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CELLULAR RESPIRATIONChemical Pathways
http://www.clickatutor.com/mitochondria.jpg
___________ use energy from sunlight or chemicals to make their own food
AUTOTROPHShttp://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif
In the last section green plants used ________________ totrap energy from __________ and make ______________
sunlightfood (glucose)
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
http://206.173.89.42/REALTYWITHALOHA_COM/piphoto/funny%20sun%20with%20sunglasses.gif
In this section, we will learn how this glucose is ____________ by organisms and the _______ is stored as _______ in a process called___________________
What kind of organisms do this?
energybroken down
ATP
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
________(Including _______)
ALL LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY!
What kind of organisms do this?
plants fungi bacteria__________________ animalshumans
We get the energy the plants stored as glucose by _____________ directly or eating the _________ that ate the plants.
How do we get the sugar from the plants?
Image from: http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/ansc442/Semprojs/2003/spiderlamb/eatsheep.gif http://www.cibike.org/Eating.htm
REMEMBER!
_______________ get their energy by eating other organisms.
HETEROTROPHS
eating plantsanimals
We get our energy from the __________ plants made during _______________ when we eat plants or eat animals that ate the plants.
GLUCOSE
In this section we will learn how ______________
get their energy by consuming other
organisms.
Image from: http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/ansc442/Semprojs/2003/spiderlamb/eatsheep.gif
HETEROTROPHS
http://www.cibike.org/Eating.htm
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
REMEMBER CELL BIO??
Area with gel-like material
inside cell membrane
surrounding mitochondria
= ______________________
Power plant of cell
that burns glucose
and stores the energy
as ATP
= _______________mitochondria
CYTOPLASM
Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html
http://www.clickatutor.com/mitochondria.jpg
MITOCHONDRIA = cell power plantSurrounded by ___________ membrane
Outer membrane & Inner membrane (called
_______________ )
Space between inner membrane & outer membrane
= ____________________
Space inside cristae folds= _________________
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
DOUBLE
MATRIX
CRISTAE
Cellular Respiration
• Is an aerobic process—requires oxygen
• Takes place in the mitochondria
Heterotrophs use ________________to release energy from FOOD (glucose) to make _____
Image by Riedell Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe
ATP
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
CELLULAR RESPIRATION happens __________ in ________________.
If all the energy was released in one step… most would be lost as ____________________!
http://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif
slowly many steps
light and heat
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
___________ + _________ + ___________ →_______________ + __________6 CO2 6 H2O C6H12O6 6O2
_____________ + _________ →________ + __________ + __________
______________________________________________________________
CELLULAR RESPIRATIONC6H12O6 6O2
6 CO2 6 H2O
The two equations are exact opposites!
Cellular Respiration
• Mitochondria cannot directly produce ATP
• First…foods are broken down into small products (GLUCOSE)
• Glucose is broken down by a process known as glycolysis
→
See glycolysis movie
The first step in cellular respiration = __________________•happens in the ________________outside the mitochondria•does not need oxygen (anaerobic)•Splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules•Net Gain: 2 ATP molecules
GLYCOLYSISCYTOPLASM
Glycolysis (GLYKOS = ________ LYSIS= ___________ )
Glycolysis ____________________________BUT it needs some ____________to get it started.
What molecule do you think is going tosupply the energy do this?
split apart
DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN
ATP
sweet
ENERGY
________
↓___________ → → _____________
↓
____________________ + _______________
GLUCOSE
2 PYRUVIC ACID
PUT IN ________ and GET BACK __________ Net gain of ________ and __________
2 ATP’s 4 ATP’s
GLYCOLYSIS
2 ATP’s 2 NADH
ATP ATP ATP ATP NADH NADH
Glycolysis is needed for cellular respiration.
– two ATP molecules are used to split glucose– four ATP molecules are produced (NET GAIN OF 2
ATP)– two molecules of NADH produced– two molecules of pyruvate produced
• The products of glycolysis enter cellular respiration when oxygen is available.
• The two, three carbon molecules leaving glycolysis will enter the mitochondria
• Cellular Respiration occurs in two stages– 1. Krebs Cycle– 2. Electron Transport Chain
Stage 1: Krebs Cycle
• Takes place in mitochondrial matrix• Breaks down the three-carbon
molecules that came from glycolysis• makes a small amount of ATP• Releases Carbon Dioxide• Transfers electron-carrying
molecules (NADH & FADH2) to stage 2 (the electron transport chain)
The Krebs cycle is the first main part of cellular respiration.
• Pyruvate is broken down before the Krebs cycle.– carbon dioxide
released– NADH produced– coenzyme A (CoA)
bonds to two-carbon molecule
The Krebs cycle produces energy-carrying molecules.
The Krebs cycle produces energy-carrying molecules.
– NADH and FADH2 are made– intermediate molecule with
CoA enters Krebs cycle– citric acid
(six-carbon molecule)is formed
– citric acid is broken down,carbon dioxide is released,and NADH is made
– five-carbon molecule is broken down, carbon dioxide is released, NADH and ATP are made
– four-carbon molecule is rearranged
Products of Krebs Cycle
• Breaking down one molecule of pyruvate:– Carbon Dioxide (3)– ATP (1)– NADH (4)
– FADH2 (1)
Stage 2: Electron Transport Chain
• Produces a large amount of ATP• Takes place in inner membrane of
mitochondria• Oxygen enters the process• ATP produced• Water released as a waste product
The electron transport chain is the second main part of cellular respiration.• The electron transport chain uses NADH and
FADH2 to make ATP.
– high-energy electrons enter electron transport chain– energy is used to transport hydrogen ions across
the inner membrane– hydrogen ions
flow through achannel in themembrane
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain is the second main part of cellular respiration.
– ATP synthase produces ATP– oxygen picks up electrons and hydrogen ions– water is released as a waste product
ATP Production• Approximately 38 ATP molecules are
produced when one glucose molecule is broken down.– 2 from glycolysis– 36 from cellular respiration
• 2 from Krebs Cycle• 34 from ETC
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
6H O2
6CO 2
6O 2
mitochondrionmitochondrion
matrix (area enclosedby inner membrane)
inner membrane
ATP
ATP
energy
energy from glycolysis
1
2
4
3
and
and
and
PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP
IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________)
IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________)
= ANAEROBIC
= AEROBIC
PYRUVIC ACID ___________ OXYGEN
2 kinds of fermentation
___________________ & _____________________
ANAEROBIC
Alcoholic Lactic acid
WITHOUT
_______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
PYRUVIC ACID
ALCOHOL
Happens when yeast makes bread dough riseCO2 bubbles make _____________ in bread
Alcohol _______________ during cooking
CO2 NAD+
http://www.deliciousdelicious.com/archives/herb%20bread%201.jpg
air spaces
evaporates
_______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
PYRUVIC ACID
ALCOHOL
Happens when___________ make _______
or
____________ make ______
CO2 NAD+
http://www.firstpath.com/images/alcohol.jpg
yeast beer
bacteria wine
_______ +_____ →______________ + ________
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
PYRUVIC ACID
LACTIC ACID
Happens in _____________ during ____________when body can’t get oxygen to tissues fast enough.
Lactic acid builds up in muscles causing soreness
NAD+
http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg
exercise
muscles
_______ +_____ →______________ + ________
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
PYRUVIC ACID
LACTIC ACID
Happens when bacteria are used to make foods and beverages like: ______________________________________________________________________________
NAD+
http://chronicle.augusta.com/images/headlines/032200/DANNON_YOGURT.jpghttp://www.reillydairy.com/natural_cheese.html
yogurt, cheese, buttermilk, & sour cream, pickles, saurkraut, and kimchi
WITHOUT OXYGEN, PYRUVIC ACID ___________ and all the _______ carriers get full.
Eventually glycolysis will
WHY DO FERMENTATION?WHY NOT JUST KEEP MAKING ATP USING GLYCOLYSIS?
builds up
NAD+
NAD+
_______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____
FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells can ____________________ needed to keep glycolysis going
PYRUVIC ACID
ALCOHOL
→
CO2 NAD+
REGENERATE the NAD+
LACTIC ACID NAD+
→
You get the NAD+ carriers back
______
Flooded Corn Field
plants need ______________________ too. If plants seeds are under water 3 days or more, the seeds will die. If a plants roots are under water for 3 days or more, the plants will die.
By:http://skyways.lib.ks.us/towns/ElkCity/2007flood.html
Plants do
____________
but
photosynthesis
oxygen for cellular respiration