Cam Nang Quan Trac Nuoc Thai Cong Nghiep (Trang 1 - 180)

Cm nang

Quan trc nc thi cng nghip

Canadian InternationalDevelopment Agency

Agence canadienne dedveloppement international

B Ti nguyn v Mi tr mng Vit NamMinistry of Natural Resources and Environment

B TI NGUYN V MI TRN G

D `N QUN L NH NC V MI TRNG CP TNH TI VIT NAM (VPEG)

H Ni, 2012

Cm nang

Quan trc nc thi cng nghip

Tc gi: TS.Nguyn Vn KitTS.Hunh Trung Hi

1QUAN TRC NC THI CNG NGHIP

Qu trnh cng nghip ha v ang din ra mnh m Vit Nam trong hai thp kqua i hi cc c quan qun l mi trng t trung ng n a phng phi c cc hnhng qun l thch hp gii quyt nhng vn nhim mi trng. Trong , quan trcnc thi cng nghip t cc Khu cng nghip, cm c ng nghip, lng ngh v cc c s snxut cng nghip nh!m cung cp cc thng tin quan t r"ng cho cc c quan qun l mitrng ra quyt nh v c cc hnh ng qun l thch hp.

D# n Mi trng Vit Nam Canada (VCEP 2)do Chnh ph$ Canada ti tr xy d#ngv xut bn l%n %u cu&n Quan trc nc thi cng nghip vo nm 2006. D# n Qun l nhnc v mi trng cp t(nh ti Vit Nam (VPEG)tip tc b) sung v cp nht cu&n sch nynh!m cung cp cho ngi s* dng cc hng d+n k/ thut thch hp vi iu kin hin ti.

Tr"ng tm c$a ti liu Quan trc nc thi cng nghip l cung cp cc hng d+n quantrc nc thi ti ngu1n c$a cc Khu Cng nghip, Cm cng nghip, lng ngh, cc c ssn xut cng nghip nh!m gip bn "c nm c cc k/ nng c bn trong cng tc quantrc v phn tch dng thi cng nghip.

Ti liu ny bao gm 9 chng ni dung v 1 chng 10 v ti liu tham kho.

Chng 1: Gii thiu v th#c thi php lut, bao g1m cc vn bn php l cc Qui chu3n k/ thut qu&c gia, Tiu chu3n ly m+u, bo qun vn chuyn, phn tch trong phng th nghim v cc yu c%u &i vi cng nhn phng th nghim.

Chng 2: Trnh by cc bc chu3n b mt chng trnh quan trc dng thi cng nghip.

Chng 3: Trnh by v phng php v thit b o lu lng, b ao g1m c cc bin php an ton v thit b bo h ti hin trng.

Chng 4: Trnh by cc hng d+n v ly m+u v phn tch ti hin trng bao g1m cc bin php bo m an ton ti hin trng, cc phng php ly m+u, phn tch m+u, quan st hin trng v m bo cht lng trong b o qun v vn chuyn m+u v phng th nghim.

Chng 5: Trnh by v cc k/ thut phn tch trong phng th nghim v mt s& vn an ton lao ng.

Mt trong nhng mc tiu v kt qu cu&i cng c$a quan trc nc thi cng nghip l nh gi thi lng nhim v bo co kt qu quan trc.

Chng 6: Gii thiu v phng php tnh thi lng, ni dung v cch trnh by mt bo co quan trc. Bo co kt qu quan trc c%n c son tho v trnh by r rng

LI NI U

2 QUAN TRC NC THI CNG NGHIP

theo tiu chu3n qu&c t lm c s cho qun l nh im cng nghip v gip doanh nghip chu3n b c s d liu c ch4ng nh n ISO v cc ch4ng ch( khc c%n thit.

Chng 7: Trnh by v c s l thuyt, nguyn tc v mt s& v d thit b v quan trc lin tc mt s& thng s& c bn c$a nc thi. Chng n y c5ng gii thiu v cc nguyn tc quan trc v thit k mng li quan trc nc thi tr #c tuyn.

Chng 8: Trnh by mt s& yu c%u c bn vi cht lng s& liu phng th nghim v chng trnh m bo cht lng7kim sot cht lng 8QA7QC9.

Chng 9: Trnh by v phi nhim, r$i ro trong quan trc v cc bin php an ton ngoi hin trng, trong phng th nghim.

Ban Qun l D# n Qun l nh nc v mi trng cp t(nh ti Vit Nam (VPEG)v Trungtm quan trc mi trng (CEM)xin trn tr"ng gii thiu cu&n Quan trc nc thi cngnghip nh mt ti liu hng d+n k/ thut gip cc trung tm quan trc mi trng c$a cct(nh, cc Ban qun l cc KCN, CCN v cc doanh nghip cng nghip th#c hin Lut Bo vmi trng v cc vn bn php l hin hnh.7.

Ban Qun l D n Qun l nh nc v mi trng cp tnh ti Vit Nam


Ti liu ny l cng trnh hp tc c s# ng gp c $a nhiu ngi, c Vit Nam l+n Canadatrong khun kh) c$a D# n Mi trng Vit Nam Canada (VCEP)v D# n Qun l nh ncv mi trng cp t(nh ti Vit Nam (VPEG)l giai "an : c$a VCEP do C quan Qu&c t Canada(CIDA)ti tr.

Tc gi chnh l TS. Nguyn Vn Kit ngi a ra tng xut bn v vit bn tho tiliu ny b!ng ting Anh. ;1ng tc gi l TS. Hu


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NHNG T VIT TT .........................................................................................................................................>?

CHNG 1: THC THI PH`P LUT BO V MI TRNG ..............................................................>@

1.1. Gii thiu .....................................................................................................................................................>@

1.2. Cc cng c php l i vi qun l nhim cng nghip .................................................>@

1.2.1. Lut Bo v Mi trng nm 2005...............................................................................................>@

1.2.2. K hoch 5 nm v ti nguyn v mi trng (2006-2010)...................................................2>

1.2.3. Quy chun Vit Nam QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi cng nghip ...............................................................................................................2>

1.2.4. Cc Quy chun K thut Quc gia v nc thi cng nghip i vi tng loi hnh sn xut ....................................................................................................................2F

1.2.5. Cc tiu chun quy nh hot ng ly mu.............................................................................26

1.2.6. Tiu chun quy nh hot ng bo qun v vn chuyn mu...........................................2?

1.2.7. Tiu chun quy nh hot ng phn tch trong phng th nghim ..................................2@

1.3. Ngh nh s 04/2007/N-CP, thng t 106/2007/TTLT/BTC-BTNMT v ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi ...............................................................................................................::

1.4. ngh!a v nh h"ng mi trng c#a cc thng s nhim chnh ..............................::

1.4.1. Cc thng s nhim hu c thng thng (BOD5 , COD v TOC)....................................:W

1.4.2. Cc thng s nhim cht rn thng thng (TSS, VSS v TDS)........................................:6

1.4.3. Cc thng s nhim hu c hng u c th ......................................................................:?

1.4.4. Cc kim loi nng c th..............................................................................................................W2

1.4.5. nhim v c c th .....................................................................................................................W2

1.4.6. Cht dinh dng................................................................................................................................W:

1.4.7. Thng s c hc v tc ng mi trng ca chng ...........................................................WF

1.4.8. Ch s CHEMIOTOX...........................................................................................................................W?

1.5. T$ng cng quan tr%c v thc thi php lu&t i vi nhim cng nghip .................WY

1.5.1. Yu cu i vi phng th nghim !c cng nhn ...............................................................W@

1.5.2. Qun l v phn tch s liu............................................................................................................W@

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1.5.3. Th"c thi quy nh php l...............................................................................................................F0

CHNG 2: C`C B(C CHU)N B* .............................................................................................................?:

2.1. Gii thiu ......................................................................................................................................................?:

2.2. Mc tiu c#a chng trnh quan tr%c .............................................................................................?:

2.2.1. Tun th cc vn bn php quy v bo v mi trng..........................................................?F

2.2.2. Bo v mi trng thy sinh v s#c kh$e con ngi...............................................................?F

2.2.3. Quan trc ph%c v% cc hot ng Sn xut sch hn............................................................?Y

2.2.4. Kim sot v nh gi hiu qu x& l nc thi.......................................................................?@

2.3. Cc bc chnh c#a mt chng trnh quan tr%c ......................................................................?@

2.4. Cc thng s c+n phn tch cho t8ng ngnh cng nghip ...................................................Y0

2.4.1. Cc thng s chung..........................................................................................................................Y0

2.4.2. Cc thng s c th cho tng ngnh cng nghip...............................................................Y0

2.4.3. Phn tch ti phng th nghim.....................................................................................................Y6

2.5. Chu;n b cc thi

2.7. L&p d ton kinh ph..............................................................................................................................@:

2.=. Danh mc ki>m tra i vi nhm quan tr%c ti hin trng ..............................................@W

2.9. Danh mc ki>m tra i vi nhm trong phng th nghim ................................................@F

2.10. Theo di mt s d n quan tr%c ...................................................................................................@F

2.10.1. X nghip giy Quang Huy............................................................................................................@6

2.10.2. Cng ty Longtech Precision Vit Nam (Th d%)........................................................................@Y

CHNG 3: O LU L?NG .....................................................................................................................>>@

3.1. Gii thiu ...................................................................................................................................................>>@

3.2. Bin php an ton v thi20

3.3. La ch@n cc thi2:

3.4. SA dng cc thi26

3.5. o lu lEng bFng &p ch%n t to ..............................................................................................>2@

3.5.1. p chn c&a ch nht khng thu dng .................................................................................>2@

3.5.2. Thit b o dng p chn c&a hnh ch nht c thu dng................................................>:2

3.5.3. p chn c khe hnh ch V........................................................................................................>::

3.5.4. Lp t p chn ............................................................................................................................>:6

3.6. o lu lEng bFng mng Palmer-Bowlus ..................................................................................>:6

3.6.1. Cc yu t thy l"c..........................................................................................................................>:6


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3.6.2. Cc chi tit ca mng o c ng..............................................................................................>:?

3.6.3. Lp t ti hin trng ..................................................................................................................>W>

3.6.4. Bng tra c#u.....................................................................................................................................>W:

3.7. o lu lEng bFng mng Parshall .................................................................................................>W:

3.7.1. Cc yu t thy l"c..........................................................................................................................>W:

3.7.2. Cc chi tit ca d%ng c% o xch tay Parshall.........................................................................>WF

3.7.3. Lp t ti hin trng ..................................................................................................................>W?

3.7.4. Cng th#c tnh ton v bng tra c#u dng thi.....................................................................>W?

3.=. Dng c o thJ cp WThiF>

3.9. Tm t%t cc nghin cJu tnh hung.............................................................................................>FF

3.10. Tm t%t nhYng lZi hay g[p trong l%p [t thi


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CHNG 5: PHN TCH TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM..................................................................20@

5.1. Gii thiu ...................................................................................................................................................20@

5.2. Mt s iu c+n lu v an ton lao ng ................................................................................20@

5.3. Phn tch cc thng s thng thng trong QCVN ...............................................................2>>

5.3.1. xut i vi phn tch TSS ......................................................................................................2>>

5.3.2. xut i vi phn tch COD ....................................................................................................2>2

5.3.3. xut i vi phn tch BOD ....................................................................................................2>W

5.4. Phn tch kim loi n[ng ......................................................................................................................2>F

5.4.1. Phng php quang ph* hp th% nguyn t&.........................................................................2>6

5.4.2. Khi ph* Plasma cm #ng (ICP-MS)..........................................................................................2>@

5.4.3. Phng php c"c ph*....................................................................................................................222

5.5. Phng php s%c k kh cho cc hEp cht hYu c c hi .................................................22F

5.6. GC-MS cho cc cht nhim c hi [c bit ..........................................................................22?

5.7. LUMINOTOx cho c tjng s ....................................................................................................2:>

5.=. Phn tch hm lEng d+u ...................................................................................................................2:W

5.9. m bo cht lEng v ki>m sot cht lEng ni b ..........................................................2:F

CHNG 6: TNH TO`N THI L?NG, B`O C`O QUzN TRC .................................................2F>

6.1. Gii thiu ...................................................................................................................................................2F>

6.2. Lu v ph bo v mi trng ......................................................................................................2F>

6.3. C s" l thuy


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CHNG 7: QUzN TRC LIN TC TRC TU]N .............................................................................2Y>

7.1. Gii thiu ...................................................................................................................................................2Y>

7.2. C s" l thuy

7.2.1. Phn tch COD lin t%c...................................................................................................................2Y>

7.2.2. Phn tch TOC lin t%c....................................................................................................................2Y:

7.2.3. Phn tch BOD lin t%c...................................................................................................................2YW

7.2.4. o lin t%c n;ng cc cht nhim hu c.........................................................................2Y6

7.2.5. o %c v TSS lin t%c..............................................................................................................2@>

7.2.6. Phn tch lin t%c c tnh sinh hc...........................................................................................2@F

7.3. NhYng v d v thiW

=.3. Qun l phng th nghim phn tch mi trng ..................................................................:>W

=.4. m bo cht lEng WQzX cho quan tr%c ....................................................................................:>6

=.5. m bo cht lEng WQzX v ki>m sot cht lEng WQCX i vi hot ng quan tr%c ngoi hin trng ............................................................................................................:>Y

8.5.1. m bo cht l!ng v kim sot cht l!ng i vi hot ng o, th& tr"c tip ti hin trng ..................................................................................................................................:>@

8.5.2. QA v QC trong hot ng ly mu, x& l v bo qun mu.............................................:20

8.5.3. QA v QC trong hot ng vn chuyn mu v phng th nghim..................................:22

=.6. Ki>m sot cht lEng trong phng th nghim .......................................................................:22

=.7. Gii hn pht hin .................................................................................................................................:26

CHNG 9: zN TON V S}C KH~ NGH NGHIP ......................................................................::>

9.1. Gii thiu ...................................................................................................................................................::>


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9.2. Gii thiu v phi nhim v r#i ro trong cc hot ng quan tr%c ...............................::>

9.2.1. Cc yu t nguy him gy chn thng v tai nn lao ng.............................................::>

9.2.2. Cc yu t c hi i vi s#c kh$e..............................................................................................::2

9.3. Cc bin php an ton ngoi hin trng .................................................................................::W

9.3.1. Cc bin php k thut an ton khi quan trc ti hin trng..........................................::W

9.3.2. Cc trang b bo h c nhn........................................................................................................::Y

9.4. zn ton v sJc khe ngh nghip trong phng th nghim ............................................:W:

9.4.1. T* ch#c v an ton lao ng........................................................................................................:W:

9.4.2. Th"c hnh phng th nghim an ton......................................................................................:WW

9.4.3. Lm vic vi ha cht ....................................................................................................................:WF

9.4.4. Lm vic vi d%ng c% thy tinh...................................................................................................:W?

9.4.5. Cc yu t nguy him vt l.........................................................................................................:W?

9.5. S cJu ..........................................................................................................................................................:W@

9.5.1. Trng h!p da tip xc vi axt hay ha cht n mn mnh khc .................................:W@

9.5.2. Trng h!p chy mu...................................................................................................................:W@

9.5.3. Trng h!p b$ng............................................................................................................................:F0

9.6. Phng chy ti phng th nghim .................................................................................................:F0

9.6.1. Cc phng tin cha chy trong phng th nghim..........................................................:F0

9.6.2. Khi xy ra h$a hon........................................................................................................................:F>

CHNG 10: TI LIU THzM KHO .......................................................................................................:F:

10.1. THC THI PH`P LUT BO V MI TRNG - CHNG 1 .............................................:F:

10.2. C`C B(C CHU)N B* - CHNG 2 ..............................................................................................:FW

10.3. O LU L?NG - CHNG 3 ........................................................................................................:FF

10.4. L\] MÛ V PHN TCH T_I HIN TRNG - CHNG 4 ..............................................:F6

10.5. PHN TCH TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM CHNG 5.....................................................:F?

10.6. TNH TO`N THI L?NG, BÒ CÒ QUzN TRC V NGHIN C}U IN HNH - CHNG 6 ......................................................................................:F@

10.7. QUzN TRC LIN TC TRC TU]N - CHNG 7 ...............................................................:60

10.=. CH\T L?NG S| LIU MI TRNG V Qz/QC - CHNG = ......................................:6>

10.9. zN TON V S}C KH~ NGH NGHIP - CHNG 9 .........................................................:62

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Bng 1.1: Gi tr C c$a cc thng s& nhim trong nc thi cng nghip ...............................22

Bng 1.2: H s& Kq c$a ngu1n tip nhn nc thi l sng, su&i, knh, mng, khe, rch............................................................................................................................................2W

Bng 1.3: H s& Kq c$a h1, ao, %m ............................................................................................................2W

Bng 1.4: H s& lu lng ngu1n thi K[..................................................................................................2F

Bng 1.5: Danh mc cc Quy chu3n Vit Nam v nc thi cng nghip....................................2F

Bng 1.6: Phng php ly m+u ..................................................................................................................26

Bng 1.7: Cc yu c%u k/ thut chung thch hp bo qun m+u nc thi phn t ch cc thng s& l ha sinh 8trch d+n t TCVN 666:-:\200Y9 .............................................2?

Bng 1.=: Sp xp cc thng s& theo k/ thut bo qun8trch d+n t TCVN 666:-:\200Y9 ..............................................................................................2Y

Bng 1.9: Cc phng php phn tch cc thng s&............................................................................2@

Bng 1.10: M4c thu ph theo tng cht gy nhim &i vi nc thi cng nghip..............::

Bng 1.11: V d v cc phn t* thu&c tr su........................................................................................:@

Bng 1.12: V d v phn t* PCB ..................................................................................................................W0

Bng 1.13: Danh sch cc cht nhim c hi hng %u Vit Nam........................................WF

Bng 2.1: Mt s& mc tiu v nhim v c$a mt chng trnh quan trc ...... .............................?W

Bng 2.2 : Bng tm tt cc Quy chu3n k/ thut qu&c gia v nc thi cng nghip .............?6

Bng 2.3 : Tip cn t)ng th th#c hin mt chng trnh quan trc .......................................Y0

Bng 2.4: Quy chu3n k/ thut qu&c gia v nc thi cng nghip ................................................Y>

Bng 2.5: Quy chu3n k/ thut qu&c gia v nc thi cng nghip dt 8QCVN >:\200Y7BTNMT9 ...............................................................................................................Y2

Bng 2.6: Quy chu3n k/ thut qu&c gia v nc thi cng nghip giy v bt giy 8QCVN >2\200Y7BTNMT9 ...............................................................................................................Y:

Bng 2.7: Quy chu3n k/ thut qu&c gia v nc thi cng nghip ch bin thu sn 8QCVN >>\200Y7BTNMT9 ...............................................................................................................Y:

Bng 2.=: Quy chu3n k/ thut qu&c gia v nc thi cng nghip ch bin thu sn 8QCVN 0>\ 200Y7BTNMT9 ..............................................................................................................YW

DzNH S`CH C`C BNG


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Bng 2.9: Quy chu3n k/ thut qu&c gia v nc thi y t 8QCVN 2Y\20>07BTNMT9..................YW

Bng 2.10: Quy chu3n k/ thut qu&c gia v nc thi c$a kho v c*a hng xng d%u 8QCVN 2@\20>07BTNMT9 .............................................................................................................YF

Bng 2.11: Quy chu3n k/ thut qu&c gia v nc khai thc t cc cng trnh d%u kh trn bin 8QCVN :F\20>07BTNMT9.........................................................................................Y6

Bng 2.12: Cc thng s& gi cho quan trc nc thi cng nghip ...........................................Y?

Bng 2.13: Thit b an ton v phng tin bo v c nhn ti hin trng ..............................@0

Bng 2.14: Danh mc kim tra &i vi nhm quan trc ti hin trng.......................................@?

Bng 2.15: Danh mc kim tra &i vi nhm quan trc ti hin trng.......................................@@

Bng 3.1: L#a ch"n cc thit b s cp 8p v mng9.......................................................................>2W

Bng 3.2: So snh cc dng c o lu lng xch tay.......................................................................>2F

Bng 3.3: Kh nng t&i a c$a cc thit b o lu lng dng p chn Thel-Mar ................>26

Bng 3.4: Bng tnh lu lng cho p hnh ch nht khng thu nh dng chy ................>:>

Bng 3.5: Bng tnh ton lu lng cho p ch nht c thu nh dng ...................................>::

Bng 3.6: Cc cng th4c tnh lu lng cho p chn c khe hnh ch V 8H, m9 ....................>:W

Bng 3.7: Tnh lu lng cho p hnh ch V.......................................................................................>:F

Bng 3.=: V d kch thc g%n ng b!ng h mt c$a mng Palmer-Bowlus 8Ngu1n\ John Meunier Inc., Montral, Canada9. Kch thc chnh xc ph thuc vo loi 8c ng hay c& nh9 v b dy c$a tng ................................>:@

Bng 3.9: Bng tnh lu lng cho mng Palmer-Bowlus................................................................>W0

Bng 3.10: Cc t( l ngp gii hn &i vi dng c o lu lng Parshall .................................>WW

Bng 3.11: Kch thc mng o Parshall &i vi cc b rng tht dng khc nhau, ]........>W6

Bng 3.12: Cng th4c tnh ton lu lng &i vi dng chy qua my o Parshall ..............>WY

Bng 3.13: Bng tnh lu lng cho mng Parshall ...........................................................................>W@

Bng 3.14: Cc nguyn tc vt l c bn c$a cc thit b o lu lng ......................................>F>

Bng 3.15: Tm tt cc chi tit k/ thut c$a dng c o lu lng th4 cp 8Ngu1n\ Ti liu k/ thut c$a dng c o lu lng b!ng sng siu m GRE^LINE _ ISCO9...............................................................................>F2

Bng 3.16: Danh sch s b cc trng hp nghin c4u in hnh v o lu lng ............>FF

Bng 4.1: M+u t) hp theo lu lng ......................................................................................................>?@

Bng 4.2: V d v thng s& k/ thut c$a mt my ly m+u t# ng...........................................>Y0

Bng 4.3: Cc yu c%u t&i thiu khi ly m+u i din .........................................................................>Y>

Bng 4.4: Kt qu cc thng s& o nhanh ti hin trng 8nc thi c$a Cng ty Dt nhum Long An, >2720029 .................................................>Y:

Bng 4.5: Phng php kt hp m+u t) hp........................................................................................>YW


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Bng 4.6: Xc nh cc qu trnh cng nghip lin quan n lch x thi, Cng ty Dt nhum Long An, >272002 ................................................................................>Y6

Bng 4.7: S# dao ng trung bnh hm lng cc cht nhim trong >2 gi quan trc lin tc ti Cng ty Cao su Sao vng 80?7200:9.............................................>Y?

Bng 4.=: Bin bn giao nhn m+u ...........................................................................................................>Y@

Bng 4.9: Tm tt cc yu c%u ly v bo qun m+u nc phn tch cc thng s& c trong Ngh nh 0W7200?7N;-CP 8trch TCVN F@@: >@@F9...................................>Y@

Bng 5.1: Tm tt trang b bo h c nhn............................................................................................2>0

Bng 5.2: T# chu3n b dung dch cho phn tch COD 8tham kho Standard Method for the Examination of water and wastewater, >@@F9 ...................................................2>:

Bng 5.3: Thnh ph%n c$a mt &ng th* cho phn tch COD ..........................................................2>:

Bng 6.1: M4c thu ph theo tng cht gy nhim &i vi nc thi cng nghip..............2F:

Bng 6.2: Gi tr t &i vi xc xut tin cy P v s& l%n o c n 8s& liu ghi chp hay o c s=n c9 ......................................................................................................................266

Bng 6.3: Cc gi tr o c v lu lng trong su&t 2W gi .........................................................26?

Bng 6.4: Phn tch th&ng k cc s& liu thu thp trong nhng khong thi gian xem xt khc nhau.......................................................................................................................26Y

Bng 6.5: Mt s& gi tr t l COD7BODF o c ...............................................................................2?0

Bng 6.6: Danh sch cc bo co quan trc v trng hp nghin c4u in hnh................2?0

Bng 6.7: Nhng ni dung chnh c$a bo co quan trc .................................................................2?:

Bng 6.=: Cc hng mc v cc ni dung chnh c$a chng trnh quan trc...........................2?W

Bng 6.9: B& cc trnh by bo co...........................................................................................................2?F

Bng 6.10: Chi tit v cc xut kinh nghim cho vic xy d#ng bo co d# n quan trc..........................................................................................................................2?Y

Bng =.1: V d v xc nh MDL................................................................................................................:2?

Bng 9.1: Cc phng tin cha chy ang s* dng ph) bin .....................................................:F>


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Hnh 1.1: Nhng cch tip cn khc nhau &i vi cc cht7ngu1n gy nhim.......................:W

Hnh 2.1: Minh h"a s# tch l5y sinh h"c c$a cht c qua chui th4c n .....................................?Y

Hnh 2.2: Knh h vi lu lng c#c i....................................................................................................@2

Hnh 2.3: c tnh din tch mjt ct ngang .............................................................................................@2

Hnh 2.4: c lng nhanh t&c dng chy 8NM ng Hip Ha9 ...........................................@2

Hnh 3.1:Thit b v dng c an ton ......................................................................................................>22

Hnh 3.2: Cc chi tit lp jt p Thel-Mar ............................................................................................>2?

Hnh 3.3: Ba loi p chn t# to thng s* dng..............................................................................>2@

Hnh 3.4: Mjt ct c$a dng chy qua p chn c (nh vt cnh............ .....................................>:0

Hnh 3.5: Mjt ct th$y l#c dng chy qua ph%n tht dng c$a mng o lu ln g Palmer-Bowlus................................................................................................................................>:?

Hnh 3.6: Cc mng o lu lng Plamer-Bowlus b!ng si th$y tinh 8Ngu1n\ Plasti-[ab Product Bulletin9 .....................................................................................>:Y

Hnh 3.7: Cc loi mng o lu lng Palmer-Bowlus 8lp c& nh v c ng9.....................>:@

Hnh 3.=:Lp jt mng o vo knh thot nc km theo chi tit cc kch thc c$a mng o Palmer-Bowlus 8W, 6 v Y inch9 v kch thc c$a knh thot nc thi ..........................................................................................................>W2

Hnh 3.9: Kt n&i thit b o lu lng v thit b ly m+u nc t# ng 8hot ng ch4c nng lu lng9 8Tp hun ti hin trng Hi Dng Bc Ninh, 0?7200:9 .........................................................................................>W:

Hnh 3.10: Mjt ct th$y l#c dng chy qua mng d+n Parshall.....................................................>WW

Hnh 3.11: Hnh dng v cc kch thc thit k &i vi mng o Parshall 8Ch \ Dng c ny c thit k bao g1m on %u &ng n&i ty ch"n9............>WF

Hnh 3.12: ;iu kin lp jt mng Parshall...........................................................................................>F0

Hnh 3.13:Th#c hin lp jt ging tZnh v thc o dng tm mng 8c vch c hia9 g%n im o m#c nc thch hp .......................................................................................>FW

Hnh 3.14: Lp jt ging tZnh v thc o m#c nc g%n im o ct nc thch hp trong trng hp mng Parshall..........................................................................................>F6

Hnh 4.1: S* dng thit b ly m+u t# ng trong t hun luyn Hi Dng 8thng 0>7200W9 .............................................................................................................................>??

DzNH S`CH C`C HNH V


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Hnh 4.2: Ly chai m+u t my ly m+u trong phng th nghim sau khi quan trc qua m nh my dt nhum 8Long An, >2720029.......................................................>?Y

Hnh 4.3: Ly m+u t# ng theo lu lng. zng ly m+u c n&i vi thit b th4 cp l lu lng k siu m. Mng o Palmer-Bowlus l thit b s cp 8Hi Dng, o to th#c t, 0?7200:9 ..................................................................................>?@

Hnh 4.4: Dao ng trung bnh gi hm lng hu c ti im thi trong 2W gi trong nc thi c$a cng ty dt Long An 8>2720029 .......................................................>YF

Hnh 4.5: Dao ng trung bnh gi hm lng cht rn l l*ng ti im thi trong 2W gi ti Cng ty Dt nhum Long An 8>2720029...............................................>YF

Hnh 4.6: M t cc hot ng hin trng...........................................................................................>@0

Hnh 4.7: My ly m+u t# ng Sigma >600 ..........................................................................................>@2

Hnh 5.1: S 1 nguyn tc phn tch kim loi njng b!ng phng php hp th nguyn t* .......................................................................................................................2>6

Hnh 5.2:V d thit b quang ph) hp th nguyn t*......................................................................2>?

Hnh 5.3: Thit b AAS CENTEMA H Ni o kim loi njng chng trnh quan trc khu cng nghip Thng ;nh 8S TNMT H Ni9, thng 6-?7200: .............................................................................................................................2>?

Hnh 5.4: S 1 lp jt thit b phn tch th$y ngn b!ng k/ thut hp th nguyn t* ha hi lnh...............................................................................................................2>Y

Hnh 5.5:Thit b ph m+u Hach ha tan kim loi njng trc khi phn tch b!ng AAS.........................................................................................................................................2>@

Hnh 5.6: ;1 th Voltammogram 8T Vin Ha h"c- Vin Khoa h"c v Cng ngh Vit Nam, H Ni9 ..................................................................................................22:

Hnh 5.7: ;1 th thu c t my c#c ph) 8Vin Ha h"c- Vin Khoa h"c v Cng ngh Vit Nam, H Ni9 ..................................................................................................22W

Hnh 5.=:My phn tch c#c ph) kt n&i my tnh, CPA-HH: 8Vin Ha h"c- Vin Khoa h"c v Cng ngh Vit Nam, H Ni9...............................................................22W

Hnh 5.9: Nguyn tc sc k ct .................................................................................................................22F

Hnh 5.10: Cc b phn chnh c$a my sc k kh ..............................................................................226

Hnh 5.11: V d Sc k 1 ............................................................................................................................22?

Hnh 5.12: My Shimad{u 20>0-GC trong 4ng dng phng th nghim chuyn phn tch Vit Nam ESTEC-NILP 8Trm Quan trc _ Phn tch mi trng9 8hnh nh c$a tc gi9...................................................................................22Y

Hnh 5.13: Nguyn tc c$a h th&ng GC-MS.........................................................................................22Y

Hnh 5.14: Nguyn tc c$a thit b phn tch ion t4 c#c...................................................................22Y

Hnh 5.15: Kt n&i GC7MS NILP H Ni 8nh c$a tc gi9 ...........................................................2:0

Hnh 5.16: My GC7MS...................................................................................................................................2:0

Hnh 5.17: GC7MS t bn trong ..................................................................................................................2:>

Hnh 5.1=:LUMINOTOX .................................................................................................................................2:2

Hnh 5.1=a: Nguyn l phng php LuminoTox ...............................................................................2::


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Hnh 5.1=b: Kt qu xt nghim LuminoTox cho nc thi trc v sau x* l ........................2::

Hnh 5.19: My quang ph) h1ng ngoi khng tn x.......................................................................2:W

Hnh 5.20: V d biu 1 | truyn ti so vi bc sng ...................................................................2:F

Hnh 6.1: Dao ng lu lng theo thi gian ti im thi 8Nh my Cao su Sao vng H Ni9.........................................................................................2FW

Hnh 6.2: Phng php chui s& tnh ton t)ng th tch nc thi.......................................2FW

Hnh 6.3: Dao ng thi lng trong thi gian quan trc 8D# n trnh din SXSH ti nh my git m) gia sc Hi Dng, >2720029 ...........................................................2FY

Hnh 6.4: Dao ng thi lng trong su&t thi gian quan trc 8D# n trnh din SXSH Cng ty giy Hi H, Bc Ninh, >2720029 ............................2F@

Hnh 6.5: Dao ng c$a COD v BODF trong 2W ting quan trc 8d#a trn kt qu phn tch c$a 6 m+u t) hp9 8D# n trnh din SXSH Dt Nhum Long An, 20029 ...................................................................................................2F@

Hnh 6.6: Dao ng thi lng trong su&t 2W gi quan trc s* dng gi tr lu lng trung bnh c& nh 8m: 7hr9 8D# n trnh din SXSH Dt nhum Long An, 20029 ......................................................................................................2F@

Hnh 6.7: Dao ng lu lng trong ?2 gi quan trc 8Nh my Cao su Sao Vng9...............26>

Hnh 6.=:Dao ng thi lng 8kg7>2 gi9 c$a nh my cao su trong ?2 gi quan trc 8Nh my Cao su Sao Vng H Ni9 ........................................................................................26>

Hnh 6.9: Dao ng lu lng theo gi trong su&t 6 ngy quan trc 8Bnh Dng, VSIP, >>720029 ......................................................................................................202

Hnh 6.10: Dao ng t)ng th tch dng thi trong Y gi trong su&t 6 ngy quan trc 8Bnh Dng, VSIP9......................................................................................................................26:

Hnh 6.11: Dao ng c$a thi lng nhim 8kg7Y gi9 trong su&t thi gian quan trc theo ma. L%n quan trc %u tin 8ma kh9\ t ngy > n ngy 67>>72002 , l%n quan trc th4 2 8ma ma9\ t ngy ? n ngy >2767200: ti khu cng nghip Vit Nam Singapore 8Bnh Dng9................................................26:

Hnh 6.12: Phn b& lch lu lng c$a nh my Cao su SV trong khong thi gian quan trc l ?2 gi 8S& l%n o c l ?W9 ............................................................................266

Hnh 6.13: So snh cc gi tr trung bnh s& h"c 8QTB9 v gii hn tin cy 8QTB t. 8}7n99 thu c t cc khong thi gian xem xt khc nhau ...............26Y

Hnh 6.14: Thi lng TSS dao ng bt thng, so snh vi thi lng hu c 8Ti nh my giy v bt giy Bc Ninh9 ............................................................................26@

Hnh 7.1: S 1 c$a thit b phn tch COD tr#c tuyn......................................................................2Y2

Hnh 7.2: S 1 thit b phn tch TOC tr#c tuyn...............................................................................2Y:

Hnh 7.3: Bin )i t&c phn h$y sinh h"c theo thi gian ...........................................................2YW

Hnh 7.4: Din bin t&c phn 4ng vi s# s=n c c$a c cht.....................................................2YF

Hnh 7.5: S 1 thit b phn tch BOD tr#c tuyn ..............................................................................2YF

Hnh 7.6: Cu trc in hnh c$a hp m+u cho nc chy qua .....................................................2Y?

Hnh 7.7: Cu trc in hnh c$a hp m+u nhng chm ...................................................................2YY


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Hnh 7.=: My Hach UVAS sc UV Hp th 7 | truyn d+n xc nh h s& hp th quang ph) 8SAC9 bc sng 2FW nm .................................................................................2Y@

Hnh 7.9: Lp jt %u o c$a my Hach UVAS sc UV Hp th 7| truyn d+n...........................2Y@

Hnh 7.10: So snh c$a SAC v COD theo thi gian &i vi nh my x* l nc a phng ...................................................................................................................................2@0

Hnh 7.11: So snh ng bin thin theo thi gian c$a SAC v TOC.........................................2@0

Hnh 7.12: Nguyn tc o\ L> ~ chm sng i ti m+u c cc ht keo 8P9 L2 ~ chm sng sau khi qua m+u St ~ nh sng tn mt G7G> ~ cc tia sng tn ra bin c dng o........................................................................................................................2@>

Hnh 7.13: ;o nh sng xuyn qua v nh sng tn x @0 .............................................................2@>

Hnh 7.14: Gii hn tng quan gia s& o c v hm lng TSS o b!ng phng php tr"ng l#c..........................................................................................2@2

Hnh 7.15: Ht c nh 8nh hn >7>0 bc sng nh sng9 Ht c ln hn 8khong bc sng nh sng9 Ln hn bc sng nh sng ...........................2@:

Hnh 7.16: Nguyn tc phng php o nh sng phn tn b mjt ..........................................2@W

Hnh 7.17: Nguyn tc phng php nh sng phn tn7truyn d+n ........................................2@W

Hnh 7.1=:Nguyn tc o cht rn l l*ng 8cc ht keo9..................................................................2@F

Hnh 7.19: Hnh nh mt thit b phn tch COD.................................................................................2@6

Hnh 7.20: M hnh thit b phn tch TOC lin tc............................................................................2@Y

Hnh 7.21: Thit b phn tch TOC lin tc vi s# h tr c$a b4c x t* ngoi............................2@@

Hnh 7.22:Thit phn tch BOD lin tc ..................................................................................................:00

Hnh 7.23:Thit b phn tch c 8v TSS9 tr#c tuyn .................................................................:00

Hnh 7.24: My o TSS hay c Hach sc............................................................................................:00

Hnh 7.25: My o TSS Hach Solitax sc v thit b iu khin .........................................................:0>

Hnh 7.26:V d lp jt %u o TSS Hach Solitax sc v b phn iu khin trong mt trm quan trc tr#c tuyn..................................................................................:02

Hnh 7.27: Thit b phn tch c tnh lin tc trn c s bn hot tnh ....................................:0:

Hnh 7.2=: Thit b phn tch c tnh sinh thi lin tc ..................................................................:0:

Hnh 7.29: S 1 c bn c$a mt mng li n gin ......................................................................:0F

Hnh 7.30: Mng li qun l .....................................................................................................................:0?

Hnh 7.31: Mt v d v mng li qun l kim sot nhim cng nghip ...........................:0@

Hnh =.1:V d v phn b& kt qu v gii hn ....................................................................................:2F

Hnh 9.1:Thit b v dng c an ton ......................................................................................................::F

Hnh 9.2: Cc thit b an ton thng dng.............................................................................................::Y

Hnh 9.3:Thit b bo h c nhn..............................................................................................................::@

Hnh 9.4: Mjt n l"c c ..............................................................................................................................:W0

Hnh 9.5: Mjt n phng c c bnh dng kh ..................................................................................:W>

Hnh 9.6: Knh bo v mt ............................................................................................................................:W2


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zzS Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Quang ph) hp th nguyn t*

zR Awareness Raising Nng cao nhn th4c

Cz Canadian Executing Agency C quan th#c hin Canada

CIDzCanadian International Development Agency

C quan Pht trin qu&c t Canada

CORTTNCenter of Research, Technology Transfer and Environment

Trung tm Nghin c4u, chuyn giaocng ngh v Mi trng

CP Cleaner Production Sn xut sch hn

DO Department of Environment B Mi trng 8Canada9

DoNRDepartment of Natural Resources and Environment

S Ti nguyn v mi trng

Iz Environment Impact Assessment ;nh gi tc ng mi trng

M Environmental Monitoring Quan trc mi trng

MDEnvironmental Management Division

Phng Qun l mi trng

GOV Government of Viet Nam Chnh ph$ Vit Nam

IPM Industrial Pollution Management Qun l nhim cng nghip

MoNRMinistry of Natural Resources and Environment

B Ti nguyn v Mi trng

Nz National Environment Agency Cc Mi trng qu&c gia

PP Pollution Prevention Ngn nga nhim

PSC Proect Steering Committee Ban ch( o d# n

RBM Results Based Management Qun l d#a vo kt qu

TCVN Viet Nam Standards Tiu chu3n Vit Nam

VPzViet Nam Environmental Protection Agency

Cc Bo v mi trng

Qz Quality Assurance ;m bo cht lng

QC Quality Control Kim sot cht lng

HO ]orld Health Organi{ation T) ch4c y t th gii


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1.1. GI(I THIU

Chng ny s gii thiu nhim v quan trc mi tr ng m ch$ yu l quan trc ncthi cng nghip thng qua cc vn bn php quy v bo v mi trng hin hnh nh!mgip bn "c c ci nhn t)ng th t phng din qun l mi trng &i vi hot ng quantrc nc thi cng nghip v cc thng s& nhim mi trng n c.

Quan trc nc thi cng nghip d#a trn nguyn tc khoa h"c v qun l. Cn b mitrng chu trch nhim gim st nhim cng nghip c%n cp nht thng tin v php lutlin quan v c$ng c& kin th4c trc khi th#c hin cc t quan trc th#c a. ;iu ny s giph" t# tin v hnh x* chuyn nghip khi &i mjt vi cc thch th4c trong khi th#c hin nhimv c$a mnh.

1.2. C`C CNG C PH`P L |I V(I QUN L NHIM CNG N GHIP

Hin nay, s& lng vn bn php quy v bo v mi tr ng cung cp %y $ v nhnghZa, quy nh, nguyn tc, hng d+n c5ng nh ch ti x* pht v cc hot ng gy nhim mi trng, trong c cng tc quan trc m i trng v c th hn l quan trc ncthi cng nghip. ;y s l nhng cng c php l hu hiu cho cng tc qun l mi trngt trung ng ti a phng.

1.2.1. Lu&t Bo v Mi trng n$m 2005

Lut Bo v Mi trng do Qu&c hi Kha >> thng qua ngy 2@ thng >> nm 200F quynh v hot ng bo v mi trng chnh sch, bi n php v ngu1n l#c bo v mitrng quyn v nghZa v c$a t) ch4c, h gia nh, c nhn trong bo v mi trng. TheoLut Bo v Mi trng 200F, Quan trc mi trng l qu trnh theo di c h thng v mitrng, cc yu t tc ng ln mi trng nh>m cung cp thng tin ph%c v% nh gi hin trng,din bin cht l!ng mi trng v cc tc ng xu i vi mi trng (iu 3) .

Lut Bo v mi trng nm 200F quy nh trch n him bo v mi trng c$a t) ch4c,c nhn v bo v mi trng trong hot ng sn xut , kinh doanh, dch v quy nh mtcch c th yu c%u bo v mi trng &i vi cc ngnh, lZnh v#c nh hng tr#c tip nmi trng nh\ cng nghip, tiu th$ cng nghip (iu 35, iu 36, iu 37, iu 38) bnhvin, c s y t (iu 39) xy d#ng (iu 40) giao thng vn ti (iu 41)? thng mi (iu 42,iu 43) khai thc khong sn (iu 44) du lch (iu 45) sn xut nng nghip (iu 46) nuitr1ng thu sn (iu 47) hot ng mai tng (iu 48).

Lut Bo v mi trng nm 200F c5ng quy nh c th trch nhim bo v mi trngnh\ Tun th$ cc quy nh c$a php lut v bo v mi trng th#c hin cc bin php bo

CHNG 1. THC THI PH`P LUT BO V MI TRNG


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v mi trng nu trong bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng c ph duyt, bn camkt bo v mi trng ng k v tun th$ tiu chu 3n mi trng phng nga, hn chcc tc ng xu &i vi mi trng t cc hot n g c$a mnh khc phc nhim mi trngdo hot ng c$a mnh gy ra tuyn truyn, gio dc, nng cao th4c bo v mi trng chongi lao ng trong c s sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v c$a mnh th#c hin ch bo cov mi trng theo quy nh c$a php lut v bo v m i trng chp hnh ch kim tra,thanh tra bo v mi trng np thu mi trng, ph bo v mi tr ng.

;iu W@ Lut Bo v mi trng nm 200F c5ng quy nh nhng bin php, ch ti mnhtrong vic x* l cc c s sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v gy nhim mi trng. Cc hnh th4cx* l &i vi t) ch4c, c nhn hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v gy nhim mi trngc quy nh nh sau\ pht tin v buc th#c hin bin php gim thiu, x* l cht thi ttiu chu3n mi trng tm thi nh ch( hot ng cho n khi th#c hin xong bin phpbo v mi trng c%n thit x* l b!ng hnh th4c khc theo quy nh c$a php lut v x* lvi phm hnh chnh. Trng hp c thit hi v tnh m ng, s4c kho c$a con ngi, ti sn vli ch hp php c$a t) ch4c, c nhn do hu qu c$a vic gy nhim mi trng th cnphi b1i thng thit hi hojc b truy c4u trch nhim hnh s#.

Khi c s sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v gy nhim mi trng nghim tr"ng th ngoivic b x* l theo cc hnh th4c quy nh nu trn, cn b x* l b!ng mt trong cc bin phpsau\ buc th#c hin cc bin php khc phc nhim mi trng, phc h1i mi trng bucdi di c s n v tr xa khu dn c v ph hp v i s4c chu ti c$a mi trng cm hotng.

Lut Bo v mi trng nm 200F c5ng c s# phn nh r trch nhim v th3m quynquyt nh vic x* l &i vi c s gy nhim mi trng, gy nhim mi trng nghimtr"ng gia cc c quan chuyn mn v bo v mi tr ng cp t(nh, U ban nhn dn cp t(nh,B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, B trng, Th$ trng c quan ngang B, Th$ trng c quanthuc Chnh ph$, Ch$ tch U ban nhn dn cc cp (Khon 3 iu 49).

V qun l nc thi (iu 81 v iu 82) , Lut Bo v mi trng nm 200F quy nh victhu gom, x* l nc thi v h th&ng thu gom, x* l nc thi. Theo , nc thi c$a c ssn xut, kinh doanh, dch v, khu sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v tp trung phi c thu gom,x* l t tiu chu3n mi trng (iu 81). ;1ng thi, quy nh c th cc &i tng phi c hth&ng x* l nc thi bao g1m\ khu sn xut, kinh d oanh, dch v tp trung khu, cm cngnghip lng ngh c s sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v khng kt n&i vi h th&ng x* l ncthi tp trung (iu 82).

V quan trc mi trng, Lut Bo v mi trng nm 200F bao g1m @ iu (t iu 94 niu 102) quy nh v quan trc mi trng, h th&ng quan tr c, quy hoch h th&ng quan trcv chng trnh quan trc mi trng ch( th mi t rng bo co hin trng mi trng cpt(nh bo co tnh hnh tc ng mi trng c$a ngnh, lZnh v#c bo co mi trng qu&c gia.

Quan trc mi trng l qu trnh theo di c h th &ng v mi trng, cc yu t& tc ngln mi trng nh!m cung cp thng tin phc v nh gi hin trng, din bin cht lngmi trng v cc tc ng xu &i vi mi trng.

;jc bit nh!m x hi ha mnh m, nng cao vai tr c$a ngi dn trong hot ng bov mi trng, bn cnh vic quy nh trch nhim q uan trc mi trng c$a cc c quan nhnc nh B Ti nguyn v Mi trng (BTNMT) b, c quan ngang b, c quan thuc Chnh


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ph$ U ban nhn dn cp t(nh, Lut Bo v mi trng nm 200F cn quy nh trch nhimquan trc mi trng c$a cc c s sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v, khu sn xut, kinh doanh,dch v tp trung. ;im d Khon 2 ;iu @W Lut Bo v mi trng nm 200F quy nh Ngiqun l, vn hnh c s= sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v% hoc khu sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v% tptrung c trch nhim quan trc cc tc ng i vi mi trng t cc c s= ca mnh.

1.2.2. K< hoch 5 n$m v ti nguyn v mi trng W2006-2010X

Qu&c hi Kha >> thng qua Ngh quyt s& F672006 v nh gi tnh hnh th#c hink hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi F nm 200> - 200F v nh hng pht trin kinh t - xhi F nm 2006 - 20>0 vi cc mc tiu, nhim v, ch( tiu, gii php ch$ yu. Sau y l ccch( tiu ch$ yu trong F nm v n nm 20>0 v lZnh v#c ti nguyn v mi trng\ T( l cheph$ rng W2 - W:| t( l dn c c s* dng nc sch th l @F|, nng thn l ?F|t( l cc c s sn xut mi xy d#ng phi p dng cng ngh sch hojc c trang b ccthit b gim nhim, x* l cht thi l >00| t( l cc c s sn xut, kinh doanh t tiuchu3n v mi trng l trn F0| xy d#ng h th&ng x* l nc thi ti >00| s& th loi :tr ln, F0| s& th loi W v tt c cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut Y0 - @0| cht thirn, >00| cht thi y t c thu gom v x* l t tiu chu3n mi trng.

1.2.3. Quy chu;n Vit Nam QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT - Quy chu;n kf thu&t quc gia v ncthi cng nghip

Thng t s& W?720>>7TT-BTNMT ngy 2Y->2-20>> c$a B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, Quynh Quy chu3n k/ thut Qu&c gia v Mi trng 8QCVN W0\20>>7BTNMT9 v nc thi cngnghip c hiu l#c t ngy >F72720>2. Quy chu3n ny quy nh gi tr t&i a cho php c$a ccthng s& nhim trong nc thi cng nghip khi x vo ngu1n tip nhn. Quy chu3n pdng &i vi t) ch4c, c nhn lin quan n hot ng x nc thi cng nghip vo ngu1ntip nhn. Quy chu3n ny p dng thay th QCVN 2W\200@7BTNMT - Quy chu3n k/ thut qu&cgia v nc thi cng nghip ban hnh km theo Thn g t s& 2F7200@7TT-BTNMT ngy >6thng >> nm 200@ c$a B trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng quy nh Quy chu3n k/ thutqu&c gia v mi trng.

QUI *NH K THUT

2.1. GI` TR* T|I z CHO PHP Cz C`C THNG S| NHI M TRONG N(C THI CNGNGHIP KHI x VO NGUN TIP NHN N(C THI

2.1.1. Gi tr ti a cho php c#a cc thng s nhim trong nc thi cng nghip khi{ vo ngun ti

- Kq l h s& ngu1n tip nhn nc thi quy nh ti mc 2.: 4ng vi lu lng dng chyc$a sng, su&i, khe, rch knh, mng dung tch c$a h1, ao, %m mc ch s* dng c$avng nc bin ven b


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- K l h s& lu lng ngu1n thi quy nh ti mc 2.W 4ng vi t)ng lu lng nc thic$a cc c s cng nghip khi x vo ngu1n tip nhn nc thi

2.1.2. `p dng gi tr ti a cho php Cma{ C Wkh ng p dng h s Kq v KX i vicc thng s: nhit , mu, pH, coliorm, Tjng ho t phng { , Tjng hot phng{ .

2.1.3. Nc thi cng nghip { vo h thng thot nc th, khu dn c cha c nhmy {A l nc thi t&p trung th p dng gi tr Cma{ C quy nh ti ct B Bng 1.

2.2. GI` TR* C Cz C`C THNG S| NHIM TRONG N(C THI CNG NGHIP ?CQU] *NH T_I BNG 1

Bng 1.1: Gi tr C ca cc thng s nhim trong nc thi cng ng hip

TT Thng s n vGi tr C

z B

1 Nhit oC W0 W0

2 Mu Pt7Co F0 >F0

3 pH - 6 n @ F,F n @

4 BODF 820oC9 mg7L :0 F0

5 COD mg7L ?F >F0

6 Cht rn l l*ng mg7L F0 >00

7 Asen mg7L 0,0F 0,>

8 Thu ngn mg7L 0,00F 0,0>

9 Ch mg7L 0,> 0,F

10 Cadimi mg7L 0,0F 0,>

11 Crom 8VI9 mg7L 0,0F 0,>

12 Crom 8III9 mg7L 0,2 >

13 ;1ng mg7L 2 2

14 Km mg7L : :

15 Niken mg7L 0,2 0,F

16 Mangan mg7L 0,F >

17 St mg7L > F

18 T)ng xianua mg7L 0,0? 0,>

19 T)ng phenol mg7L 0,> 0,F

20 T)ng d%u m khong mg7L F >0


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Ct A Bng > quy nh gi tr C c$a cc thng s& nhim trong nc thi cng nghip khix vo ngu1n nc c dng cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot

Ct B Bng > quy nh gi tr C c$a cc thng s& nhim trong nc thi cng nghip khix vo ngu1n nc khng dng cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot

Mc ch s* dng c$a ngu1n tip nhn nc thi c xc nh ti khu v#c tip nhnnc thi.

2.3. H S| NGUN TIP NHN N(C THI KQ

2.3.1. H s Kq Jng vi lu lEng dng chy c#a sn g, sui, khe, rch knh, mng Ecquy nh ti Bng 1.2 di y:

TT Thng s n vGi tr C

z B

21 Sunfua mg7L 0,2 0,F

22 [lorua mg7L F >0

23 Amoni 8tnh theo N9 mg7L F >0

24 T)ng nit mg7L 20 W0

25 T)ng ph&t pho 8tnh theo P 9 mg7L W 6

26Clorua 8khng p dng khi x vongu1n nc mjn, nc l9

mg7L F00 >000

27 Clo d mg7L > 2

28T)ng ho cht bo v th#c vt clo huc

mg7L 0,0F 0,>

29T)ng ho cht bo v th#c vt ph&tpho hu c

mg7L 0,: >

30 T)ng PCB mg7L 0,00: 0,0>

31 Coliform vi khu3n7>00ml :000 F000

32 T)ng hot phng x Bq7l 0,> 0,>

33 T)ng hot phng x Bq7l >,0 >,0

V c tnh theo gi tr trung bnh dung tch c$a h1, ao, %m tip nhn nc thi 0: thngkh kit nht trong 0: nm lin tip (s liu ca c quan Kh t!ng Thu< vn).

2.3.3. Khi ngun ti.

Vng nc bin ven b khng dng cho mc ch bo v thu sinh, th thao hojc gii trdi nc p dng Kq ~ >,:.

2.4. H S| LU L?NG NGUN THI K

H s& lu lng ngu1n thi Kf c quy nh ti Bng W di y\


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Bng 1.2: H s Kq ng vi lu lng dng chy ca ngun tip nh n nc thi

Lu lEng dng chy c#a ngun ti

200 Q F00 >,>

Q F00 >,2

Dung tch ngun ti

0 x >06 0,6

>0 x >06 V >00 x >06 0,Y

V >00 x >06 >,0

Q c tnh theo gi tr trung bnh lu lng dng chy c$a ngu1n tip nhn nc thi0: thng kh kit nht trong 0: nm lin tip (s liu ca c quan Kh t!ng Thu< vn).

2.3.2. H s Kq Jng vi dung tch c#a ngun ti


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Bng 1.4: H s lu lng ngun thi Kf

Lu lEng ngun thi W Xn v tnh: mt khi/ngy m Wm 3/24hX

H s K

[ F0 >,2

F0 [ F00 >,>

F00 [ F.000 >,0

[ F.000 0,@

Lu lng ngu1n thi [ c tnh theo lu lng thi ln nht nu trong Bo co nhgi tc ng mi trng, Cam kt bo v mi trng hojc ; n bo v mi trng.

1.2.4. Cc Quy chu;n Kf thu&t Quc gia v nc thi cng nghip i vi t8ng loi hnhsn {ut

Quyt nh s& >67200Y7Q;-BTNMT ngy :>7>27200Y, Thng t s& 2F7200@7TT-BTNMT ngy>67>>7200@, Quyt nh 0W7200Y7Q;-BTNMT v mi y l Thng t s& :@720>07TT-BTNMT vthng t s& W2720>07TT-BTNMT c$a B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ban hnh Quy chu3n K/thut Qu&c gia v nc thi &i vi mt s& loi hn h sn xut, dch v (bng 1.5, xem chi titni dung trong phn Ph% l%c).

Bng 1.5: Danh mc cc Quy chun Vit Nam v nc thi cng nghi p

TT Tn quy chu;n S hiu

1Quy chu3n k/ thut qu&c gia v nc thi cng nghipch bin cao su thin nhin

QCVN 0>\200Y7BTNMT

2Quy chu3n k/ thut qu&c gia v nc thi cng nghipch bin th$y sn

QCVN >>\200Y7BTNMT

3Quy chu3n k/ thut qu&c gia v nc thi cng nghipgiy v bt giy

QCVN >2\200Y7BTNMT

4Quy chu3n k/ thut qu&c gia v nc thi cng nghipdt may

QCVN >:\200Y7BTNMT

5 Qui chu3n k/ thut qu&c gia v nc thi cng nghip QCVN 2W\ 200@7BTNMT

6 Qui chu3n k/ thut qu&c gia v nc thi y t QCVN 2Y\20>07BTNMT

7Qui chu3n k/ thut qu&c gia v nc thi kho v c*ahng xng d%u

QCVN 2@\20>07BTNMT

8Qui chu3n k/ thut qu&c gia v nc thi cng trnh d%ukh

QCVN :F\20>07BTNMT

Ly mu

- Phng php ly mu:Thng thng nc thi cng nghip c lu lng c5ng nh hmlng cc cht nhim bin thin theo thi gian, v vy m bo tnh chnh xc v idin c%n phi ly m+u theo phng php ly m+u t) hp theo lu lng v thi gian trong> ca sn xut, nghZa l g1m cc m+u n c ly v pha trn sao cho th tch c$a mim+u n t( l vi lu lng dng thi ti thi im ly m+u v c ly nhng khongthi gian b!ng nhau trong thi gian ly m+u. Khi l y m+u c%n phi kt hp vi o lulng.

- Th tch mu:Th tch c$a m+u n c%n thit trn vo m+u t) h p t l vi lu lngc$a n ti thi im ly m+u v c tnh nh sau\

Trong :

VS\ Th tch c$a m+u n c%n thit trn

VTOT\ T)ng th tch yu c%u c$a m+u t) hp

QTB\ Lu lng trung bnh

Q\ Lu lng ti thi im ly m+u n

NS\ S& m+u n c%n trn


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1.2.5. Cc tiu chu;n quy nh hot ng ly mu

Sau y l mt s& tiu chu3n quy nh v phng php ly m+u vi cc &i tng c linquan ti hot ng quan trc mi trng, ty theo m c tiu v chng trnh quan trc ncthi cng nghip yu c%u, c th phi tin hnh cc hot ng quan trc nc thi ti ni tipnhn.

Bng 1.6: Phng php ly mu

i tEng S hiu tiu chu;n, phng php

Hng d+n chung TCVN 666:->\20>>

Nc sng su&i

TCVN 666:-6\200Y

ISO F66?76\ >@@0 8E9

APHA >060 B

Nc ao h1TCVN F@@W\ >@@F

ISO F66?7W\ >@Y?

Nc thi TCVN F@@@\>@@F

VS ~VTOT

x QQTBx NS


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Th tch m+u c%n ly l lng m+u va $ th#c hin cc php phn tch cc thng s&ha l. Lu , &i vi tt c cc loi m+u t) hp, th tch c$a tng m+u n khng nh hnF0ml.

1.2.6. Tiu chu;n quy nh hot ng bo qun v v&n chuy>n mu

a9 M+u nc sau khi ly, bo qun v lu gi theo TCVN 666:-:\200Y hojc APHA >060 hojcISO F66?

b9 M+u sau khi ly c%n c chuyn n ni phn tch cng sm cng t&t. Trong qu trnhvn chuyn m+u v+n phi tip tc c bo qun trong cc iu kin c%n thit theo yuc%u m bo an ton v m+u khng bin )i khi v ti phng th nghim phn tch.

Bng 1.7: Cc yu cu k thut chung thch hp bo qun mu nc thi phn tch cc thng s l ha sinh (trch dn t TCVN 6663-3:2008)

Thng sLoi chai

ngmu

Th> tchmu ti

thi>u WmlXCch bo qun

Thi gianlu giY ti a

BODF P, G F00 Lm lnh 2 0C n F 0C 24 gi

COD P, G >00Axt ha n pH2 b!ng H 2SOW, lmlnh 2 0C n F 0C

5 ngy

Cht rn l l*ng P, G 200 Lm lnh 2 0C n F 0C 1 2 ngy

Arsen P, BG >00 Axit ha m+u n pH2 b!ng HCl 1 thng

Thu ngn BG >00 Axt ha n pH2 b!ng HNO : 1 thng

Ch P, BG F0 Axt ha n pH2 b!ng HNO : 1 thng

Cadimi P, BG F0 Axt ha n pH2 b!ng HNO : 1 thng

Crm 8III9 P, BG F0 Axt ha n pH2 b!ng HNO : 1 thng

Crm 8VI9 P, BG >00 Lm lnh 2 0C n F 0C 24 gi

;1ng P, BG F0 Axt ha n pH2 b!ng HNO : 1 thng

Km P, BG F0 Axt ha n pH2 b!ng HNO : 1 thng

Niken P, BG F0 Axt ha n pH2 b!ng HNO : 1 thng

Mangan P, BG F0 Axt ha n pH2 b!ng HNO : 1 thng

St P, BG F0 Axt ha n pH2 b!ng HNO : 1 thng

Thic P, BG F0 Axit ho n pH2, b!ng H2SOW 1 thng

CN- P >00 Ph thuc phng php phn tch -

Phenol BG >00CuSOW v axit ha b!ng H : POWnpH2

24 gi


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Ghi ch: (P- nh"a, G thy tinh BG - thy tinh borosilicat)

Bng 1.8: Sp xp cc thng s theo k thut bo qun (trch dn t TCVN 6663-3:2008)

Thng sLoi chai

ngmu

Th> tchmu ti

thi>u WmlXCch bo qun

Thi gianlu giY ti a

D%u khong G >000 Lm lnh 2 0C n F 0C 24 gi

Clo d P, G >00 -Cng smcng tt

Sunfua P, G >00 Kim ha b!ng Na 2CO: 24 gi

[loruaP (khng

dngPTFE)

>00 - 1 thng

Clorua P, G >00 - 1 thng

Amoni P, G >00Axt ha n pH: b!ng H 2SOW, lmlnh 2 0C n F 0C

24 gi

T)ng nit P, G >00 Lm lnh 2 0C n F 0C 24 gi

T)ng phtpho P, G >00 Lm lnh 2 0C n F 0C 24 gi

ColiformBnh ch4atit trng

F0 Lm lnh 2 0C n F 0C 8 gi

T)ng hot phng x a

P >00Thm 20ml >ml HNO: F0| (v/v)vocho >l m+u. pH phi nh hn >. Gi ch t&i, 2 0C n F 0C

Cng smcng tt

T)ng hot phng x b

Kf thu&t bo qun Thng s Ec p dng

Lm lnh 2 0C n F 0CBODF, SS, d%u m khong, crm (VI), clorua,orua, clo d

Axt ha n pH2 b!ng H 2SOW, lm lnh 2 0Cn F 0C

COD, t)ng nit, t)ng ph&t pho, amoni, thic

Axit ha m+u n pH2 b!ng HCl Arsen

Axt ha n pH2 b!ng HNO :Thu ngn, ch, cadimi, crm (III), 1ng, km,niken, mangan, st

Kim ha b!ng Na 2CO: Sunfua


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1.2.7. Tiu chu;n quy nh hot ng phn tch trong phng th nghim

Phng php phn tch\ ty vo mc tiu cht lng ra, phn tch cc thng s& phitun theo mt trong cc phng php quy nh ti B ng >.@ di y. ;&i vi cc phngphp theo tiu chu3n qu&c t khc hojc cc phng php theo tiu chu3n b ngnh c5ngnh cc phng php ni b, trc khi s* dng c%n phi c c quan qun l chng trnhquan trc mi trng ph duyt hojc chp thun b!ng vn bn.

Bng 1.9: Cc phng php phn tch cc thng s

TT Thng s Tiu chu;n, phng php {c nh, phn tch

1 Nhit TCVN WFF?\>@YY

2 pH

TCVN WFF@\>@@Y

TCVN 6W@2\>@@@ (ISO 10523:1994)

APHA WF00-H B

3 Mi APHA 2>F0 B

4 ; m%u (Co-Pt = pH @ 7)

TCVN 6>YF\200Y

ISO ?YY?\>@@W

2>20 C, D, E

5 BODF (200C)TCVN 600>->\ 200Y

APHA -F2>0B

6 CODTCVN 6W@>\>@@@ (ISO 6060:1989)

APHA -F220

7 Cht rn l l*ng (SS)

TCVN WF60\>@YY

TCVN 662F\2000 (ISO 11923:1997)

APHA-2FW0D

8 Asen

TCVN 6626\2000

ISO >>@6@\>@@6

EPA 60>0B

APHA :F00-As

9 Thu ngn

TCVN ?Y??\200Y 8ISO F666 ->@@@9

TCVN F@@0\>@@F

TCVN ??2W\200?

10 ChTCVN 6>@:\>@@6 Cht lng nc - Xc nh coban, niken, 1ng,km, cadimi v ch. Phng php trc ph) hp th nguyn t*ng"n l*a

11 Cadimi TCVN 6>@?\>@@6

12 Crm (VI)TCVN 66FY\2000 Cht lng nc Xc nh crm ha tr su Phng php trc quang dng >,F Diphenylcacba{id.

13 Crm (III) TCVN 6W@W-:\2000

14 ;1ng TCVN 6>@:\>@@6

15 Km TCVN 6>@:\>@@6


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16 Niken TCVN 6>@:\>@@6

17 ManganTCVN 6002\>@@F (ISO 6333-1986)Cht lng nc - Xc nhmangan - Phng php trc quang dng fomaldoxim

18 StTCVN 6>??\>@@6 (ISO 6332-1988)Cht lng nc - Xc nh stb!ng phng php trc ph) dng thu&c th* >,>0-phenantrolin

19 Thic APHA :F00- Sn

20 XianuaTCVN 6>Y>\>@@6 (ISO 6703-1-1984)Cht lng nc - Xc nhXianua t)ng

21 PhenolTCVN 62>6\>@@6 (ISO 6439-1990)Cht lng nc - Xc nh ch(s& phenol - Phng php trc ph) dng W-aminoantipyrin saukhi chng ct

22 D%u m khongTCVN F0?0\>@@F Cht lng nc - Phng php kh&i lng xcnh d%u m v sn ph3m d%u m

23 D%u ng th#c vtPhng php xc nh t)ng d%u m th#c vt th#c hin theo USEPA Method >66W Extraction and gravimetry (Oil and grease andtotal petroleum hydrocarbons)

24 Clo dTCVN 622F-:\>@@6 Cht lng nc - Xc nh clo t# do v clot)ng s&. Ph%n : Phng php chu3n iot xc nh clo t)ng s&

25 PCBAPHA 6W:>

EPA 60F

26Ho cht bo v th#c vtln hu c

EPA Method 6>W

27Ho cht bo v th#c vtc clo

APHA 60Y

EPA Y0Y>A

28 SunfuaTCVN WF6?\>@YY Cht lng nc Phng php xc nh hmlng sunfua v sunphat

29 [loruaTCVN 6W@W\>@@@ Cht lng nc - Xc nh cc ion orua,clorua, nitrit, orthophotphat, bromua, nitrit v sunfat ha tanb!ng sc k lng ion. Phng php dnh cho nc b3n t

30 CloruaTCVN 622F-:\>@@6 Cht lng nc - Xc nh clo t# do v clot)ng s&. Ph%n : Phng php chu3n iot xc nh clo t)ng s&

31 Amoni (tnh theo Nit)TCVN F@YY\>@@F (ISO 5664-1984)Cht lng nc - Xc nhamoni

32 T)ng NitTCVN 66:Y\2000 Cht lng nc - Xc nh nit - V c ha xctc sau khi kh* b!ng hp kim Devarda


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33 T)ng PhtphoTCVN 6202\>@@6

APHA WF00-P

34 Coliform

TCVN 6>Y?->\200@ (ISO 9308-1: 2000/Cor 1: 20079 Cht lngnc - Pht hin v m vi khu3n coliform, vi khu3n coliformchu nhit v escherichia coli gi nh - Ph%n > - Phng phpmng l"c

35 T)ng hot phng x TCVN 60F:\>@@F Cht lng nc - ;o t)ng hot phng xanpha trong nc khng mjn. Phng php ngu1n dy

36 T)ng hot phng x TCVN 62>@\>@@F Cht lng nc - ;o t)ng hot phng xbeta trong nc khng mjn

Cc thng s phn tch c% th lin quan n cc cht c c th khng c trong cc TCVN hin nay. Ccphng php phn tch sau y !c kim nghim v ph duyt b=i cc c quan qun l mi trngBc M .

Hp cht hu c d bay hi

89 Cc phng php tiu chu3n(21st Son tho 2005)\ 6200 B.Purge and Trap Capillary-Column Gas Chromatographic7MassSpectrometric Method 89 MA.W00 COV >.> Bin son: 2002->2->@ 7Sa i: >2->2-200Y 8>9 Phng phpphn tch\ Xc nh VOCs\ Gn l"c v gi li php o v sc kc$a ph) kh (Mthode danalyseJ: Dtermination des composs organiques volatils : dosage par Purge and Trap coupl unchromatographe en phase gazeuse et un spectromtre de masse)

Hp cht hu c bay hi mtph%n (PAH, phthalates, phenolics,ha cht bo v th"c vt c clo,v PCBs)

89 Cc phng php tiu chu3n\ 6410 ExtractableBase7Neutralsand Acids, 6W>0 B. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromato-graphic7 Mass Spectrometric Method 89 MA. W00-COSVc >.0

PAH

Bin son:200:-06->Y 7 Sa i: 0Y->>-200@ 8:9 Phng phpphn tch\ Xc nh cc hp cht hu c bay hi mt ph%n b!ngphp o v ghi li sc ph) (Mthode danalyse: Dtermination descomposs organiques semi-volatils complmentaires : dosage parchromatographie en phase gazeuse couple un spectromtre demasse)89 MA. W00 HAP >.> Ed.\ 200>->2-0F 7 Revision \ 200Y->>-2> 8:9Phng php phn tch\ Xc nh PAH b!ng php o v ghi lisc ph) (Mthode danalyse: Dtermination des hydrocarburesaromatiques polycycliques : dosage par chromatographie en phasegazeuse couple un spectromtre de masse)

PCB, Chloroben{enes, v PAH

89 MA. W00 SPE BPC7Clb{7HAP >.0Ed. \ 2006->>-22 7 Revision \ 200@->2-02 8>9Phng php phn tch\ Xc nh PCBs, ben{ens clo ha _ PAH\chit pha rn 8SPE9 _ phn tch b!ng GC7MS(Mthode danalyseJ: Dtermination des biphnyles polychlors,des chlorobenznes et des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycy-cliques : extraction et puriRcation sur phase solide (SPE) et dosagepar chromatographie en phase gazeuse couple un spectromtrede masse)


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89 MA. W00 BPC >.0 Ed. >@@Y-0F-0Y 7 Revision \ 200@-0Y->> 8W9Phng php phn tch\ xc nh PCB\ o b!ng GC7 MS phng php dng cc cht tng ng (Mthode danalyseJ:Dtermination des biphnyles polychlors : dosage par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couple un spectromtre demasse mthode par congnre et groupe homologue)

Dioxins v [urans

89 MA. W00 D.[. >.0Ed. \ >@@?->>-2> 7 Revision \ 2006->>-02 8W9Phng php phn tch\ xc nh polychlorinated diben{o-para-dioxins _ diben{ofurans\ o b!ng GC7MS(Mthode danalyse : Dtermination des dibenzo-para-dioxinespolychlors et dibenzofuranes polychlors :dosage par chromatographie en phase gazeuse coupl un spectromtre de masse)

Ha cht bo v th#c vt (ln hu c)

MA. W0: Pest :.>Ed. 200W-0W->6 7 Revision \ 2006-0:->? 8>9Phng php phn tch\ Xc nh thu&c tr su ln hu c tantrong nc, tria{ine, ha cht tr su carbamate v substitut eurea\ chit b!ng C->Y, o b!ng GC7MS.(Mthode danalyse : Dtermination des pesticides de typeorganophosphor, triazine, carbamate et ure substitue dansleau : extraction avec C-18? dosage par chromatographie en phasegazeuse couple un spectromtre de masse.

Ha cht bo v th#c vt (c clo)

MA. W0: P. Ocl W.0Ed. \ 2000-0:-22 7 Revision \ 200Y-0W-2W 829Phng php phn tch\ Xc nh ha cht tr su clo hu c\chit lng-lng b!ng hexane v dichloromethane o b!ngGC7MS(Mthode danalyse : Dtermination des pesticides de typeorganochlor extraction avec de lhexane et du dichloromthane :dosage par chromatographie en phase gazeuse)

Ha cht bo v th#c vt (dngAryloacide)

MA. W0: P. Chlp 2.> Ed. \ 20>0-06->0Phng php phn tch\ Xc nh ha cht tr su dng aryloxyacide chit b!ng C->Y v te ha o b!ng GC-MS.(Mthode danalyse : Dtermination des pesticides de type aryloxyacide? extraction avec C-18 suivie dune estriRcation :dosage par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couple un spectromtre de masse)

89

89

STANDARD METHODS [OR THE EXAMINATION O[ ]ATER _ ]ASTE]ATER, 2>st Ed., 200FCentre dexpertise en analyse environnementale du Qubec (CEAEQ)2?00, rue Einstein, bureau E.2.220 Qubec(Qubec)G>P :]Y Tlphone \ > 8W>Y9 6W:->:0> Tlcopieur \ > 8W>Y9 F2Y->0@> Courriel \ ceaeqmddep.gouv.qc.ca


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1.3. Ngh nh s 04/2007/N-CP, thng t 106/2007/ TTLT/BTC-BTNMT v ph bo v mitrng i vi nc thi

Nh!m hn ch nhim mi trng t nc thi, s* d ng tit kim nc sch v to ngu1nkinh ph cho qu/ Bo v mi trng th#c hin vic bo v, khc phc nhim mi trng,ngy >: thng 6 nm 200:, Chnh ph$ ban hnh Ngh nh s& 6?7200:7N;-CP v thng thng d+n s& >2F7200:7TTLT7BTC-BTNMT c$a lin B Ti chnh, B Ti nguyn v Mi trngv vic ph bo v mi trng &i vi nc thi, ch thu, np, qun l v s* dng ph bov mi trng &i vi nc thi.

Sau thi gian a vo th#c t p dng, Chnh ph$ ban hnh ngh nh s& 0W7200?7N;-CP ngy Y thng > nm 200? v vic s*a )i, thay th ngh nh 6?7200:7N;-CP, thng t>067200?7TTLT7BTC-BTVMT v vic s*a )i, thay th thng t hng d+n s&>2F7200:7TTLT7BTC-BTNMT c$a lin B Ti chnh, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng c th m4c thuph bo v mi trng &i vi nc thi cng nghip tnh theo tng cht gy nhim cquy nh nh trong bng >.>0.

Bng 1.10: Mc thu ph theo tng cht gy nhim i vi nc thi cng nghip

STTCht gy nhim c trong nc thi

MJc thu Wng/kg cht gy nhim ctrong nc thiX

Tn gi K hiu Ti thiu Ti a

1 COD ACOD 100 300

2 Cht rn l l*ng ATSS 200 400

3 Thu ngn AHg 10.000.000 20.000.000

4 Ch APb 300 500

5 Arsenic AAs 600 1.000.000

6 Cadmium ACd 600 1.000.000

1.4. NGHz V NH HNG MI TRNG Cz C`C THNG S| NHIM CHNH

Thnh ph%n cc cht nhim c$a mt ngnh cng nghip kh a dng nn xc nh bthng s& v cc phng php phn tch trong phng th nghim vi cc tiu chu3n c th lvic lm c%n thit phc v cho mc ch qun l mi trng. Trc khi i vo cc m t chitit v phng php quan trc v phn tch trong ph ng th nghim c5ng nh "c cc ktqu phn tch, nghZa c$a mt vi thng s& c bn.

Nh!m nh gi m4c nhim v nhim khu3n, kt hp mt vi tip cn khoa h"c vinhau s em li kt qu cng hng. Hnh v di y minh h"a nhng cch din gii khcnhau &i vi s& lng 7ngu1n gy nhim &i vi mt ngnh cng nghip.


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Hnh 1.1: Nhng cch tip cn khc nhau i vi cc cht/ngu;n gy nhim

C%n nhn mnh r!ng khi nh gi m4c gy nhim ton din c%n s* dng cc cchtip cn khoa h"c khc nhau. Mi thng s& c th nh!m xc nh mt loi cht nhim ring.Nhn chung, cc thng s& nhim c xy d#ng nh!m phc v cng tc qun l mi trngv nghin c4u cc gii php k/ thut.

Ngoi tr mt vi ngnh cng nghip jc bit nh cn g nghip m kim loi hay nh mysn xut thp, h%u ht cc ngnh cng nghip thi ra cht nhim hu c trong nc thic$a mnh. Cc cht nhim hu c thng thng l t ) hp c$a cc-bon (C), hydro(H), xy(O), Ni t (N), c th c thm lu hu2 | cc loi d%u v cht bo.

Cht thi cng nghip ch4a mt lng nht nh cc phn t* hu c t)ng hp, c cutrc t n gin n v cng ph4c tp (xem cc cht gy nhim hu c di y).

Phn tch hm lng nhim c th phn loi theo cc h o lng t)ng cc cht hu cg1m mt s& hojc thnh ph%n hu c c jc tnh tng t# khng th phn bit ring r, v dnh BODF, COD and TOC, hojc theo cch lng ha cc hp cht hu c ring r\ VOCs, PAH,PCB, v.v. Hy bt %u vi vic xem xt t)ng cc cht gy nhim hu c v cc hp cht nhim.

1.4.1. Cc thng s nhim hYu c thng thng WBOD5 , COD v TOCX

Nhu cu xy sinh ha (BOD5)

Thng s& nhim hu c c s* dng ph) bin nht l l nhu c%u xy sinh ha F ngy.;iu ny c gii thch bi phng trnh di y\

Cht hu c U O2 Sn phm cui U T bo vi khun miVI KHWZN


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Vi khu3n s* dng xy trong qu trnh phn h$y sinh h"c c$a cc cht hu c (cht c thb phn hy) . Vic xc nh BOD bao g1m vic o lng xy ha tan c s* dng bi cc visinh vt trong mt khong thi gian tiu chu3n F ngy. C%n lu r!ng php o ny l cchkhng tr#c tip nh gi cc cht hu c c th ph n h$y c b!ng vi khu3n v php ony khng cho nh gi tr#c tip kh&i lng c$a cht hu c. Kt qu c th hin qua lngxy c s* dng, tnh b!ng mg7L (O2). Lu khng nh gi thng s& ny &i vi cc chtkhng c kh nng phn h$y b!ng vi khu3n.

Mjc d phng php kim tra BOD c hng lot hn ch , kt qu c$a n hin nay thngc dng cho cc mc ch sau\

- Xc nh tng &i lng xy c%n )n nh cht h u c theo cc phn 4ng sinh h"c.

- Xc nh kch thc c$a thit b x* l nc thi

- ;o lng hiu qu c$a mt s& qu trnh x* l

- ;nh gi s# tun th$ tiu chu3n thi cho php.

Vic x thi tr#c tip nc thi c hm lng BODF cao vo cc con sng hojc vo ngu1ntip nhn s gy ra hin tng thiu xy c%n thit cho cuc s&ng c $a cc loi th$y sinh.

Nhu cu xy ha hc (COD)

Nhu c%u xy ha h"c (COD)l lng xy c%n thit xy ha cc hp cht hu c trongnc thi theo phn 4ng ha h"c s* dng cht xy h a dichromate trong mi trng axit,c minh h"a trong phng trnh di y\

Cht hu c U Cr2O7 2- U HU CO2 UH2O U NH4UU 2Cr3U

Trong v d ny, cht hu c c th c xy ha bi cng th4c t)ng qut c ginlc CHON. Cht nhim hu c c nh gi gin ti p thng qua vic s* dng cht xyha dichromate. Nh!m mc ch so snh vi BOD, lng cht xy ha dichromate cchuyn )i sang ng lng xy, c nghZa l ng lng c$a cht xy ha chuyn )ithnh >6g xy. Kt qu COD c th hin b!ng mg7L (O2) gi&ng nh &i vi BOD.

Mjc d c th k< v"ng gi tr BOD c$a cc cht c thnh ph%n c bn l cc-bon s caonh COD, nhng iu ny khng th xy ra do cc nguyn nhn sau y \

- Nhiu loi cht hu c kh xy ha trong phn 4ng sinh h"c c th xy ha theo phn4ng ha h"c,

- Mt s& cht hu c c th gy c cho vi sinh vt s* dng trong phn t ch BOD,

- Gi tr COD cao c th xut hin do s# xy ha trong phn 4ng ha h"c c$a cc chtgy nhim v c.

S# khc nhau v kt qu mg7L(O2) hay t s& kinh nghim COD7BODF c th l du hiunh lng v s# t1n ti c$a cht hu c kh hay t phn h$y b!ng vi s inh.

Tng cc-bon hu c (TOC)

Hp cht hu c l nhng chui cc-bon. Php phn t ch TOC c s* dng xc nht)ng cc-bon hu c. Phng trnh phn 4ng c tm tt nh sau\

CHN CO2 Cc cht khc XY HA M[NH


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Cc-bon hu c c xc nh thng qua lng CO 2 sinh ra do qu trnh xy ha mnhb!ng cc tc nhn nh\ nhit v xy, tia c#c tm, cht xy ha, hojc s# kt hp c$a tc nhnny vi nhau. Lng CO 2 sinh ra c xc nh b!ng thit b phn tch h1ng ngoi hojc ccthit b khc. Kt qu c biu th di dng mg7l 8C9.

TOC trong nc thi c th c s* dng nh mt thc o cho cc jc tnh nhim c$an. Trong mt vi trng hp, c th lin h TOC vi cc gi tr BOD v COD. Ch( s& TOC cs* dng ph) bin v ch( mt F->0 pht hon thnh php phn tch. G%n y, my phn tchTOC t# ng c trin khai.

1.4.2. Cc thng s nhim cht r%n thng thng WTSS, VSS v TDSX

T)ng cht rn ch4a trong nc thi bao g1m\

- Cc cht n)i trn b mjt

- Cht l l*ng v cht ha tan trong dung dch

- Cht c th lng xu&ng.

X* l nc thi nh!m loi b cc cht nhim v j c bit l cc cht l l*ng v cht n)i.Cc cht c th lng th d loi b hn v qu trnh lng n gin trong khi cc cht l l*ng vn)i c%n phi can thip b!ng nhng qu trnh sinh h"c hojc ha l ph4c tp. Cht ha tan ch(b loi b mt ph%n thng qua cc bc x* l khc.

T)ng cht rn (TS)thu c sau khi sy kh mt m+u nc thi v cn l ng cjn cn li.Php phn tch chu3n &i vi cht rn c th lng c th#c hin b!ng cch cho m+u ncthi vo bnh nn Imho mt lt v ghi li dung tc h (ml) cc cht rn lng "ng sau mtkhong thi gian nht nh (1 ting). TS v cht rn c th lng thng c s* dng t heodi nh k< hot ng c$a nh my x* l nc thi, nhng t c cp trong quy nh hnl thng s& TSS.

Tng cht rn l lng (TSS)

T)ng cht rn l l*ng 8TSS9 c phn tch ra khi t)ng cht rn ha tan (TDS) b!ngphng php l"c. Php phn tch TSS mang tnh tng &i, ph thuc vo kch c l c$a giyl"c s* dng. Cc b l"c vi kch c l t 0,22 m ti 2,0 m ang c s* dng cho phpphn tch TSS. ;iu quan tr"ng l phi thng bo kch thc l c$a giy l"c khi vit bo cokt qu TSS b!ng mg7L.

;1ng thi c5ng c%n lu r!ng bn thn php phn tch TSS khng phi l th nghim c nghZa quan tr"ng. TSS l mt thng s& t)ng bi v khng th xc nh c phn b& v kchc v s& lng c$a cc ht trong gi tr ny. Hn na, bn cht ha h"c c$a TSS khng cxc nh chnh xc v gi tr thu c c th bao g1m cht rn khng gy nhim nh ccm3u nh t cc ng &ng xi mng v tng cc b ch 4a, hojc ch( l nhng m3u t tcc b x* l o trn mjt t.

Tuy nhin, TSS l mt trong 2 thng s& c s* dng ph) bin (cng vi BOD) nh gihiu qu c$a cng trnh x* l nc thi.

Cc cht rn l lng d bay hi (VSS)

Cc cht d bay hi l nhng cht c th bay hi ho jc b&c chy khi b nung nng nnhit F0 0 F0OC. Cht rn d bay hi (VS)ph%n ln l cht hu c, l ph%n kh&i lng b


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gim sau khi nung m+u. Trong khi , cht rn c& nh (FS)l kh&i lng cht rn cn li trnchn nung sau khi nung m+u. Do , VSS c xc nh thng qua TSS v [S (VSS @ TSS FS)

T l VSS7TSS cho thy t l ph%n trm c$a cc cht nhim hu c. Trong mt qu trnhx* l c th (c bit l qu trnh sinh hc), VSS c s* dng c tnh mt cch tng &isinh kh&i trong b phn 4ng sinh h"c.

Tng cht rn ha tan (TDS)

Theo nh nghZa, cht rn l"t qua mng l"c sau khi m+u nc c l"c qua mng c kchthc l tiu chu3n c g"i l cht rn ha tan. K ch c c$a nhng ht huyn ph trong ncthi thng c kch thc jc trng t 0,0> ti >,0 m. Vi kch thc l l"c thng mi 0,WFm, chng ta c th tin r!ng mt s& ht huyn ph n!m l+n trong gi tr c$a TSS v ph%n cnli n!m trong cht rn ha tan. Do , mt s& nh%m l+n c th xut hin trong qu trnh thitk v hot ng c$a nh my x* l nc thi.

1.4.3. Cc thng s nhim hYu c [c th

Cc hp cht hu c jc th c xc nh nh gi s# t1n ti c$a nhng cht gy nhim nguy him hng %u nhiu ngi bit (cht gy ung th, cht gy t bin, d tt bmsinh, cht c c tnh cao hay cht c t;n ti lu di, kh o thi) . C quan bo v mi trngM/ bc %u xc nh c khong >2@ cht gy nhim hng %u (c dng v c v huc) . Cc phng php phn tch gp ph%n xy d#ng danh sch ny. KZ thut ang ngymt pht trin, hng lot hp cht hu c khc c pht hin v a thm vo danh schcc cht c u tin c$a tng a phng phc v m c ch qun l cng tc bo v mitrng mt cch hiu qu.

Phng php phn tch sc k kh (GC)v sc k lng hiu nng cao (HPLC)c s* dngnhiu nht pht hin cc hp cht hu c jc th v chng c gii hn pht hin rt nh,t >0 ->2 n >0 ->: mg7L. Mt s& detector in hnh c kt n&i vi thit b GC bao g1m\

- ; d+n in (Electrolytic conductivity),

- B+y in t* (Electron capture - ECD),

- Ion ha ng"n l*a (Flame ionization - FID),

- Ion ha quang in (Photoionization -PID), v

- Sc k kh ghp n&i kh&i ph) (Mass spectrophotometer- GC-MS).

Detector in hnh s* dng trong HPLC bao g1m chm t bo quang in (PDAD)vbu1ng phn 4ng cu&i ct (PC\).

Hydrocarbon thm a vng (PAH)

Cc cht PAH l mt trong nhng cht gy nhim hu c ph) bin nht. Chng t1n titrong khi v kh thi cng nghip. Chng c pht hin trong cht thi cng nghip nhsn ph3m ph c$a qu trnh chy nhin liu khng hon ton (g], than, du diezel, v.v). PAHc quan tm do mt vi hp cht thuc h" PAH c xc nh l tc nhn ung th, chtgy ra t bin, d tt b3m sinh m4c tng &i thp.

V d v cc phn t* PAH c minh h"a trong ph lc >A V d v phn t* PAH.

Cc hp cht hu c d bay hi (VOC)

Khng c mt nh nghZa r rng v c chp nhn m t cch rng ri v VOC gy nhim. T quan im ha h"c, VOC c th ch( mt hp cht hu c bt k< c th bay hi trongiu kin thng. B ^ T c$a Canada phn loi VOC nh mt hp cht hu c c im sitrong khong F0 n 2F0 0C. C%n nhn mnh n cc cht VOC c nh hng n c ht lngkhng kh v ni tip nhn nc thi. Hng lot VOC c pht hin trong cht thi cngnghip do chng c s* dng nh dung mi hu c. C hng ta thng pht hin dng vtc$a cc cht gy nhim sau y\

- Carbon tetrachloride \ CClW

- Trichloroethylene \ CCl2~CHCl

- Ben{en \ C6H6

Cc cht PAH u tin c bit n v tnh c hi c$a chng bao g1m cc cht gy nhim sau\


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Cu to phn t* c$a chng bao g1m cc nhn carbon thm gn vi nhau, v d nh\

- Ben{aanthracene, ben{oapyrene, ben{obuoranthene, ben{okuoranthene,chrysene, diben{a,hanthracene, indeno>,2,:-cdpyrene, ben{aanthracene andchrysene, ben{obuoranthene, ben{ouoranthene, ben{okuoranthene,ben{oapyrene, ben{oghiperylene, coronene, diben{a,hanthracene (C20H14), indeno>,2,:-cdpyrene (C22H12)v ovalene.

- V d phn t* ben{oapyrene (5 nhn thm gn vi nhau) \

Acenaphtene Benzo(a) anthracene

Benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(b) ^uoranthene

Chrysene Acenaphthylene

2-Chloronaphthalene Benzo(ghi) perylene

Anthracene Fluorene

Phenanthrene Dibenzo(,h) anthracene

Pyrene Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene


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C quan bo v mi trng c$a M/ xy d#ng mt danh sch cc cht gy nhim ph)bin hng %u c tc ng ti mi trng s&ng th$y sinh (c t cp tnh hoc mn tnh) . CcVOC n!m trong danh sch ny c lit k trong ph lc >B (V d% v cht hu c bay hi (VOC)).

Cc hp cht hu c gy nhim khc t bay hi hn v c xp vo mt

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Cam Nang Quan Trac Nuoc Thai Cong Nghiep (Trang 1 - 180)