we ote pacuay that mbhvhfrr ad frrvgrh appea to be ued baicay yoomouya ae pobaby ao yoymou with bhvvgrh. Kumajva hah paae a foow 182

1 79

Td 98 1 : 1 8 9b 7 See the remrs m : 89.18 0 Or stl "bdrme tht s bd?I I B usng the term "trdct I d t me t m tht ts tet s ddedntng t cntet ich revsl ced t the dsnct s merl reltve d ctrstve H T 6 c1 6 8 uan 4).



66 arra in th Saddaapuarka and Elswhr

57�. + mw ** •�

M � .

Waon anlae3

That Bha thgh his tansenental pwes an the pwe f his wenses that thght the wls in the ten iens n atte in what paef thee ae thse wh preah the ts Stra this trease twe wil in all asese fth an appea in thei pesene, an his ete b wil be in thetwe speang ws f paise an sang Exellent exelent

While Kumava hen eem o a no aicula aenion o give noecial eamen) o he em we have highlighed Dhamaaka' endeingo he ame ecion o ex ead a ollow4

In the ws f the ten ietins if thee is smene wh peahes this LtsSta y seenewelle stpa wi appea at the plae whee the Bhas peahthe sta. That [ his] lb (ssen) in the seenewele stpa wilspea paise saying Exeent

Kaahima in hi gloa o Dhamaaka' anlaion dene he em fIJ -bod") in hi aage iml a he bod" Whilee ceainl canno ciicize hi glo in ac i i ve dicul o undeand

he inenion o he exeion wih an ceain I doe eem nevehele ha i we wee o aume hee o have been ome om o in heVolage om which Kumajva woked a amo ceainl hee wa inDamaaa' omehing which eem no unikel given he oveal oximio Kumajva' anaion o he Kahga ecenion6 Dhamaaka would

Watso 993 172

T 23 (I 224-26 uan 6 Kaashma 998 38 sv sh shn O ths oit s Karashim's onluson (1992 261 that it an b assumd that thntra Asia MSS [nudin ashar] and th undryin txt of [hamara�a's taslaton]ad Kumajvas translatio] may hav stmmd from a ommon vrsio whih must hav



ara the Saddaapu¢arka ad Elsewhee

aa aear to have bee more etive to the oble mortae o atular word, eve f the tralaton that reult anot, oe more , bead a omlete ue Dharmarak�a tranlato -, however wetad th omound, ha the mert of draw atteto to the eaa o the voabulary wth whh the body/rel o the uddha /areed to here, ometh alably abent from Kumrava erha moeahorwad eder

\e ave aleady oted above the omoud ued by both ZhQ ad Zhu Foa, ollow Lokak�ema oral ue, ad here we have Darmarak�a emloymet o t, robably yonymou, veo,- dult to kow whether, ad o how, ether or both of the ae eated to the word , whole-body-," whh ou

umrava Chee tralato of the Lotu Stra, the otext o aaae w rea Sakrt a follow: 1 7

(5)eaasya khalu puna bhk�aas tathgatasya pantasya at antaa

kalpn sahama sthsyat na ca aa htbheena bhetsyate ekaghanasya aa bha�yat saptaatnaspa pa�am

moeoe, monks, ate the pana o the Tathgata Deaa theTue Teachng shal eman o twent ntemeate aeons But hs bo arraw not ssoe by beakng nto ecs (u) Rathe, hs bo

arra weome one snge mass, set nse a spa o the seen ewels

mava rder th (or whatever read he ound the Vorlaeom whh h worked) a abbrevated way 1

60�mM. $m=+o t

te the pana o Deaa Buha, the Tue Teachng wll pesst n thewo o twent ntemeate aeons Fo hs] whole-bo!

(qudnsens) aseenewele spa wll be eecte

ee m the a ves f the Nealese-Glt MSS.

8 e ad Naj 908-912: 259.315. Bth the asha (Tda 1981 127 29-3a Gt (ataae 1 97 5 22 . 3 -5 text ae almst detcal. The assae has eemsdest y Iwamt Saamt ad Iwamt 96 2 1 1 . 88 T. 262 ( 3 5a8-9 uan ). Aa my se f aeated s teded as meely ctastve a t t sest ayth at the ctet f the ae m whch mava wed.



68 aa n te Saddhaapuakaan d Esewee

Deite the rendering I have given it above it i dicult to know whetherwe hould undertand thi Chinee term qunshnsh �:fIJ a te relicof hi whole body " or the whole relic of i body" or even in another way

entirely for examle the whole bodywhichi-aarelic" or a erha ugeted by Haribhadra interretation of mbhvfrr in the AshsriPrjprmi noted above and our ubeuent aoitional interretation ofhe erm shnshe whole she which i to ay whole body" Here Dharmaraaoffer a rendering which once again in a literal ene conform more cloelyha doe Kumrajva to the extant Sankrit text 89

(1 )

$= t

te his demise the Tue Teachig ill esist o tety itemediate aeosNot disesig his bodbon s ng ad gatheig the hole s qudnsomeoe ill eect a seveeelled sa

we noticed above the evidence of it uage in a number of text tronlyuge ta the word shng i normally to be undertood a relic " ut i iver difcult to gra reciely what Dharmarak�a may have intended here by

hi ue of the term although he may be attemting (among other thing odiinguih between hi treatment of frr and of dhu reectively Theproblem with thi aage are comlex Let u take another look at a ortionof he Sanit text we jut uoted §5)

a ca aa dhtbhedea bhetsate eaghaa csa aa bhavi�at

It eem o be fairly clear that the firt intance of ingular frr here

mea body" in the ene of core, mot imortantly becaue it i ditiuihedfrom dhu which certainly here mean relic" ut what of the econd caeof the ingular frr that which i one ingle ma"? While it may certainlyalo mean body" i it oible that we hould undertand it alo omehow ithe ene of relic() " a Dharmarak�a tranlation ugget? If o what wouldhe paage be aying? anwer to uch a uetion may remove u thoroughlyfrom the realm of hilolog o let u for the moment return intead to theproblem a hand aproaching it om another oint of view Recalling Schoe

uetion that in the Pli Mhprinibbnsu one can ee the tranition

� T 2 X 05-2 uan . Note aso te veson in te eas ate t o eat ent anonmos tanston Saan nuli jing WfI* 25 [X] 1924-25 ft i. fl, � ( .



i he hpu ad Elewhee 6

fom rr a body to srrni a relic with the grammatical hi om ingularo plual, we may now want to ak whether it i ever poible for rr notonl in the plual but even in the grammatical ingular to alo mean elic().

We nd an important example in a paage printed a follow in Kern andNanio edition of the Sddhpu¢r: 90

(62 me eji e v ldhi v pj smy

s} i

Thi in and of itelf would ugget an undertanding along the line of theollowing in an ovely literal rendering

e woship o he elis is doe o he elis o me Aji, by gee soo gele dghe d ss o he seve jewels e bil [by he sme so odghe

A imple tanfer of the principle argued for by Schopen in regard to theNika/gama-Vinaya literature would ugget that the plural rru heenicae at he compound rrpj i to be dertood a eferring expicitly

o ie pefomed on or with repect to, plural relic. But thee thing may beae e obviou than they at rt appear.

\ile Ken note inform u that all hi manucript ave one read rro rru he ingular for the plual locative, we now know that the textualadition ee i moe complicated, and the text Kern printed a eriou conlaonof divee ource. The Nepalee manucript ae unanimou in peenting teingula reading One repreentative Nepalee manucript tradition ha thefoowing: 9

(63 me eji le v ldhi v e

pj}

smy s i

Ti ext tadition, then, preent u with the ame apparently ingularocative rr which, a we noticed above, Schopen in the context of the

io 908 9 2 3 3 87-8 T ili ui a th i b 2 2 8-2 9 Tuamoo 97 02 wiou ay o of h aui vi Toa 99 9-99 uit C C T2 T 2 (wih vaia i h oeio nj Mui C ad Pe have id ofe pj the ily pj 3 d T8 ed p.



arra in the Saddarapuarka and Esewhee

prnbbnu had uggeted idiate that the obet of frr-pj ia orpe rather tha reli2 Suh a udertadig eem uite impoblehere however additio, the igle mauript referred to by Ke a havig

the plural readig what i ow geerally kow a the Kahgar mauriptrad here 3

(6)a9 m aa api kadii ca aaaa� aa

aai I sapaaama ca spi i aai

T wos

o ics s do o ics o Taaa o m Aa

os g sos ad g dags ad spas o s js a mad

m

thi text, the etire expreio (iludig the getle o ad daughter) at i the plural Kumrajva tralatio ha orrepodg to thi5

(65) . £{9flj, t

Ts g so ad/o g dag i c a sjd spao/ Bddas shi

Dharmaraka ha6

(66) . . t -flj

Tos o sos i c a sd mp od o wosa s

wee in the cntext f a inaa assage extant nl in Tibetan and Chinese bt ntSanskit Schen 99 90 aeas witht exlicitl saing s t accet that the singa j st ean the hn de t elics f ... eics. Thee aea t be anbe the assages in Sanskit in which this is as the case I thank Klas Wile

bnging seeal exaes t attentin Tda 98 6 (32 a7) .194 S the anscit (as Seishi Kaashia tells e) and the editin ead !t1 95 T. 262 (X) b2 7 2 9 uan ). T. 263 (X) 7a3- ua 8





2 rr he Sddhpu¢rk ad Elsewhere

pUr i uig the word i ecil wy Whe we oe the uetio ith wy however we begi to otice tht it i ot oly the ddhpurwhich er to reet uch otherwie retly curiou uge There re

emle i everl ge of the Pcvifishsri Prprmi foritce of the igulr frr which mut be udertood i omethig otherth the imle ee of (ded) body"99 Oe ge i rticulr i verytructive The Nelee text red follow0

(6) c gs smsmuddhs pvs rr! spe�

php�

Ad e ll cuse e elcs f decesed Tg A Cmpeed eec Bdd e eslsed sps

t er tht the frri here uite trightforrdly me relicHowever we mut y rticulr ttetio to the fct tht the idirect objecthere p!u i lo i the lurl d o there i othig to revet u fromudertdig the text to me tht for ech igle t igle relic (origle frr whtever we my determie thi to me) i (ditributively) to be

etblihed lthough the text mke o eort to y thi exlicitly However correodig Gilgit mucrit h the me ge follow1

(68) c hgsh smsmuds pvs p

�pe

Ad e uld cse e/r lc/d f decesed Tg A

Cmpee d efec Budd e eslshed

Here we hve the igulr frr i the lce of the lurl frri of theNelee mucrit d there i o elicit referece to The Chiee

We 989 166.6 (where however he sax s o ver lear o me) rsleoze 97 d see T. 220 (VII) 3586 u 66) T 223 VIII) 3862 u 23 ) We 991 23 . 17 riirtsy c rre p prvrttte raslaed oze 197 60

see T 220 I) 36c9 (u 67) T. 223 (VIII) 3882 u 23) All he eserslaos seem o ofrm he erpreao as "relcs b "raslag wh sh orshu (Erler oze 1 967 3 79 v arra had ee more sesve o he gammr o oex referrg o he rs passage lsed here wh he gloss "dead od.) mr 9 86 62 7-29 Qoe om Shope 97 13 .



ar n he Saaapurka and sewhee

alato agree eeg he referece here no o body" bu o shel o beakerovoallya (a relc(22 How recely h hould be uderood, ad why faa ued n Sankr he Glg ex n he gular

eman unclear However n aoher examle of almo he ame corucoboth the Glg and ealee radon (dencal ave for Glg omo ofkulaputo v kuladuhi v agree n havg faa he ngular2

(69) ya kac kauka kulapuo v kladu v aaaya anvaya apa

anamay p aa pa�pay

Wav nl on o nl dau auka a da of h Taaa

woud cau lc/bod

4 o b abd n a pa mad of vn jwl

Aga he Chee ralato agree n eeg here shel, o (or wthato we mgh ay a leat ot exlcly a body2 We alo have a leaoe examle Aashask offara he ngular where a terreaoa elc" eem he oly oe oble a ha deed bee uderood ooly by moder terreer bu by Chee ralaor a well26

70)ya kuapuo v kuladu v

g n

aa aapacad dhay . vayam va yo vnya kulapuo v kuladu v g

aa vaya ca akyd ukuyn pabya ca vaa ampakayddady avbajd vak pj bav�ya avn cnukampm updya

On on and a nl on o dau wo avn woppd woudv uphold and o on . lc af da of T g o lc of

h dcad Taaa nly unadd o on o and a nl ono dauh wo would wop ono lc of h T g unadd andwdy pac abou o o dona and dbu nkn a wop

T 220 (V 152a20-21 uan 428; T. 221 (V 46b12 uan 7; T 223 ( 283c14uan 9. mua 986 58 . -2 ; Schpen 197 7 1 46.

O e/a eic/bdy f he deceased ahaa whch amuns he same hin T 220 (V 152c4-5 uan 428 T. 221 (V 46b20 uan 7 T 223 (V 284a9-10uan 9. iaa 1 9 3 2 1 9 3 5 2 86 1 9 2 2 287 3 (Mia 1 03; Cne 1 973 1 20; Kajyama 19741 3 9-1 40 T 224 ( 436b252 8 uan 2; T 226 ( 518b10 13 uan 2; T 227 (V54a7 uan 2 .





he Sddhurk ad Elsehere 7

O wa it ather omething cloer to the idea that it omehow, contained thewhole body" of the Buddha or even the/a living Buddha himelf, a eem tobe mpled in ome paage of the Saddhaapuka when imla

omulaton are ued?ht hee autho ndeed peciely be aying that the relc caket" contanwthn t a vble tanble embodment of awakening? Th n fact come veryoe f t not ndeed identcal, to what ome cholar ee happening in thepur. Sadahko Kaya ee the iuaton a follow2

The wd has the meaning f he eic" (a f spa and eic wshipefwing wih eigis ife newy esected by he Lts Sta. T g nhe ahgh we say eics" i ges beynd the maeia imiatins f the

ddhas bnes in fac has nthing d wih the existence f sch bnes bshd ahe be ndesd as an attemp t expess wha can ny be seen in theeaching f the Lts Sa, the eenay iing Bddha wh pssesses a eyesh and bd bdy within he spa . . . In cntast this u has he sensef he bnes f the Bddha he eics as the bec f te spa and eicwship

Atough Karya am i to arue for the ditncton he ee between

ntentonal deployment of theologically ditinct faa and dhtu the latteepeentng the upereded tpa and elic worhip of the denct preLotuta uddhm and the former pointing to the eternally vtal Buddha evealed tat rpte we do not necearly have to accept Kaya' overall pont toaee wt hm hat rr beng ued n thi text to mean much more thanple body ecdry bone In fact a I have uggeted, the rd faa ntenonaly ued by the author of the Lotu preciely becaue of thi ambuityo bette ch multivalency and emantic potency n the term Again oupobem n undetandng the term precie meaning may be le grammaticalo phlologcal than conceptual and doctinal But even granting thi in theae of the Saddhaapuka how mght thi complexity relate to ourtugle with Chnee tranlaton of the Mahpania-sta?

aya 965 78 .



7 Innusve Cnudng Thughs

Icoclusive Cocludig Thoughts

We aot etely olve the omlex ueto egadg the oveall te

etato of the tem aa ad all t aoated oet hee Rathe whatwe hould do oluo etu ou atteto to ou two ba oblemFt the ueto of what h Qa Bo Fazu ad above all Buddhayaaad hu Foa thought they wee dog whe they ued the tem shel the talato of the Mahpaini1ata to efe to the uematedbody of the Buddha Seod the oblem of whethe ad how uh aedeg ould have bee udetood by a audee othewe ufamlawth the oveall aout of the eal of the Buddha d th egad the

addtoal mateal to whh we have daw atteto ludg aage the Saddhaapu1aa ad elewhee mght hel ot u towad at leatat of a awe If a examle fom thee oue ugget the gammatalfom of the wod aa ot afte all a ue gude to t efeet f aa the gula may lke t lual fom alo be udetood a el" o at leatto g omethg othe tha the mle body" the thee oblteugget themelve Ft th lak of egula oeodee betwee thegammatal fom of the wod aa ad t teded efeet ould ugget

that talato begg wth Zh Qa ad ludg Buddhayaa ad ZhuFoa, dd ot alway lealy udetad what e ee of aa wateded a gve aage It oble othe wod that they mtookwhat the d text wa teded to efe to a body o oe to meatead el theefoe edeg wth shel what hould have bee exeed Chee wth shn o othe mle body tem Suh a mudetadg ofhe Ida oue text howeve eem dttly ulkely eeally lght ofthe fat that the otext whh we fd shel ued to mea body" aealmot alway ute lea Th ve laty of otext ugget that ay obleambgut todued by oo about the gammatal umbe of aa Id omethg whh eve ad of telf ot vey lkely to haveoued) mot ulkely to have bee a fato the hoe of shel a aChee talato euvale

A eod oblty elated to what we a ee a the aaetly llytetoal olyemy the Id oue We have ee that ome Mahyaoue atiula attemt to ovey laye o level of meag thoughelf-oou maulato of the tem aa It oevable the that the

Chee alato who wee lealy famla with at leat ome of th Mahyalteatue ad deology aw aa laguageeve oMahya otexta deee he ad moe omlex gae tha a mee duo ofthe doto of a oe would ugget They theefoe hoe to gal thomlext wth a oeodgly maked ad uuual Chee voabulay



Icoclse Cocldg Thoghs

There i certainly omething to be aid for thi oibili, aricularly incehee tranlator could only have een all criure a eually revealing theword of the Buddha, and therefore in thi reect not to be eated any dierently

Thi oibilit i robably not mutually excluive from the third conceivableeplanation Namely, the Chinee tranlator may well have been, even if noty or uccelly, trying to forge a ecial Chinee technical vocabularythrough which they could refer to the ecial, extraordinary body of the Buddha(not in any way necearily connected with any articular Mahyna idea)The tranlation we noted, from hi Qian, Bo azu, and aricularly and motlly Buddhayaa and hu onian, may contain trace of a failedbecaueot ubeuently imitated , or erha even lly recognizedattemt to forgea ecic technical terminology with which to eak of the body of the Buddha,perha mot eecially in the religiouly otent moment of hi aing intonira Thi i not entirely ditinct from the econd oibiliy mooted above,becaue the develoing Buddhology of the Saddhaapuaa for intance,ceainly (alo) rereent an eort to reinterret the very tatu of the Buddha,ad coneuently ditance him from ordinar humaniy

The qetion of the nature of the Buddha arie in an immediate andpei manner reciely upon hi death becaue there, like nowhere ele inhe arraive parade o hi life the very mot baic tatu of hi exitence

ddely become unavoidably unclear Aking what the Buddha becomepon death correondingly imlie the uetion of what he wa, how heeied beore death Thi aear to be reciely the uetion which led theathor o the Saddhaapuaa to develo their idea of the eternaliy ofthe Buddha Of coure the background to thi idea i very much more comlethan a imle aparent conict between hyical (aric) exitence and theon-exitence of nirva But the fact remain that the uetion which, Ibeieve, reed uon hi Qian, hu onian and other are art of a larger

teion in Buddhim, that concerning the very exitence of the Buddha himel,ad ltimately the oibility of hi continued and continuing alvic activiti or world For if the Buddha i well and truly gone, how can he help u? i he i not gone, how did he ever exit, aarently like u? A great deal ofBddhi thiking can be undertood a more or le direct attemt to addrehi baic uetion

al o thee theological rationalization do not erae one remainingpoblem Even if we are able to hyotheize omething of the motivationwhich may have led to the vocabulary choice we oberve in the tranlationwe have tudied, what i mot difcult about he aricular intance we haveeamined from the Mahpainiasta i not the mere ue of she in theene o body," which may, a we have een, otentially be exlained in avariety o way Rather, it i the ue of thi term to denote both body" and



8 Inconclusve Concludn Thouhts

relis withi oe ad the same arrative seuee We are still left after allor ivestigatios with the uestio of what readers without diret aess todi soureswhih is to sa all Chiese readersmight have made of the

aouts of the eral roedures for the Buddha i Buddhaaass Dggmad Dharmataa Viaa traslatios. Cotextuall suh readers ould haveuessed what might have bee meat2 2 but how would the have uderstoodit

This uestio of otemorar uderstadi is rther omliated bthe fat that i fourth etr Chia rematio of the dead was almost etireluow Eve if it is ot etirel true that the Chiese believed i theeessi of maitaiig the ostmortem itegrit of the hsial bod21 3 the

ertail did ot osider osigmet to the ames a ttig disositio ofthe orse. Aordi to Aa Seidel2 Crematio sread amo mosfrom the fth etur attaiig at the ed of the Ta suh oularit thateve the lait ratied it i great umbers Yet Daoxua writi i theseveth etur ould sa that although forest exosure of the orse adburia were ratied i Chia there are few sigs of exosure i rivers adrematio

Crematio beomes ommo ol i the Sog This earlier

ufailiarit with rematio eve amo mos ma have bee et aotherobstale to a aurate uderstadig ad areiatio of the eisode of theBuddha's erar rites deited i the Mpinis

Let us as aother uestio how would Chiese readers have grased theitet behid the uusual use of voabular we have see i the traslatiosuder review (assumig there was some suh seial itet to begi with)Somethig of the diult eve traditioal owledgeable readers ma havehad i omrehedig this termiolog beame evidet i our surve of thewors of Chiese Buddhist lexiograhers That surve demostrated that atleast i the artiular ase of se eve these seialists i the tehial

termiolog of Buddhist traslatios writig some eturies after the earliesttraslatios were freuet ot sure how to uderstad the voabular of

Thus the cse of shl s consdel dffeen fo tht of tnsltons whch m nthe entet e ost coplete ncompehensbe See fo exple the es of o x edn uddhnt's Chnese tnslon of the Mhnsh n whche ocs of text e ost tot ncoheent

0 own 20 2 suests. Sedel 1 83 7 . Lu 2000 7 tnsltn T. 2060 L) 68b- (un 27) : ; Note tht thee e el Hn dnst) Chinese efeences to ttepted) utocemonn the context of nn mc see Schfe 1 1 3 8- 1 3 3 ), but lthouh thee euddhst exples even these lost cetnl hve o connecton to the pesent cse



Inconcsve Concdng Thoghts

certai passages They were to be sure aware that might mea body"ut i the text passages to which they themselves poited i support of thismeaig hel quite clearly, i almost all cases meas rather relics" tha

ody" Tis leaves us i a peculiar spot We ca o the oe had, imagiepossible scearios i which the traslators usage ofhel i the sese of corpse"as itetioal ad selfcosciously motivated These scearios ivolve speculatios of a theological ature, but are ot for that less likely There may veryell have bee buddhological" motivatios for a uusual yet specic choiceof traslatio equivalets i a particularly charged religious cotext Wat westill despite our best eorts have trouble imagiig is how the passages iwhic this hypothesized special use of the term appears would or could have

ee uderstood by Chiese readers How we struggle to uderstad, couldthey have made sese of a passage which says that oe take the Buddhas helurs it ad the collects ad eshries the Buddhas he?

If ay of what I ave speculated here is correct although Buddhayaas adZu Foia perhaps iitially ispired by Zhi Qia, would appear ot to haveee etirely cosistet i their applicatio of the word hel the closest wemay e able to come to appreciatig their itetios is to see their rederigsas evidece of a ulimately abadoed attempt to recogize ad epress iords some of the complex multivalecy of evolvig theological otios of theBuddha ad his physical icaratioa itersectio of body laguage adbi laguage as it were If this is correct the apparetly odd ad difculttraslatios we d i the Mahpana-ta must be ackowledged aseig themselves precious relics ideed



8 Addiional Noes

Addional Notes

Additional Note 1

(to n 46)

The Chinese version of the Mahparini1a-stra we did not consider inthe main body of this study is that contained in the Kudrakavastu of theMlasarvstivda Vinaya Genben shuoyiqieyoubu pinaiye zashi m-;gJ, which was translated by Yijing� centuries later than the translations

we didnotice in the

year710.

In this version we nd thefollowing:2 6

A . f e � *_ m. �.O*

:o { �t. &lo &Fp$ .{§ f n8 o �B

� . 0 nao � --WM@o X�.

E $ o # & M • lH.

0®:r *i�o ! �!f*}*@�o �

-

At that time the Venerable nanda spoke to the Buddha, saying: "VenerableOne, ater the Blessed One's parinirv�a, how should I honor and

worship

theT thag t 's dharma body lshen) C? The Buddha said to Aanda: "You should

stop this! What you ask about aithl brahmins and householders will preparethemselves. Again he asked the Buddha: "What are all these things that thehoseholders will prepare? The Buddha said "Each and every one o them islike the procedures of the unversal monarc's fneral umg)@." Again he asked"What are the procedures for the universa monarch? The Buddha said "You

shold know now that, after the death o a universal monarch, his body (shen @ isbond up in 500 layers o ne cloth from top to bottom, and . . then ragrantmlk is poured to extinguish the re At that point, taking the kng's bones gU@217 they are placed in a gold vessel, and a great

*sp @ is built at a crossroads.

A n the earlier translations, more or less precisely the same pattern smantaned here. A body is mentioned C, nanda is instructed that he shouldno concern himself with its disposition a neral is performed @, and afte

2 6T 1451 ( 394c19395a3 yuan 3 7); rans in Waldschmid 1 950- 1 95 1 : 3 59-3 6 1 .

2 1 7Tis agees as we migh expe wih the Sanskri Mahparinifa-stra' asthi (Wad

hidt 1950195 1 : 3 6, §36 .7)



Additiol ots 8 1

e rean wha is ef are bnes Hwever, here are as neresingerenes The rs referene bdy here appears be he *dhka er whh is disiny f pae in is passage even r espeiay if i aken n is sipe and nnphisphia sense f "e bdy f eahngs 8e ay ne ha he sae wrd appears severa ies in he ex, in nenane f whih i is expiiy nrased wih he seshn @�, p-k2 9 I er nkey ha he pnd fr shn was hsen fr eria rrsd reasns, sne ne again in he ver same ex Yijing repeaedy sese haraer pnds shn� and shnxng �%, wih eve ndian a hey are sipy synns wih he singe haraer shn � ise Ireains a pzzing qesin wha igh ean here T rher ephaszee fshn in his passage, when he ex nines e "bdy vabar

enirey nra, and agrees wih her versins peey This prbeae, e he h aer dae f his ransain in parisn wih heerns enra r sdy, we ay eae i f rher nsiderain

na Ne 2

n )

I sees e qie pssibe r even ikey ha Bddhayaas dd n knwnese, desie he fa ha i is wih regard hi ha e fas sry is he es in whih a freign nk is ade qiky i eryens aa and pharaeia repesappareny n hneseas a es ab rrey ree erized sripres Bddhayaas, riginayr Jbn (see bew, is sai have e ina, as I aae fr aggrapy, n befre he age f 35 and he sayed ny e years befre

rern Jbin If we asse ha e did n knw hinese befre hs isi, w a i is exreey nikey a his ngis knwedge was sienr ake any aie par n he ransain press abve and beynd arean e ex an expanain in Sanskri (r Prakri The ransan

8 t is tsltd b Wldsmid 1 9 0 1 9 1 3 9 b "Gszsk wiou mk. tti wods iff y is ot just osodi ll . f so it is to s t stotti misldi

T. 1 1-6 uan ) S lso 03 6 0b 06 (un 39)22 Ts omounds ou sil t ls 3 3 nd 19 ims S Si 1968 89 Tokiw 1 93 8 880 22 Okm 198 7 wiou lboin sts ll of t foin moktnstosssistd b t Cis Zu onin iludin Budds w ino of Cis



82 Addiiona Noes

would neverthele be attributed to him for olitcal reaon, foreign cholaregitimizing Chinee tranlation of Buddhit criture irreective of theiracual articiation in the tranlation roce

Nihimura eem willing to credit the account, baed rimarily on thePreface to the Dharmagutaka Vinaya, that Buddhayaa came not from Jibinbut from Khotan (utian Tl) which he connect a I undertand him withhi concluion that the Vorlage of the Dharmagutaka Vinaya wa written inGndhr Even if Nihimura i right about the latter oit hi overallargument doe not hold ince it i now clear that Jibin doe not necearilymean Kahmir a Nihimura aarently thought ather a Enomoto aywe houd afey conclude that Ji-bin found in the work of Chinee Buddhitmonk beween the th and th centurie indicated a wider area includingKahmir, Gandhra and oibly Tokharitan, that i to ay the whole ofnorth and north-wet India, or ome ditrict within it

, Therefore, it i quite

poible that the Vorlage of a text in Gndhr could have been brought fromJibn and there i no articular need to bring hotan into the icture Moreover,ere are other reaon for quetioning the reliability of the Preface, on whichee note , above In any cae whether Buddhayaa wa from otanKahmir, Gandra or Tokharitan, he i equally unlikely to have been educatedin Chinee in any of thoe land, and it i much afer and more reaonable for

u to aume hi ignorance of that language than the contrary

dditonal Note 3

to n 25)

The examle cited in the main text are far from the only cae of the term

ne that may be located even in relatvely early Chinee tranlation Forintance in the anonymou but robably late fourth century rendering of thepk we nd everal examle, which may be correlated with theextant Sankrit text The exact ene of the erm, however i not alway clearand more reeah i needed For the time being we may imly cite thefollowing cae6

This has been highighed by Foe 1 990 243 see aso nebe 1 970 2 7-28 . Nishimua 1 992 efeing o T 1 428 ( 567ab

m Enomoo 1994: 361 he as cause is added o he oin by he hand of he auho a T 158 ( 263c2-14 un 4) Yamada 1968: 213.10-13 b T 158 ( 270a3un 5 Yamada 1968 262.69 c T. 1 5 8 ( 2 76b8-9 un 6 Yamada 1 968 3 1 3 1 6-1 8



Additiol Notes 8

a

¥!8 %BL p + 0

ni�ie mama addarme ni�ie badrakalpe ye mama davo j nm rr l)

e prameyakyey aaavira ai�eran

¥ OT j

i}, ?1 A¥

van amdnabalena pacamabam yuakrm avaeyaarinirvaklaamaye ca vayam eva vaarraar�apapalapramamrandeya avn kruyre ca pac parinirvpayeyam

c

¥!1 x &IJj&W

addarme cnarie ava apuru�a e pi dava j nm rre evarpauddakrya kari�yani ya vaya praidna kam .

itoal Note

to )

t least oe colleague hs suggested to me tht we see i the term sushn-shea quivalet to Iic faavaisika I do ot thik this is correct. I the

irst place it is difcut to cite y exame of sushnshel i ay text forhich we hve a extt Idic versio Secod I doubt the existece of sucha ic compoud as *faavaisika i the rst ce.

though the expressio sushn is ot rare the compoud sushnshel ismuch less commo Moreover eve i such exmples s ca be octed it isrequetly the case that is to be tke as verb (s i §§ dditioalNote [b ad compare § ) ad therefore the sequece sushnshel shoulot be uderstood as compoud t Other exmpes my be cited such s

he ollowig from the lpanma1iik8

ot tt te Cise texts i te seqe shn shl 1f mst b b n ot t pio mmbe of ompod sushn Tis is idited bot b te dng N d b te oespoig sit txts bhindeam



8 Addiinal Nes

o A 4 o

flJ /!O p¥z {5 §1

Bdds e lso le ts We te ete vQ ode to sve setetegs te lv z te od to elcs t shn-shl) cetg elcs temot o egt doQs d fo <s9 to beet begs. ltog teplveed elcs e s mte s mstd seeds weee te ec peoplewosp tem o dfeetly t f te wee te Bdd msel Ts teele seet begs to tt Q.

iilar in intent i a paae fr the Ekoaikgama Cniderin hwuddha f the pat did nt etablih lnlatn leaie aui nider

hw he iht d

O to :w $ ! Fa *z §*

Te Ttgts ody elogs to te vj clss. I wt to plvee i tsod shn) to peces s smll s mstd seeds d dspse tem togotte wold I te ges devot doos wo do ot see mge of te Ttgt

wl me oegs to tem d fom te met ts podces g bt vos excellet sttes wc e emeted

20 (V) 3 47 7-21 uan 5). Huber 908 46046 1 has he fllwing . . . de e eBuddha, aprs re enr dans e Nira pur sauver es res pur dnner des avanages auxres, bryer ses reliques qui replissaien quare bisseau e qui ren divises en huiparies. Ces reliques bryes bien qu'elle sien peies ce des grains de uarde, snhnres ce e Buddha lui-e paru OU elles arriven. Elles n la capaci dveiller aspirain des res vers e Niva ."

lhugh n a ver we nn sry ccuring as far as I can ell in ny a few relaveybscure surces he reference is he legendary aun f relics le by he Buddha. Accrding ne accun (a sewha unusual ne called F bannihuanhu bianji f�?2,aached he Fmu bannihuanjing �m* . 45 II] 870 -2 ranslaed by Huiian in he lae fh cenury ng a requesed he eigh *dras and fur haas frelics fr he eigh ngs wh hey had been disribued aer he creain and in asingle day ereced 84000 spas. early sih cenry Lus sra cenary Fahuajingy Y2 T. 715 [III] 67 a 2 by Fayun als refers he sae aun rics bu wihu reference any sry abu a.

shuld sress ha I a n a all cnden ha he Sansri equivalens I er genuineelyrepresen se rea Indic erminlg in his case. ha he relics were divided in eigh andeach placed in a cnainer called dra is hwever well nwn fr uliple surces.Addiinally cnsing is ha accrding Sircar 965 4 3) as a easure fur haka areequivalen ne dra. Furher cnsiderain is required2 T. 25 () 7 5 a - 4 uan 6); cp he anslain in Bareau 98 2 2 .



Addiional Noes

Whe sushn-she de ccur cler cmund, t ee eem t berelc f ulverzed bdy" Fr exmle, we d n the clled SutherMahyna Mahpainiata the fllwng dcu

; {1 frJ * % i)D*/

I he uddha] ere have a bdy br spaeus geera] h culd here be suishensh ecause he Tahgaa rks ease he me f begs he pulverzes hs bdy s ha begs] mayohip i Therefre he Tahgaa br h a bdy f spaeugeeraio

Nw, wht f *faa-vaistika Peter Skllg h recety uggeted orst betwee multle frgmetry relc d gle ld relc Heees the frmer wh the Srt techcl term" vaistika, the ltterwth kaghana Skllg ecd frmultn f the meng f the frmererm s beter vaistika me exteve r wdered I th regrd, herefers o umber f Pl cmmetre whch tte tht lglved uddhleave oly gle relc, whle hrtlved e (uch kymu surse

ple relcs my t ccrdg t Skllg, dtct betweekaghana d vaistika relc fud n the Bhadakapika-sa' ewlyscovere secd-thrd cetury Gdhr frgmet

No publshe text f the Idc lguge Bhadakapikasta s yet vlble ,so s ssble t cmment h uge ut Sllg l refer fr thesae e o the Saddhaapuka Here, hwever, I dgree wth hmwhe he see th text comud term faa-vaistika (rently wth echal meg23 3 I the Saddhaapuaka there re three cler er

aes o he erm vaistika relevt ctext, d these mke t cler tht t

5 (X 06a5- uan 0. is ey ineesin ha a closely paallel discussion isound in he bhidhaakabha in hich e ead adhan 95 9 .4- 5: apare hu arradhtunm avasthpanrtha eu manu ane ca p vidha so ead fo praja) sahasra svarga ca prpt apavarga ceti Ohes say: [a uddha does no ae bihby sonaneous geneaion] in ode o soidi his bodily elics hough hich by he housandshans and ohes ho do oshi [o he] i obain heaen and libeaion" Vasubandhueecs his easoning. See La Valle oussin 9 - 9 : iii 0- and Silin 005: 96 o

hich oe he efeence Sing 005: 94. l Sing 005: 00; see hoee his Appendix V pp. - 9 i n hich he has aennoe o ohe passages in he Sahaapu¢arka as ell as ohes noed by Edeon 95v vaisia on hich see he fooin.



8 Additioa Notes

is to be understood s descriptie of the distribution of the relics not as anadjectial specication of their nature Indeed his understanding was alreadystated unambiguously by Edgerton234 The expression faa vaistika occurs

in two erses: 235

aa vaistika tasya cb ht : ;J

aa vaistika tasya tyina

In both these cases the meaning is that the relics are distributed There isno description here of the tpe or character of he relics hemseles. rthersimilar passage appears in prose : 2 36

painivasya ca me klapta ye dhtavas tn anpaindmi I tman ca tayklapta mama dhn vipl p katay vaistik ca te dhtava katavspan ca bahni sahsi katavni I

te my death gentle son I will pesent [my] elics [to yo] and yo yoselgentle son ae to case those elics to be woshipped boadly and case thoseelics to be spead widely and many thosands of spas constcted fo them

There are additional examples of the same ocabular in the Divvadnakvadna) where the same Sanskrit expression recurrs with slightly dierentChinese euialents:237 faadtn vaistikn kaiati = n W se 5Iand gunn se 5. We may note an additional example from the sametext238 referring to the distribution of spas with the words: vaistik dtuda ktf ca. Here it is not a uestion of any ualication of the relics butrather of the distribution of he monuments which enshrine them2 39

23 4 Edgeto 1953, .v. vaistika.23 5 Ke ad Najio 1981912: 26.8 (1.84a) oda 1997: 1. Substatial the sae iGilgit Wataabe 1975: 18.2. Kashga howeve eads oda 1983: 17 34 1 vistikt si Kuajva's Chiese at 262 5a22 1).

he seod vese is at Ke ad Najio 198-1912: 69.2 (3.31) oda 1988 : 61 ,Wataabe 1975: 28.4. Agai Kashga (oda 1983: 38 73b2) is slight diffeet, vistk t bhnti Chiese at 262 (X) 12a3 un 2).23 6 Ke ad Najio 1 981 91 2 : 41 . 12 41 1 .3 , Wataabe 1975: 1 63 .23 -26 dhtustn

viul fo dhtn viul Kumajva's Chiese at 262 (X) 53415 n 6) eads: « % .�f2J7 Cowell ad Neil 1886: 368.27-28 379 2122 . 242 L) 998 un 1 ) 1 1 23 -24un 1) 2 3 8 Cowe ad Neil 1886: 388.4 eogized as a vese (davaj) b Muhopadhaa1963 79



Atoa Notes 8

he queton of the menng of sushnshe pper then to be unretedo the queton ofvaistia faa the former referrng to ome condton ofhe relc nmely ther beng the reult of the pulverzton of body whle

he Snkrt term refer to the dtrbuton of relc n the world The formermoreover never tteted trnlton of the ltter

ddtonl Note

o n 74

egrdng the word viaha n the Saddhaau1¢aa Tukmoo tke

omethng lke dvon" buni 7, bunau 7,z trnltn tmabhvaviaha bunatsu sata shintai 7, dvded body" thnkh n hrdly be rght. In fct viaha body" pper to me to be perfetlyordnr Snkrt1 A exmple offaa nd viaha together provded byhe hbhata: tath divafas t na ca vigahamtaTher [ = bhu]bode re dvne but not orporel

42 My trnlton of the compound tma

bhvaviaha bodyfrme" nothng more thn mechncl clque ofhe ompound whch I beleve ctully bet condered mply to men

J That the wo dhtudhr eas spa" s vtay ceta. Whe ot a occeces othe te texts o scptos ae se (see Schope 1988 . 40, who ctg a be oeapes pots ot that the eag ay soe cases athe be the gahcay vey sadhtu) thee ae othe cases whee t s qte ceta. Oe ay efe to a passage theddhur Thee we the foowg vese (Ke a Najo 1908 1912 : 52 .9 1 096 Ggt [Wataabe 975 1 95.912

ao st bhya taav yeh ta hthae� te� Ivptactta ap eav te sa ppt a agaboh I I

To ths coespos the Kashga ascpt the foowg oa 1983 60a)ao st bhya taavc yebhs tah) hthae� te� vptactt a eavc() te cp ppt a agaboh I

The Chese tasatos by Kajva a haaaa espectvey have the foowg 262 I 92425 un 1

E A -mf WBf5 . 263 [I 7 11 2 1 5 un 1

D. E f

Athogh thee s ch to scss ths vese (a see Kaasha 1992 57 o soeeas) what s qte cea s that dhtudhra hee efes to a spa.

saoto 976 5152 See Bhtg a Roth 18551875 . 1003 (s.v. vigaha 6), iee FoeGestateb, Kpe. Mhbhrt 3 247 2 1 ; the tasatio s that of va Bte 19 75: 704.



88 Addiional Nos

body"We may note another nteretng and no dot omehow related word

agan ond n the Sddhpu1¢ namely dhtuvih whch occr n

the ollowng paage

vayam api bagavas asya pabaanasya agaasyaa samyaksa

basya vig payema a s bagavn aaya agaas

asya bagavaa pabaaasya agaasyaa samyaksabasya vig m ii

We oo Blesse One wol see e boy (vaa) o e Tagaa

Aa Complee an Peec Ba Pabaana Wol e Blesse One splease isplay e boy o e Tagaa Aa Complee an Peec Ba

abaana.

o th correpond the ollowng n Dharmaraa tranlaon

One lne later we alo nd the expreon ji hzn hentxngxig R Snce the Bddha n qeton, Prahtaratna, n ome enedead aled both beore and ater the cted entence a pinit and yetnot dead nce he peak, or ntance), what the bodhatta Gadgadaarathe e" o the text) whe to ee , n ome way, both a body and bodlyrec It not eay to now how to reer to ch an obect o al percepton,bt what hold be clear that here, a I elee alo elewhere, vih ha at ot drect ene ody"

23 Krn and Nano 90892 430 .58 robably corrsponding o a snnc svral lnsar ar svral Cnal Asian anuscrips oda 983 4 54 as ll as h fragn on 294 f 57 2) hch also conan h ord dtuviaa; s also Karashia 992 226 T 263 X) 2856 uan 9) S Karashia 998: 507 .v. xng xng ho rndrs hisr an ag."



Aitiol ot 6

to )

Addiionl oes 8

Iscriptiol vic for th grmmticl umbr of th wor fa is, ss so oft th cs with iscriptos qutly mbiguous I th rst plch wor tslf is ot trribly commo probbly bcus rliqury iscriptioshslvs r ot so vry commo mog th kow xmpls thr is ostio tht grmmticlly plurl itrprttio is mor commo th thtas gramticlly sigulr.

h trprttio is o mbiguous sic faa vry frqutly occursas a iglss stm for, tht is, s faia s such45 fir umbr of timshowvr, this stm form is clrly to b urstoo s plurl sic it is prc

th proou im2 i t lst o istc o mbiguit s to umbra all is possibl, lthough th cs is ot tirly clr47 vrthlss, vhr thigs r ot lwys clr I o rliqur iscripto for istc w th squc im faa, urstoo s plurl, but s th itor poits out,hs rlics" r ssocit with thr vrbs all of which r i th sigulr48

hr ar, howvr lso t lst two iscriptiol xmpls of i thss of rlic" which ithr clrly r, or t th vry lst ppr to b,morphologicall sigulr, o s faia49 sigulr ccustiv th othr

sgular istumt5

such css he my simply be o wy o now h inended gmmicl numb, s h duic sie d god iscipions edid by Slomon 996, d numbe of css ioow 2 48 (§X A ) , 52 (§ LXXIX), 5 5 (§ LX 2), 58 (§ LXII , 2), 7 (§ ). o h his cn so be he cse whn he echicl em in quson is huch ss commo dhtu, he hn rr s o insnce in Sd 996: 3, dhs lomon 995b: 364

h liquis o ndn (ies 4, ) nd Rm (2b) i Fussmn 98: 45(d o h oll iepion o he ome h ddiionl ems of Slomo ndcho 984) T� iquy, . 4 (Fussmn 85b: 37); eliquy of he ye 26, 3(Fuss m 98 5c 48); he eliquy sudied by Slomon 95; eliquy of hodi (Sd6 33 ) h Tmi liquy (Mjumd 942 ); Sw elic se (Konow 929 4 §).4 In he Bm se we nd rirehi (Koow 929: 52, § XII), which howe my bih ism, o pehps die, in Konow's iew. Eihe wy, i is obiously plul.4 The Bju liquy, in Fussmn 3: 6 (he inscipio s whol is ed o p ) Tsumoo 996: 9 es ime s singul, bu see Konow 92 9 3 .

4 h i cop ple . 3 , Koow 929 : 28 Th pllelism bewe h isciioshvit bhgvt kmu rir r tithveti nd scipul expssios ws noiced

y chop 77 4 3. I h liquy of e published by Fussmn 985: 3, in 2 we h im c udsood (p 33) s ime) c rre) sigl insmnl.



Atonal Notes

Now, a rther uggetve but, f pobe, even more obcure cae comewth the very rt wrtten example of the word farra n Inda In the hraurveron of the oka Frt Mnor Rock dct, the lat ne contan the word '

budasa sa lo. It qute ure both that sa here a neuter nomnatveular and that the reference to the saa of the uddha2 5 Unfortunatelythe word (f t ndeed a word precedng th expreon, and the ene ofwhat clearly the verb lo reman obcure K R Norman ha argued thatthe ngular grammatcal form here compel u to undertand salI a referrngto a ody Whle I thnk that th probably not o, the example o fraughtwth dfculte that almot nothng certan can be ad at all about t muchle far reachng concluon drawn on t ba252

Fo the nscpton perhaps the best eton s that n Aersen 1990 619, an seeNoan 983 whch contans reference to prevous scussons

A etale scusson earler than an reachng concusons qute at varance wth that ofNoan s Srcar 1 979 7282 .





92 Leatue

Bd Th 193 5 ahauneangy" ¥ n Nanden Daiky (#1 6) oyo: az upp an *

Ceng Xangng 1992. Ln heng n anju" «» £ n CengXangng ed Liang Han Hany Yanji ¥ nan: Sandong jao hubanhe

Clea Thoma 1986. The Fower Oamen Srire A Tranaion of The Avaamaa Sua

ol 2 (Boulde & London: Sambala)Cone Edwad 196 Maeria for A Diiona of he Prajrami Lierare (Toyo:

Suu Reea Foundaon).. 193. The Peeion of Widom in Eigh Thoand Line I ere Smma. Seond

pnng wh oeon (Bolna Calfona Fou Seaon Foundaon 195) 195 The Large Sra on e Widom (Beele: Unvet of Calfona Pe

Repn: elh: Molal Banada 199).w dwad Be and Robe Alexande Nel 1 886 The Diyadna A Coeion

of ar ddhi Legend (Cambdge Repn: Amedam Oenal Pe / Plo Pe190)

emlle Paul 195 Le eon Chnoe du Mlndapaa." ein de 'oe anaied'ExOen24 1258

Enomoo Fumo 1994 A Noe on Kahm a Refeed o n Chnee Leaue J-bn" naue a ed. A Sdy of he Namaa Ae of Hindim in Anien hmir (Koo:nue fo Reea n Humane Koo Unvety) 35-365

oe Anonno 984 Te Avte n Cna of te Tan Mae Mannana (Pao-u-we ? - 1 A ) fom Kam and h Nohen ndan Collaboao." Ea anWes 341 3 : 301-45.

1990 The Relaty of he Conep of Otodoxy n Cnee Buddm: Chhengndmen of Sh- and e Popon of e ama Mo Sa" n Robe EBuwell J ed Chinee ddhi Aoa (Honolulu: Unvety of Hawa Pe): 3949

man ead 1980. Nouvelle npon aa: e d 'Euade e dA e amae de Kana" ein de 'oe anaie d'ExrmeOrien 6 1-43.

- 985a eu dae ao" ein de 'oe anaie d'ExreOrien 4:

9-34 1 985b Nouvelle npon aa (). " ein de oe anaie d'reOrien4: 3546

- 1985 Nouvelle npon aa ()" ein e 'oe Franaie d'ExrmeOrien4 4 - 5

-. 993 Lndoe Mnande ou Paul emvlle Re"oa Aiaiqe 2 8 2 6 1 - 3 8

nol Raneo. 19 The Gigi Manri of he Sanghahedaa eing he h an Laeion of he inaya of he Maaridin. a See Oenale Roma 49/1 (Rome:

o alano pe l Medo ed Eemo Oene).aon Pau Maxwel 1990 The Samd of Dire Enoner wih he ddha of he

reen An Annoaed Engih Tranaion of he Patupanna-Buddha-SamuhvahaSamdhSa Suda Phlologa Buddha Monogaph See (Too Thenenaonal nue fo Bdd Sde).



au 93

99 Dumaknnaaja-papccsa: A Critial Edition of the Tietan Teteenion A aed on Eight Edition of the njr and the Dnhang Manrit FragmenSdlologca Buddca Monogap Ss II (oyo: Inaonal Inso Budds Suds).

99 3 Eals Cns anslaons of Maya Budds Sas: Som Noso Wos o Lokama"ddhit Stdie Review / : 3 5- 77

. 998 Te Ptanna Samdhi Sra BD Engls paka 5II (Bkly: NumaaC fo Budds aslaon and Rsac) [ublsd og n sam volumw The ragama Samdhi Stra anslad by on McRa.

asgawa Sgu J 974. Daasunangy no kny" r O [Maaninata. Mikky nka W{t 5 -39

Hb, ska von 968 Stdien r nta de Pli, eonder de VinayaPiaka.Mcn Sudn zu Spacwssnsca B nu Folg (Munc: J zng).

996 A Handook of Pli Literatre (Bln: Wal d uy; Rpn: Nw Dl:Munsam Manoalal 997)

akawa Aka J w 954 Daj Bukky o kydans ska" *bO [ nsuonal caac of Mayna Buddsm]. In Myamoo Sson

# d Da kky no Seirithiteki Kenky *bO� oyo: Sansd=, 954): 44748. Rpnd n Da kky no Kyri to Kydan *bO Hakawa Aa Cosaus J w 5 (okyo: Sunsa 1 989):-44. o la

. 9 Rit no Kenky O� (oyo: Sankb Wm).

9. nde to te Ahidhaakoaha aiho Edition a wo: Cs-Saskokyo Dazo Suppa)

b, douad 98.Aaghoa, Strkra (as: Ens Loux) Mo {jnm. 996 okbo Daihidoron no s ! * 0

Casscao Da hid ln n Dunuang Manuscps]. In gasawa Yasuno d. Cgok kky Sekiky no Kenky ElO (yoo: KyooDaga ausu Suppaka *¥¥j).

Iwaasu sao 976a Daasunangy n ok san no modan: Nangyso no odn mgu" * = t 9 O p,: i/J\ OG {

<'T [oblms n anslaon soy of small Maharinia sas]. ndogakkkygak Kenky b� 4/: 67-673 (54-55) 976b. Nagy son o onyasa" rJ\OGa [anslaos

smal Nva sas . Indogak kkygak Kenky b 5/ : 4447waoo Yuaa E. 974. tden ngak kky Setwa ¥ m Bukky

Ssn Dakan = okyo: Yomu Sbunsa %1)aawcaa, N A. 97 The Chronile of the Tha and the Thaaa, eing a Tnlation

an Edition ofViaratthera Thaaa (London: uzac & Compay)aaa Yuc 974 Haenj Hannyaky U; I. Daj Bu *b

2 (Toyo: Ckonsa 1) 0 . Hoky ok yoa zns" t9D as agaa abaana Now Appas w a fc Body o Lsn o ous Sua]. SkaDaigak Kokai kkygak Kt Kenkyjo Nen IJ*¥b¥� I



94 Lierare

nna Reor of The Ineaiona Research Insie r Adanced ddhoo a Soka Uniersi4 26

Kaiyohi Ku 1980 Da kky no Seirisshieki Kenky Genshi Hannyaky noenky sn ichi *H�Op5£ (MO£ 0- okyo Sakib

bhori Lm1Kaaa Shigeo 1990. Chgok kkyshi !�5 Vol. 4: Nabokuch o

Bkky (ge) :t0� (Tokyo Tky Daigak Shuppakai R*Kagle, R P 1969 The #a Arhasra. Par I A criica ediion wih a gossa Secod

ediio (Bobay Uiveriy of Bobay repri Delhi Moilal Baarida, 1986Kao Ryh 1 997. Shaka iy Skan Daihasnaion egue W

m IJX*?l <- [The ralaor of he Da anniehan jing appearigi he Shia Indogak kkygak Kenky n{�£ 452: 750754 22 82 2

Karahia Seihi 1 992 . The Tex Sdy of he Chinese ersions of he Saddhaaarkasra in he igh of he Sanskri and Tiean ersions Bibioheca Idoogica eBddhoogca (Tokyo The Sakibo re)

1994 Jagoky no Gengo no Kenky W\i OO (Tokyo Hirakawahppa r

1 998 Gossa ofDhaarak!as Transaion of he Los Sa Bibioheca hiologcae Phioophica Bddhica I (Tokyo The Ieraioa Reearch Iie for AdvacedBddhology, Soka Uieriy)

200 1 . Gossa of mraja s Transaion of he Los Sra Biblioheca Phioogicae Philoophica Buddhica okyo The eraioal Reearch Iie for AdacedBuddhoogy, Soka Uieriy)

Kariya Sadahiko 1965 . Hokeky i okeru sha arra o dhu r£�:jI f arra dhu [Sh i he Lou Sua arra ad dh Indogak kkygak

enky n� 14/1 1 75 1 79Ker, Hedrik. 1 8 84. The Sahaaarka, or The Los of he Te Law. Sacred Book of

he Ea 2 1 (Oxford Claredo re I hae ued a repri of 1909.Ker, Hedrik, ad Buyi Najio 19081912. Saddharmaarka. Bibioheca Bddhica

1 0 (S Perbourg Iperial Acadey Repri Oabrck Biblio Verlag, 1970Kra, Takayau 1 986 . Pacaiaishasrik Prajrami I (Tokyo Sakbo

Bhori Publihig).Kod, Ryk 1 96 . Daahmaro nma Mahynasra (Tokyo Repri Kyoo Rie

Book Copay, 1986 Rie Buddhi Tex Serie 2Koow Se 1 929 aro!h Inscions wih he exceion of hose of Aoka Corpu Icripou

Idicar II (Calca Repri Ne Delhi The Direcor eeral ArchaeologicalSurvey of Idia, 1991 .

Kbo Tugari p 1 98 7 Hokeky osas Shis no so r'0¥ okyoShha )

a Vale Poi, Loui de 1 92 1 9 1 L Ahidhaakoa de asandh (Pari euherRepri, Manges chinois e oddhiqes 1 6, Buxelle: Iu Bege de haue udeChioie, 197 1 .



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i Robert 1 968. ograhe de Mone Emnent o Seng Tchoan de oekao Bibliotue u Museon 54 (Louvain nstitt Orientaiste).

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2002 C ono? or Follo te Money ening te opist in a li Coentay n ubliation Coittee for ddht and Indan Stde n onor of Profeor Sod More ddht and Indan Stde n onor of Proor Sod Mor (Haaatsu KousaiBuyoto Kyoai) 129-18 .

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Lterture 99

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1998 SddhruQrk onzed Tet Tokusima Daigaku Sg gakubuenky Hkokuso *��¥ 5: 1-52

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tertre

0 Hn Bhsm n the Western Regon n W em n E rcheres Togt and Law in Qin and an Cina tudies dediated to ntony ulsew on teocasion of is eigtiet birtday (een E Brll) 1 58 182

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Body Language-Indic śarīra and Chinese shèlì in the Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra and Saddharmapuṇḍarika