Built2Spec Built to Specification : Tools for the 21 ...built2spec-project.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/B2S_D5.1_Autom… · Workbook 4: User Stories, Items of Work for B2S Test

Deliverable 5.1 Automated Quality Assurance and Compliance Methodology

1

ThisprojectisfundedbytheHorizon2020FrameworkProgramoftheEuropeanUnion

Built2Spec

BuilttoSpecification:Toolsforthe21stCenturyConstructionSite

H2020GrantAgreement–637221

D5.1AutomatedQualityAssuranceandComplianceMethodology

Author:Ecofix

Contributors:AllPartners

1stQualityReviewer:TimDijkmans(TNO)2ndQualityReviewer:CherylYoung(VRM)

Deliverablenature: Report(R)

Disseminationlevel:(Confidentiality) Public(PU)

Contractualdeliverydate: M24-31December,2016

Actualdeliverydate: M30-19June2017

Version: 1.0

Totalnumberofpages: 22pageReport;5SeparateWorkbookandPDFDocuments

Keywords: VirtualConstructionManagementPlatform,KeyEnergyEfficiencyMeasures,UserStories,WorkflowDiagrams,ItemsofWork,performancegap,qualitychecks,performancetests,evidenceofuse,mobiledevices,SoftLandings


2

DISCLAIMER

The opinion stated in this report reflects the opinion of the authors and notnecessarily the opinion of the European Commission. Neither the EASME nor theEuropean Commission are responsible for any use that may be made of theinformationcontainedtherein.

All intellectualproperty rightsareownedby theBUILT2SPECconsortiummembersand are protected by the applicable laws. Except where otherwise specified, alldocument contents are ‘@BUILT2SPEC – All rights reserved’. Reproduction is notauthorisedwithoutpriorwrittenagreement.

The commercial useof any information contained in thisdocumentmay require alicensefromtheownerofthatinformation.

AllBUILT2SPECconsortiummembersarealsocommittedtopublishaccurateanduptodate informationand take thegreatestcare todoso.However, theneither theEuropean Commission nor the BUILT2SPEC consortium members cannot acceptliabilityforanyinaccuraciesoromissionsnordotheyaccept liabilityforanydirect,indirect,special,consequentialorotherlossesordamagesofanykindarisingoutoftheuseofthisinformation

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ThisdocumentisadeliverableoftheBUILT2SPECprojectwhichhasreceivedfundingfrom the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation ProgrammeunderGrantAgreementno.637221


3

TableofContents1.0 Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. 4

2.0 DoA Description of T5.1 ..................................................................................................... 5

3.0 Key Energy Efficiency Measures ......................................................................................... 5

3.1 Targets ............................................................................................................................. 7

3.2 Design .............................................................................................................................. 7

3.3 Windows and Doors ........................................................................................................ 8

3.4 Solar Shading ................................................................................................................... 8

3.5 Airtightness ...................................................................................................................... 8

3.6 Thermal Bridging ............................................................................................................ 9

3.7 Insulation ......................................................................................................................... 9

3.8 Ventilation ..................................................................................................................... 10

3.9 Heating, Cooling and DHW .......................................................................................... 10

3.10 Electric Equipment and Appliances ............................................................................ 11

3.11 Water Services and Plumbing ...................................................................................... 11

3.12 Energy Recovery ......................................................................................................... 12

3.13 Energy Storage ............................................................................................................ 12

3.14 Renewable Energy Systems ......................................................................................... 13

3.15 Controls ....................................................................................................................... 13

3.16 Monitoring ................................................................................................................... 14

3.17 Soft Landings ............................................................................................................... 15

3.18 Overall Performance .................................................................................................... 16

4.0 Building Regulations Standards for Energy Efficiency ..................................................... 17

5.0 B2S Innovative Testing Technologies ............................................................................... 18

6.0 User Stories, Items of Work and Workflow Diagrams ..................................................... 19

7.0 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 21


4

SeparateD5.1Documents

The primary outputs fromD5.1 are inworkbooks and a PDF documentwhich areseparatedocumentstothispublicreportandarelistedbelow:

Workbook1:KeyEnergyEfficiencyMeasures(.xlsworkbook)Workbook2:SummaryofBuildingRegulations(.xlsworkbook)Workbook3:UserStories,ItemsofWorkforEnergyEfficiencyMeasures(.xlsworkbook)Workbook4:UserStories,ItemsofWorkforB2STestTechnologies(.xlsworkbook)Document5:WorkflowDiagrams(PDF’s)

1.0ExecutiveSummary

WP5 is the link between the previousWP’s andWP6where the project’sVirtualConstruction Management Platform [VCMP] is being developed. The primaryobjective of T5.1 is to use the experience of the partners to develop acomprehensivemethodology of quality checks, self-inspection techniques and testproceduresforconstructionactivitieswhichwillhelptoclosetheperformancegapbetween the design and the occupied building. The quality checks and testprocedureshadbeanalysedandbrokendownintodetailedstepbystepprocesseswhich are then described in a standard format for software development. Thesoftware industryuses ‘UserStories’, ‘ItemsofWork’and ‘WorkflowDiagrams’ tocommunicate to the software developers the functionality and objectives of thesoftwaresothattheycancreatethemostefficientsoftwaresystemfortheVCMP.Using the partners’ collective experience in the construction industry and ourknowledgeof energy efficiency inbuildings the first stepwas to identify themostcriticalareasofbuildingdesign,constructionandoccupationwhichaffecttheenergyperformanceand indoorenvironmentalqualitiesof abuilding. The three stagesofdesign,constructionandoccupationeachhaveanimpactontheactualperformanceof a building and an integrated approach involving all three stages is essential tocreatehealthierandmoreenergyefficientbuildings.The five innovative testing technologies being developed in the project will beintegratedintotheVCMP.ToachievethisUserStories,ItemsofWorkandWorkflowDiagramshavebeendevelopedbythetechnologypartnersincollaborationwiththeT5.1teamsothattheiruseasperformanceandqualitytestscanbeimplementedonabuildingsite.Measurableperformancetargetsneedtobeset foreachqualitycheckandtestsothatcompliancereportingcanbeautomatedintheVCMP. AsmanyofthetargetswillbetheminimumstandardsoftheBuildingRegulationsinthecountryorregion


5

wheretheprojectislocatedasummaryoftheprojectpartners’BuildingRegulationswascollectedandcollatedfortheregulationswhichaffectenergyefficiency.ThesesummarieswillbekeptintheVCMPStandardsDatastoreforextractingtargetsandstandardswhenaprojectissetupontheVCMP.2.0DoADescriptionofT5.1

“Using the combined field expertise of the partners, current standards and EUbuilding regulations as the primary sources the processes for each self-inspectiontechniqueandrelevantconstructionprocessstepwhichhavethegreatestimpactonbuildingenergyperformanceandindoorenvironmentalqualitywillbedetailedinaseriesofstepbystepmethodologies.A specific set of Key Energy Efficiency quality check measures that are critical tocompliance and performance targets relative to the energy performance of abuilding will be identified and the step by step methodology for these will bedevelopedindetail.Thequalitycheckmeasureswillextendtothedesignteamprofessionalsto involvethem in the education of the building users beyond handover so the designknowledgeand intentionsare transferred to thebuildingusers.Thiswillextend toseasonal commissioning of the building services in the first year of occupation toensurethebuildingservicesfunctionproperlyandefficiently,acommonproblem.Thedetailedknowledgeoftheself-inspectiontechniqueshascomeasoutputsfromWP2, WP3 and WP4 and the partners involved. These will include thermalperformanceassessmentsairpulsetesting,IAQ,acousticperformance,imageryandsmartmaterials,BIMbasedconstructiondetailsandtheSoftLandingsFramework.”3.0KeyEnergyEfficiencyMeasures

Abuildingneedstobeconsideredasaintegratedsystemusinga‘systemsthinking’approachtounderstandthedynamicsofbuildingphysicsandbuildingperformance.Determiningwhichinterconnectedaspectsofabuildingarefundamentalandcriticalto improving performance and creating higher standards of indoor environmentalqualityischallenging.Itisrelativelyeasytodevelopalonglistofdetailsthatallhavean impact on a building’s performance as buildings are complex assemblies ofmaterials,componentsandsystems.Thechallengeistoconsiderthesefromahigherlevel using a systems thinking approach and to categorise the detailswhich affectperformanceintoagenericsetofhighlevelmeasures.Wehaveconcludedthatthisis possible with 18 Key Energy Efficiency Measures which are listed in the tablebelow.


6

KEYENERGYEFFICIENCYMEASURES1 Targets 10 ElectricalEquipment&Appliances2 Design 11 WaterServices3 WindowsandDoors 12 EnergyRecovery4 SolarShading 13 EnergyStorage5 Airtightness 14 RenewableEnergySystems6 ThermalBridging 15 Controls7 Insulation 16 Monitoring8 Ventilation 17 ‘SoftLandings’9 HeatingCoolingandDHW 18 OverallPerformanceWe have developed detailed generic step by step methods for self-inspection,qualitychecksandperformancetestingfortheseKeyEnergyEfficiencyMeasuressothatbyusing thesemethodologiesduring thedesign, constructionandoccupationstagestheperformancegapcanbereduced.ThestepbystepmethodshavetobegenericfortheVCMPplatformbecausetherearemanybuildingmethods,materialsanddesignsandit is impossibletocataloguein detail all the quality checks and tests for all the different ways buildings aredesigned, built and used. The VCMP platform is being developed strategically toallowUsersworkingonspecificprojectstodeveloptheirowndetailedqualitychecksand tests appropriate to their specific design and choice of buildingmethods andmaterials. Users will be guided by the generic methods and processes we havedeveloped inT5.1 for theKeyEnergyEfficiencyMeasuresand theywill beable toeasilydevelopandaddtothesetosuitthespecificsoftheirbuildingproject.Thisisachievedbyuploadingaprojectspecificlistof‘ItemsofWork’intotheVCMPtoaddtothegenericqualitychecksinthe‘EvidenceofUse’appthatisacentralpartoftheVCMP.TheseItemsofWorkareconciseinstructionsfortaskswhicharesentto themobile devices of assignedUsers to complete the task. These tasks usuallyinvolvegatheringinformationonsiteabouttheactualworkbeingdonesothatitcanbecomparedtothedesigndetailsandspecification.Thetasksrangefromscanningbarcodes;takingphotosofreferencenumbers,serialnumbers and product labels; taking photos of materials and components as theyarrive on site; taking photos at specific locations before, during and after certainworks are undertaken; and testing or checking for performance indicators usingproject specific targets foreach testorcheck.These testsmay involveairtightnesstesting,thermalimaging,acoustictesting,indoorairqualitytestingorchecksonthedimensionalaccuracyofcertaincomponentsorconstructions.The rationale for selecting these specific 18 Key Energy Efficiency Measures isoutlined below for each measure. The principles of reducing demand before


7

selectingefficientandrenewablesupplysystems isconsideredfundamental tothisapproach. These measures work together as an effective, integrated strategy fordesigning, constructing and using buildings to minimize the use of energy andimprovetheindoorenvironment.3.1TargetsSetting performance targets is the necessary first step for improving energyefficiencyand indoorenvironmentalquality so thatmeasuredperformancecanbecomparedanda“Pass/Fail”inaqualitycheckprocesscanleadtocorrectiveaction.Minimum targets are set by Building Regulations and other building standards.Clientsandtheirdesignteamscanagreehigherstandardswhichsuittheirneedsandaspirations.All standards and targets are a necessary part of the design process so thatcalculationscanestimatetheperformanceofadesigninaniterativeprocess.In theconstruction stage the targetsanddesigncalculations canbeused to checkany changes in the specification thatmaybe considered toensure the targets aresatisfied.In the occupation stage the original design targets can be used to compare withmonitoredperformanceandprovideusefulfeedbacktothedesignteam.3.2DesignThedesignforabuildingisobviouslycriticaltoitsperformanceinusebutafocusonenergy efficiency is not always considered at an early enough stage in the designprocess.Fundamentalssuchasthe‘surfaceareatovolumeratio’;orientationtothesunorprevailingwinds;themicroclimatedeterminedbysitelayoutandlandscapingandconsiderationofrenewableenergyresourcesallaffecttheenergyperformanceof the building. Decisions on these fundamentals are often made withoutconsidering the impact on energy performancewhich is often undertaken later inthedesignprocess.Energymodelsofbuildingdesignsareanimportanttoolforestimatingperformanceand checking design decisions against the performance targets in the design andconstructionstages.Intheoccupationstageitistheseenergymodelswhichprovidethecomparisonwiththemonitoredenergyuseandwheretheoverallsuccessinclosingthe“performancegap”canbemeasured.A dynamic design process with feedback loops built into the process is moreeffective at achieving low energy buildings than the conventional linear designprocess.The Integrated Design Process (IDP) pioneered by the IEA in Task 23( http://task23.iea-shc.org/integrated-design-process3)providesausefulframeworkandtoolsforintroducingthisprocesstodesignteamsandprojects.The IntegratedDesignandDeliverySolutions (IDDS)approach isastepbeyond IDPwhich includes the construction and occupation of a building. It is this approachwhichB2Ssupportsby integratingqualityassurance (QA)procedures for the threestages(design,construction,occupation) inan informationmanagementplatform,theVCMP.


8

3.3WindowsandDoorsTheexternalenvelopeisthemajordeterminantofabuilding’senergyperformanceas it mediates between the indoor environment and the outdoor environment.Peopleusuallywantastableindoorenvironmentcreatedbythebuildingtomitigatethe dynamic weather conditions of the outdoor environment. A ‘fabric first’approachtoenergyefficiencyisconsideredcostoptimal.Windowsanddoorsarethemostdynamiccomponentsoftheexternalenvelopeasthey generally allow more thermal energy into and out of the building than theopaquepartsof theexternal envelope. Theorientationof thewindowsanddoorsaffectstheamountofsolargainandheatloss.Whenusedfornaturalventilationthedesign and positioning of the windows and doors affects the amount of air thatentersorisextractedfromthebuilding.Thisisevenmorecriticalwhenadesignfornaturalventilationisusedasalowenergystrategy.The specificationof the glazing, frames and thermal performanceofwindows anddoorshasasignificantimpactonoverallenergyperformanceandthermalcomfort.Usefully most windows and doors are now rated under a number of differentcertification programmes which test the components for airtightness, thermalperformance, overall U-value, glazing U-value and g-value (solar reflectance) andoverall thermal performance. These values can be incorporated into the designprocessandusedinqualitychecksandtestsintheVCMP.3.4SolarShadingSolarenergygainsthroughglazinginwindowsanddoorscanbeusefultoheatupabuildinginthemorningandintheheatingseasonandwindowsshouldbedesignedtooptimizetheirsolargainstoreduceheatingenergyuse.Converselyatlatertimesinthedayandinwarmerweathertoomuchsolargaincancreatethermaldiscomfortortriggertheuseofenergyforcoolingthebuilding.Correctlydesignedsolar shadingcanprovideanoptimalbalancebetweenallowingsolargainsattherighttimesandexcludingsolargainswhentheyaregenerallynotneeded. Computer models of buildings which simulate solar tracking for specificlocationscanbeusedtodesignaccuratesolarshadingdevices.Theinformationfromthedesignmodelcanthenbeusedtochecktheangleandpositiononthebuildingduringconstruction.3.5AirtightnessTheairtightness, or air permeability, of abuilding’s external envelopehas amajorimpact on the overall energy performance of the building. Airtightness can affectoverallenergyusesignificantlyandyetthecostofachievingaveryairtightenvelopeisnotsignificantwheneffectiveconstructiondetailsandspecificationsarepreparedforaproject.Workmanshipisthebiggerissueinachievingairtightnessconsistentlyacrossawholebuildingenvelopeassomanyworkersareinvolved.


9

Quality checks and tests for airtightness are very effective at improving thisworkmanshipwithminimal timeandeffort. It is the author’s direct experienceonseveralbuildingprojectsthatafocusonairtightnessiswelcomedasachallengebymost construction workers who compete to achieve measurably (by blower doortesting) better airtightness results.Anecdotally the sitemanagers think a focusonairtightnessimprovestheoverallqualityofworkontheirsite.Airtightness is measured by the now conventional blower door tests using 50 Papressure difference and in B2S we are trialling and testing the innovative PulseSystemwhich uses 4 Pa pressure in a short pulse of air pressure. Themetrics areeither ACH ( air changes per hour) or air permeability in m3/hr/m2 of externalenvelopearea.3.6ThermalBridgingThermalbridgingacrosstheinsulationzoneofanexternalenvelopehasasignificantimpactonthethermalperformanceofabuildingasonedetailwiththermalbridgingmayberepeatedoveralengthofmanymetres.Forexampleonecilldetailwithpoorthermalbridgingmayberepeatedateverywindowcillinthebuildingandthetotalheatlossthroughthisdetailcanbeverysignificant.Thermalbridgingcanalsocausecondensationwhich can lead tomould growth and deterioration of thematerialsaffectedbythethermalbridge.Thusthermalbridgingneedstobeconsideredforalldetailsoftheexternalenvelopeduringthedesignstage.Thermal bridging calculations can be donewith various software systems such asThermwhichalsooutputusefulimagessimilartothermalimagesfromIRcameras.Quality checks for correct construction need to be carried out vigilantly duringconstructionandanyproblemsduringoccupationneedtobe investigatedtosee ifthermal bridgingmay be the cause. Thermal imaging can be used to analyse theperformanceofathermalbridgedetail.ThemetricforthermalbridgingisthePsivalue.3.7InsulationOptimisingtheinsulationoftheexternalenvelopeisessentialforanenergyefficientandthermallycomfortablebuilding.Theamountandtypeofinsulationneedstobecarefully considered separately for the basement, ground floor, thewalls and theroof. The design of the external envelope requires a good working knowledge ofbuildingphysicsappropriatefortheclimateofthesitecombinedwithknowledgeofthe building methods and systems being used for the various elements of thebuilding.Insulationisusedprimarilytoslowdownthemovementofthermalenergythroughabuilding element and this characteristic is measured by its lambda value. U-valuecalculations for specific constructions are used to calculate the thickness ofinsulationrequiredtomeetthespecifiedtargets.The insulation material and its position in the construction also affects themovementofmoisturethroughtheconstruction,thelocationofthedewpointandthe potential for interstitial condensation within the construction.WUFI software(https://wufi.de/en/) analyses the movement of moisture and thermal energy


10

throughaconstructionovertimeandshouldbeusedtodesignmostwallandroofconstructionsinlowenergybuildings.The quality checks for insulation include lambda value, thickness, U-value, vapourpermeability, fire rating,GWPandaWUFIhygrothermalcalculation for theoverallconstructionofthebuildingelement.3.8VentilationBuildingsareforpeoplewhosewell-beingandhealtharesignificantlyaffectedbythequalityoftheindoorenvironmentaspeopleinEuropenowspendabout90%ofourtimeindoors.Thequalityoftheairwebreathehasthemostimpactonourcomfortand experience after thermal comfort. Exposure to pollutants in the air can affecthealth(sickbuildingsyndrome)andintheshorttermcanbeuncomfortable,affectwell-beingandproductivity.The pollutants which affect indoor air quality are various with many pollutantsoriginating in the multitude of chemicals we use in and outside our buildings.Outdoorair isnotnecessarily ‘fresh’and indenseurbanenvironmentstheoutsideaircanbemorepollutedthanusedindoorairduetovehicleandindustrialemissionsfromnearbyroads.CommonpollutantsfoundincommercialbuildingsincludeCO2,CO,NOx,SO2,moisture,particulates(PM2.5,PM10),VOCs,radon,ozone,aldehydesandman-madefibres.Well designed ventilation systems delivering high quality air to all spaces in abuilding are essential for human health and well-being. Designed ventilationstrategiesandsystemsareespeciallyimportantasbuildingenvelopesbecomemoreairtight forenergyefficiency.Openablewindowsfor individual localcontrolcanbepartoftheventilationstrategyandhaveimportantpsychologicalbenefits.Ventilation strategies for low energy buildings are either natural ventilation,mechanicalventilationorhybridventilationwhichcombinesaspectsofbothnaturalandmechanicalsystems.Inallstrategiesthevolumeandrateofairchangesrequiredtomaintainhigh indoorairquality is related tobuildinguseandoccupancy.Usingnaturalventilationtocoolabuildingisanenergyefficientstrategy.AirqualitystandardsincommercialandindustrialbuildingsareofteninHealthandSafety Regulations rather than Building Regulations. The metrics are either in“volume/time/occupancy”suchas“8litres/second/person”orin“volume/time”asin“0.5airchangesperhour”.Balometersandotherairflowmeasuringdevicesareusedtomeasureandchecktheairflow in ventilation ductwork. The airtightness of ductwork affects the energyefficiencyoftheventilationsystemandtheefficacyoftheventilationsystemsothisshouldbetestedduringinstallation.3.9Heating,CoolingandDHWTheheating, coolingandhotwater systems inabuilding typicallyusemostof thebuilding’senergyso it is important todesignandspecify themostenergyefficient


11

systemsavailable.Lowtemperaturesystemscantakeadvantageoftheprinciplesofexergyandrenewableenergysystemswhichoftendeliverlowertemperaturesthanfossilfuel‘fired’systems.Integrated systems can achieve synergies that contribute to energy efficiency andtherearemanyproveninnovativeandveryefficientsystemsonthemarketthatarenot yet well known. For example cooling systems generate heat which should beusedtoheattheDHWorthethermalenergyshouldbestoredforwhenheating isrequired.The pipes and ducts which deliver these services around a building should bedesigned to minimise standard right angle junctions which create large pressuredrops and increase pump and fan power requirements. Instead easy radius bendsandjunctionsdesignedforlowresistancefluidflowwithlargerpipesandductsandsmaller pumps and fans will reduce noise and significantly reduce the energyconsumedindistributingtheairandwateraroundthebuilding.(RMIpublicationFeb2011;“BigPipes,SmallPumps”;FactorTenEngineering)Theperformanceoftheselectedsystemsshouldbeincludedintheenergymodelforthebuildingsothatthesub-meteredandmonitoredperformanceofthesesystemsintheoccupiedbuildingcanbecomparedandanalysedtocheckhowefficientlytheyare performing. Using continuous feedback during occupation should result incontinuousimprovementsinbuildingperformance.Controlsandrenewableenergyforheating,coolingandDHWarediscussedinitems3.14and3.15below.3.10ElectricEquipmentandAppliancesTo reduce demand for electricity the most energy efficient electrical equipmentshould be specified. The development of ever more energy efficient electricalequipment,componentsandappliancesisanopportunitytosignificantlyreducetheelectricityusebycarefulspecification.Thenatureof thecontracting industrywhere tendersarewonon the lowestpricerequires vigilance during the construction stage to ensure that the specification isbeingmetbysub-contractors,someofwhommaynotbeindirectcontactwiththeDesign Team. Some components can look identical but perform completelydifferentlydependingontheirmodelnumberwhichcanonlybecheckedwithabarcodeorserialnumber.Thusadetailedcheckingprocessofbar codes, referenceandserialnumbersofallelectricalcomponentsdeliveredtositeisessentialtoensurethebuildingis“builttospec”. Photographic evidence of the installed equipment allows checking for anysubstitutionsthatmayhavetakenplaceduringtheconstructionstage.3.11WaterServicesandPlumbingItispossibletoreducethedemandforwaterinacommercialorresidentialbuildingby 40% using plumbing fittings and fixtures designed for lowwater use. Aerating


12

taps,lowflowshowerheads,lowflushtoilets,waterlessurinalsandautomaticshut-offvalvesallreducewaterusewithouttheusernoticingareductioninservice.AllpipeworkforwaterservicesshouldbedesignedusingtheFactorTenEngineeringprinciples outlined in item 9 above tominimize the pumping power necessary toprovidethewaterservices.Arainwaterharvestingsystemcanreducethewastefuluseoftreatedmainswaterfor flushing toilets, cleaning and maintenance. Such a system provides a usefulstoragebuffer for dry periodswhen thepublicwater infrastructuremaybeunderstressanduserestrictionsareinforce.Flow sub-meters on water sub-systems can provide useful monitored feedbackduringoccupationtoimprovetheefficientmanagementoftheuseofwater.Checksonadherencetothespecificationduringconstructionareessential.3.12EnergyRecoveryEnergy recovery systems can return a significant amount of useful energy to abuilding.Theyarenotyet included in thedesignofevery system ineverybuildingeventhoughtheyarecosteffectiveandhaveshortpaybackperiods.The recovery of thermal energy, both hot and cold, from ventilation and coolingsystemscanusetechnologythattakesadvantageofenthalpytooptimizetheenergyrecovered.Wasteheatexchangerscanbe installedonanyequipmentthatexhaustshotairorwater including computer servers, clothes dryers, air conditioning and coolingsystems. Flue heat recovery technologies can be installed on any equipment thatburnsafuelforheat.Drainheatrecoverysystemscanrecoversignificantheatfromwaste water just before it leaves the building and goes into the public drainagesystem.Sensorsonall energy recovery systemswillprovidedata tomeasureandoptimizethe re-use of the considerablewaste energy that is produced by building servicesandequipment.3.13EnergyStorageEnergy storage is a useful strategy to reduce the demand for energy by storingrecovered,excess,wasteandrenewableenergyproduced inabuilding.Thestoredenergy can then be used in different parts of the building at different times fromwhere and when it was recovered or produced. This reduces the total energydemandfromconventionalsources.The storagemedium for thermal energy needs to have high thermalmass andberelatively cheap to keep the energy storage system cost effective.Water and theearthbelowthebuildingarethetwomostcommonmediums.“Energypiles”innewbuildings use the piled foundations as cost effective heat exchangers to thesurroundinggroundasaheatsinkforcoolingorforstoringheatinaninter-seasonalheatstoragesystem.


13

Thestructureofabuildingcanbedesignedasathermalstoreifithashighthermalmass (masonry or concrete) and is externally insulated with no thermal bridges.Integratingwaterpipesintothisheavystructureforheatingandcoolingthebuildingreduces theneed forhigh temperatures forheatingandcooling. Lowtemperatureheating and cooling systems are most suitable with renewable and low carbonenergysourcesandresultinveryefficientbuildings.Heat pumps can increase or decrease the stored thermal energy to the desiredtemperature for use in the building. Battery technologies for storing renewableelectricity,or foraback-upsupply,are increasing theirefficiencyandperformancewhilereducingtheirenvironmentalimpactsduetointenseR&Dinthisarea.Energy storage systems integrated into the building design need sensors andmonitoringsothattheamountofenergyavailabletothebuildingisknownandtheeffectivenessofthesystemscanbeanalysedandoptimized.3.14RenewableEnergySystemsIntegrating renewable energy systems into new building designs can significantlyreducethecostsof installationcomparedtoaretrofit.Manyjurisdictionsrequireaminimumpercentageof anewbuilding’senergyuse tobeprovidedby renewableenergy and this requirement will increase over time with new EU directives andnationalregulations.To ensure the renewable energy systems are installed and perform correctly sub-metersandsensorsshouldbeinstalledtomonitortheperformance.3.15ControlsEffectivecontrolsontheservicesinabuildingcansignificantlyreducetheamountofenergy used and improve the Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ). Research inEuropehasfoundthatmostBMS(BuildingManagementSystems)donotworkorarenotusedproperlyin90%1ofbuildingsduetolackofknowledgeandtraining,lossofcritical instructions over time, lack of maintenance and lack of seasonalcommissioning.BMSsystemsareoftenproprietary for themajor systems installedduringconstructionandtheycanbedifficulttoadaptwhenchangesinthebuildingareundertaken.Agreater levelofcontrol ispossiblewithamoredetailedlayerof lowcostsensorsandactuatorsinstalleddirectlyonequipmentandinmorespacesinabuilding.Thetechnologyofsensorshasdevelopedsignificantly inthepast15yearsandlowcostsensorsandactuatorsarecommerciallyavailable.Whendeployedacrossabuildingtocaptureamoredetailedand fine-grainedviewofhowabuilding, itsequipmentandsystemsareperformingitispossibletoprovidefeedbacktothecontrolsystem

1 Cited by Mills, but unable to verify source reference. EU2 Analysis and Market Survey for European Building Technologies in Central & Eastern European Countries – GOPA ; also Carbon Trust UK Report 2007 : CTV 032 Building Controls.


14

so that it automatically controls the building for greater comfort and energyefficiency.Wired or wireless sensors and actuators in more locations to provide a greaternumberofcontrolledspaces,orzones,willenablemorespecificcontrolofspacesforgreatercomfort.Therearenowbuildingcontrolsoftwareplatformsavailableinthecloudforintegratingthesesensorsandactuatorsandallowingcontrolfromremotelocations.Thesoftwarealsoprovidesdashboards for reporting filtered informationtoselectedUsers.3.16MonitoringA comprehensive monitoring system should be integrated into the design of abuilding so that themanagers and users get feedback on the performance of thesystemsintheirbuildingduringoccupation.Thegreaterthenumberofsensorsandsub-meters the more fine-grained the data and feedback will be about theperformanceofthebuilding.Themoredatathatisavailabletomanagethebuildingthe more the use and control of the building can be fine-tuned to optimizeperformance.Themonitoringsystemshouldbe integratedwiththecontrolsystemasoutlinedaboveforasmuchautomaticfeedbacktothecontrolsystemaspossible.Alargeanddiversedatabaseofmonitoreddatacollectedoveralongperiodoftimecan also be analysed with ‘machine learning’ tools to discover latent intelligenceabouthow thebuilding isbeingusedand isperforming.This typeofdataanalysiscan informmanagement about useful refinements and guide decisions about thecontrolsystemsanduseofthebuilding.Thetechnologyformonitoringbuildingshasbeenevolvingrapidlyoverthepastfewyears as the IoT (Internet of Things) concept and related technologies have beendeveloped. There are now cost effective, wireless, batteryless, power harvestingsensors which can be deployed to monitor individual pieces of equipment andindividual spaces for IEQ and IAQ. Essential to their use is an effective wirelesscommunications system within the building with a gateway so the data can beexported to the cloud for viewing on a remote computer or device. The wirelesssensorsmakeinstallationinexistingbuildingscosteffectiveasretrofittinganywiringisavoided.Seewww.enocean-alliance.org.A suitableM&T (Monitoring and Targeting) programme should be developed andimplemented by the building’s management based on the data provided by themonitoring system to make best use of the data available. The informationgenerated by the monitoring system can be used to support designated ‘energychampions’ in thebuildingwho leadbehaviourchange to improveperformanceofthebuilding.ThemonitoringsystemcanalsoprovidedataandalertsforaPredictiveMaintenancesystemwhich can reducemaintenance costs and the ‘downtime’ of any system inthebuilding.Forexamplevibrationsensorsonpumpscanalertmanagementthata


15

pump needsmaintenance that prevents failure up to 5months before the pumpwouldrequirecostlyreplacement.3.17SoftLandings“SoftLandings”isaframeworkforthesuccessfulhandoverofabuildingtotheownerandusersfromthedesignandconstructionteamstoensuretheownerandusersknowhowtocontrolandusethebuildingasitwasdesignedsothatitperformswellandsatisfiestheirrequirementsinthefirstyearsofoccupation.https://www.bsria.co.uk/services/design/soft-landingsEssentiallySoftLandingsextendsthecontractsforthedesignandconstructionteambeyond Practical Completion, usually for at least the first year of occupation. TheSoft Landings framework was developed when it was realized that the newgenerationof lowenergybuildingswerenotachieving theirdesignedperformancetargetsbecausethemanagersandusersofthebuildingsdidn’tknowhowtooperatethebuildingsoptimally.TheSoftLandingsmethodologyis implementedinstageswhicharecongruentwiththeprinciplesofthe IntegratedDesignProcess(IDP)andthe IntegratedDesignandDeliveryService(IDDS).Thesestagesare:

1. InceptionandBriefing• DefineRolesandresponsibilities• Reviewpastexperiences• Planforintermediateevaluationsandrealitychecks• Setenvironmentalandotherperformancetargets• Setupdecisionmakinggateways• Incentivesforperformanceresults

2. DesignDevelopment

• Reviewpastexperience• DesignReviews• TenderdocumentationandEvaluation

3. Pre-HandoverChecklist

• Environmentalandenergymonitoringreview• BuildingReadinessprogramme• CommissioningRecordscheck• MaintenanceContract• Training• BMsinterfacecompletionanddemonstration• Migrationplanning• Aftercareteamhome• OccupantGuide• TechnicalGuide• O&MManualReview


16

4. AftercareService

• On-siteAttendance• AftercareTeamWorkstation• IntroductoryGuidanceforUsers• TechnicalGuidance• Communications• Walkabouts

5. ExtendedAftercareYears1-3

• AftercareReviewMeetings• Monitoringenvironmentalandenergyperformance• Systemsandenergyreview• Finetunesystems• Recordfinetuningandusechanges• Communications• Walkabouts• PostOccupancyEvaluation• EndofYearReviews

ThedetailsofhowSoftLandingsisimplementedwillvaryforeachprojectandclient.ByincludingtheoutlineoftheframeworkintotheVCMPwewillencourage,supportand facilitate the use of these techniques for improving the performance of abuildingintheoccupationstage.3.18OverallPerformanceUltimatelytheobjectiveoftheB2Sprojectistoimprovetheoverallperformanceofa building. Comparing the actualmonitored performance of the buildingwith theinitial design stage whole building energymodel and simulations will provide thequantitativeresultsandonemeasureofthesuccessofthebuilding.Equally important is the qualitativemeasure of the satisfaction of the occupants,usersandownerofthebuildingasitisofcoursethehealthandwell-beingofpeoplewhomattermorethantheenergythatisused.APostOccupancyEvaluation(POE)ofthe occupied building after at least one year of occupation is a methodology forcapturingasubjective,qualitativeassessmentoftheexperienceofusingthebuildingfromthebuilding’soccupants.The POE methodology developed by Building Use Studies is one of the longestestablishedmethodologiesand thushas themostexperienceand largestdatabaseofbuildingsuponwhichitsassessmentsarebased.(http://www.busmethodology.org)Providingfeedbacktothedesignteam,theconstructionteamandclientsisthebestwayforbuildingdesignandconstructiontoimproveinthelongterm.Ifonesuccinctdefinitionof sustainability is simply “takinga long termview”, thenmeasuring the


17

overall performanceof abuilding,bothquantitatively andqualitatively, toprovidefeedbacktothedesignprocess,isessentialtoachievingbetterbuildingsandclosingthe‘performancegap’inthelongterm.The18KeyEnergyEfficiencyMeasureswereselectedaftercarefulconsiderationofthe issues in building design, construction and occupation which have the mostimpactonabuilding’s indoorenvironmentalqualityandenergyperformance. Thedescriptions above outline the reasons why these measures were selected asfundamentaltoenergyefficiency.4.0BuildingRegulationsStandardsforEnergyEfficiency

Eachof theKeyEnergyEfficiencyMeasuresneedsameasurable target tomeasuresuccess and optimize performance. Some of the performance targets aredeterminedbyminimumstandardsoftheBuildingRegulationsinthejurisdictionofthesite.Toprovideasourceoftheseminimumstandardsandperformancetargetsthe7partnersinT5.1eachsummarizedtheirnationalBuildingRegulationswiththestandardsrelevanttotheKeyEnergyEfficiencyMeasures.ThePassivhausstandardswerealsosummarizedandallare includedinthe“D5.1BuildingRegulationsforEEandRE”spreadsheetincludedinthisDeliverable.ThesestandardsincludereferencestoISOandENstandardswheretheyarerelevant.These summaries of the Building Regulations will be uploaded and available as aresource in theStandardsDatastorebeingdeveloped inT6.8.The intention is thatwhen a project’s location details are put into the VCMP the Building RegulationsstandardsforthatjurisdictionwillbelinkedtothechecksandtestsselectedbytheAdministrator of the project. One of the useful outputs of the VCMP for projectteamscanbeconfirmationbythesystemthatabuildingcomplieswiththerelevantBuilding Regulations for the project’s location which is backed-up with detailedevidencefromtheconstructionstage.

Eg.SummaryTableoftheBuildingRegulationstandardsfor‘airtightness’inpartnercountries


18

Someclientsmayhaveperformance targets forprojectswhicharenotcoveredbythe Building Regulations or which exceed theminimum standards of the BuildingRegulations. There are a number voluntary systems for low energy and moresustainable buildings that have been developed such as BREEAM, LEED, the LivingBuildingChallengeandNetZeroEnergyBuildings(NZEB)andsomeofthesesystemshavelocalorregionaldefinitions.AllofthesestandardscanbeaccommodatedintheVCMPbyuploadingtheirrequirementsandstandardsintotheStandardsDatastoreoftheVCMP.5.0B2SInnovativeTestingTechnologies

In addition to the 18 Key Energy Efficiency Measures there are five innovativetechnologies for testing and analysing a building’s performance which are beingdevelopedwithintheproject.TheB2SInnovativeTechnologiesarelistedinthetablebelow:

UserStories,WorkflowDiagramsandItemofWorkdescriptionshavebeenpreparedindetailforthesefivetechnologies.Someofthesetechnologiesarestillbeingdevelopedbythetechnologypartnerssothe User Stories, Workflow Diagrams and Items of Work developed in T5.1 maychange as the technologies are integrated into the VCMP inWP6.WP6 started inJanuary2017andthePulseAirtightnessTestingandIAQtechnologieshavealreadybeenintegratedintotheVCMP.Theacoustictestingtechnologyisclosetohavingitsintegration completed by VRM at the time of completing this report in mid-June2017.TheBIMintegrationfunctionalityisincludedinallUserStoriesforallaspectsoftheVCMP.AnyinformationbeingusedintheVCMPcanbelinkedtoaBIMmodelofabuildingandviceversa.WehavelearnedduringtheprojectthatBIMisnotyetbeingusedwidelyinthebuildingindustryanditisdifficulttogetaccesstoBIMmodelstowork with as most BIM models are privately developed and the information isprivateorcommerciallysensitive.

B2SINNOVATIVETESTINGTECHNOLOGIES

19 ThermalImaging WP2

20 PulseAirtightnessTesting WP3

21 IndoorAirQualityTesting WP3

22 AcousticQualityTesting

WP3

23 SmartMaterials WP4


19

6.0UserStories,ItemsofWorkandWorkflowDiagrams

VRMandEcofixwroteasetofinstructionsfortheconsortiumdescribingtheformatandreasoningforusingtheUserStories,ItemsofWorkandWorkflowDiagramstodevelop the VCMP. These methods are standard in the software developmentindustry but new tomost of the partners in B2S so it was essential to guide thepartners in this process so that they could communicate the functionality theywantedintheVCMPtotheVRMsoftwaredevelopmentteamworkinginWP6.Belowisthedescriptionofinstructionsandguidanceprovidedtothepartners.“AUserStory isasimpledescriptionofwhatfunctionality isrequiredoftheVCMPbrokendownintoaseriesofcompletesentencesintheformat:“Asa<typeofuser>,Iwant<stateyourgoal>sothat<stateyourreason>“AnexampleofacompletesentenceinaUserStoryis:"As an Architect I want to take photos of all window to wall junctions so that IrecordtheairtightnessdetailsofthiscriticaljunctionintheVCMP."ThefollowingcriticalinformationneedstobeincludedintheUserStory:

• Whoistoperformthechecks?• Whatarethecheckstryingtoachieve?• Whenarethecheckstotakeplace?• Wherewillthecheckbeused?• Whyisthedataimportant?

UserStoriesneedtoincludeallthreestagesofabuilding’slifefromDesignthroughConstructionandincludingOccupation.WorkflowDiagramsOnce theUser Story has beenwritten it shouldbeobvioushow theworkflowwillhave to be structured in order to provide complementary and supportinginformationonwhatactionsneedtobetakenandwheredataistogo.Wehaveseenvarious examples of workflow diagrams presented at our Project Meetings byUNOTT,TNOandourselveswhichareavailableinpresentationsonEmDesk.ItemsofWorkTheEvidenceofUseappisoneofthestrongestfeaturesoftheVCMPandisusedtocollectdigitaldataaboutabuildingusingamobiledevice.Asmartphonecameracantakephotos, scanbarcodesand the informationcanbesent to selectedpeopleorstoredinspecifiedpartsoftheVCMP.The detailed step by step process for each quality check or test needs to bedescribedasanItemofWork(IoW)andlistedinthelogicalorderoftheprocessin


20

an Excel spreadsheet. This is the correct place to detail what the User Story hasdescribedinanoverallstoryformat.An IoW is a logical task, generally a single operation in a series of operations tocomplete an identifiable stage in the building process. An IoW could be therequirementforaselectedUsertotakeaphotoofaspecificpartofthebuildingataspecificstageofconstruction.TheIoWwillbedisplayedontheUser’ssmartphoneasasimple,shortdescriptionof‘work’thatmustbecompletedbeforethenextIoWisdisplayedtotheUser.The sequence of the IoW’s must be logical and practical for the process. ThesequencingofIoW’salsoforcesaUsertocompleteeachIoWtaskortheywillveryclearly be seen by other users of the VCMP that they are not doing their jobproperly. A notification can be sent to their superior so that the issue of aUser’sincorrectorincompleteuseoftheVCMPcanbeaddressed.The4keypiecesofinformationthataretypicallyrequiredforeachIoWare:

1. theIoWDescription2. theStandard3. theMetric4. theEvidencerequired.

Ifalloftheabovestepsarefollowedwewillhavethestepbystepprocessesforthetestandquality checks ina format that the softwaredevelopers canworkwith todeveloptheVCMP.”ExampleforAirtightnessBelowisanexampleofaUserStoryfromtheAirtightnessmeasure:“Asamemberof thedesignor construction team Iwant to takedetailedprogressphotosonsiteoftheairtightnessseals,tapesandmembranesbeingusedtoachieveairtightnessinallpartsofthebuilding.”TheItemofWorkrelatedtothisUserStoryisbelow:“Takeprogressphotosofinstallationofairtightnesssystemsealsinalllocations.” ThisinstructionwillbedisplayedontheselectedUser’smobiledevicewhenhe/shestartsusingtheVCMP.InthisexampletheUserwasanEcofixemployeeresponsibleforachievingtheairtightnesstargetonanewbuildhousingsiteinDublin.ThephotosshownonthenextpageareautomaticallystoredintheVCMPforthisjobandthisproject.Thehousesonthisprojectareachievinganaverageairtightnessof0.24ACHwhichiswellbelowtheglobal‘goldstandard’ofthePassivhausInstituteof0.649ACH.TheSiteManagerbelieves theexcellent results and consistencyof theairtightness test results are due in part to the use of the software system by theworkers.


21

PhotoofsmartphonescreenshowingonsiteevidencephotosofItemsofWorkfor

airtightnesstakenusingatrialversionoftheVCMPonanewhousingproject7.0Conclusion

Task 5.1 has defined theKey Energy EfficiencyMeasureswhich affect the energyefficient performance of buildings. The detailed step-by-step processes for thequality checks for these18measureshavebeendescribed ina format so that theVCMPcanbedevelopedinWP6tointegratethesequalitychecks.TheUserStories,Items of Work andWorkflow Diagrams of all 18 Key Energy EfficiencyMeasureshavebeencompiledinaseriesofspreadsheetsinExcel.TheVCMPwillallowUserstodefinespecificdetailedqualitychecksfortheirspecificprojectusingtheKeyEnergyEfficiencyMeasuresasanoverallguidetosupportandencourageanintegratedapproachtothedesign,constructionandoccupationofthebuildingwhichwilldeliverenergyefficienciesandanimprovedindoorenvironment.


22

Thedetailed step-by-step testingprocesses for the innovative testing technologiesbeing developed within the project have been described in the same format forWP6.The testingmethodologiesand technology for thePulse systemand the IAQsystemhavealreadybeenintegratedintotheVCMPandtheacoustictestingsystemiscurrentlybeingintegratedinWP6.An integratedapproachtothethreestagesofdesign,constructionandoccupationhas been fundamental to the development of these quality checks and tests. Theprinciples of the Integrated Design Process, the Integrated Design and DeliveryServiceandtheSoftLandingsframeworkarereferredtointhe18Measuresandtheassociatedqualitychecks.Thefocusoftheproject isto introducetechnologyontothebuildingsitetocollectdataand recordqualitychecksand tests so thatevidenceof thequalityassuranceprocess and testing is available in real-time and in the future. By setting numerictargetswhereverpossibleforeachmeasureofperformancetheresultsofthechecksandtestswillbeautomatedasmuchaspossible.Confirmationofcompliancewithregulations and standards will be a useful output from the VCMP based on theBuildingRegulationsinformationcollatedinthisDeliverable.There isapractical limit to theamountof timeandresourcesaconstructionteamcanspendonrecordingtheconstructionworktheydoandatacertainpointtherewill be additional costs to the building project which a clientmay ormay not beprepared to pay. There is a balance to be struck between the costs of acomprehensive quality assurance system on site during construction and theimprovementinperformanceoftheoccupiedbuilding.A significant improvement is necessary to the quality ofwork on site to close theperformancegap inmostbuildings.Using theVCMPand theB2Smethodology forquality assurance, self-inspection techniques and testing should provide a robustmethodologyforachievingthisobjective.TheindustryshouldbeabletolearnhowtoachievetherightbalanceusingtheflexibilitythatisbeingbuiltintotheB2SVCMPtodevelopuniquequalitycheckssuitableforthedetaileddesignandspecificationofabuildingproject.