Cellular Respiration~How do cells use energy~

Why Energy?• Energy is essential to life!• All living organisms must be able to:

1.) store energy for future use 2.) produce usable energy3.) use energy *

*Animals are energy consumers– What do we use energy for?

• synthesis (building for growth)• reproduction• active transport• movement• temperature control (making heat)• etc.

Where do animals initially get energy?• Energy is stored in organic molecules– carbohydrates, fats, proteins

• Animals eat these organic molecules food– digest food to get• fuels for making usable energy (ATP)• raw materials for building more molecules

(macromolecules)– carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids

ATP

How do animals get their food?

filter feeding living in your food (deposit feeding)

fluid feeding bulk feeding

Getting & Using Food• Ingest

– taking in food• Digest

– mechanical digestion• breaking up food into smaller pieces

– chemical digestion• breaking down food into molecules small enough to be

absorbed into cells• enzymes

– provides chemical energy and building blocks• Absorb

– absorb nutrients and food molecules across cell membranes• diffusion• osmosis for water• active transport

• Eliminate – undigested material passes out of body

intracellulardigestion

extracellulardigestion

Getting & Using Food• Digest

– chemical digestion– breaking down food into molecules – small enough to be absorbed into cells

• enzymes– provides chemical energy and building blocks

• Absorb– absorb nutrients and food

molecules (building blocks) across cell membranes• diffusion• osmosis (for water)• active transport

So....What happens next to the

building blocks and energy?

Our focus: We are

interested about the

cellular level

Aerobic Cellular Respiration: Harvesting energy stored in food

• Cellular respiration– breaking down food to produce ATP• in mitochondria• using oxygen

– food = glucose• but could be other sugars,

fats, or proteins

C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6CO2 6H2O+ + +

glucose + oxygen energy + carbon + water dioxide

O2

food ATP

Making of Usable Energy

• Remember: All living organisms must be able to:

1.) produce usable energy2.) store energy for future use 3.) use energy

ATP: a molecule that organisms produce that stores usable energy for

quick use

O2

food

ATP

mitochondria

What is ATP Energy? ATP = Adenosine TriPhosphate (energy carrier)– an adenosine molecule with 3 phosphate groups attached

– Energy from food (stored chemical energy) is used to create these bonds

– When the bond is broken, a great amount of usable energy is released and the molecule becomes ADP (Adenosine DiPhosphate)

– RECYCLABLE: The ADP can become ATP again with the addition of a phosphate group with the energy from food

What do we need to make ATP energy?• The “Furnace” for making energy– mitochondria

• Fuel– food: carbohydrates, fats, proteins

• Helpers– oxygen– enzymes

• Products– ATP

• Waste products– carbon dioxide

• then used by plants– water

O2

food

ATP

Make ATP!Make ATP!All I do all day…And no oneeven notices!

enzymes

CO2 H2O

Aerobic Cellular Respiration Reaction Reactants --------------> Products

O2

food

ATP

enzymes

CO2 H2O

C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6CO2 6H2O+ + +

glucose + oxygen energy + carbon + water dioxide

Mitochondria are everywhere!!animal cells plant cells

Can’t store ATP too unstableonly used in the cell

that produces itonly short term

energy storagecarbohydrates

(ex. glycogen in muscles) & fats are long term energy storage

Using ATP

A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second

ATP

ADP

work

Adenosine DiPhosphate

Adenosine TriPhosphate

make energy

A Body’s Energy Budget

eatfood

use energy

• energy needed even at rest

• activity• temperature

control{• growth• reproduction• repair• cellular transportetc....

{store energy

• glycogen(animal starch)

• fat{

ATP

1

2

3

What if oxygen is missing?• No oxygen available = can’t complete

aerobic respiration• Anaerobic respiration– also known as fermentation• alcohol fermentation• lactic acid fermentation

– no oxygen or no mitochondria (bacteria)

– can only make very little ATP– large animals cannot survive

O2

yeast

bacteria

Anaerobic Respiration• Fermentation– alcohol fermentation• yeast– glucose ATP + CO2+ alcohol– make beer, wine, bread

– lactic acid fermentation• bacteria, animals– glucose ATP + lactic acid– bacteria make yogurt– animals feel muscle fatigue

O2

Common Missed QuestionsWhere does the carbon dioxide we breathe out come from?• From glucose being splitDo we use the ?• CO2 (the air) gets made into glucose which is then stored as starch

and cellulose in the plant Do plants use sunlight in making glucose?• No, they use the energy in light to build glucose and other

moleculesIs sunlight the only light that photosynthesis can use?• No, white light (like sunlight) is the best thoughWhat color light would not work for photosynthesis?• Green, because chlorophyll in the chloroplast would reflect rather

than absorb the light energy

Photosynthesis~How do plants make food~

Remember...What’s needed to make ATP?

• Plants don’t ingest food the way animals do...so how do they make ATP?

• They need to make their own food (stored chemical energy)!

O2

food

ATP

enzymes

CO2 H2O

How do plants make energy & food?• Plants use the energy from the sun– to make ATP energy– to make sugars• glucose, sucrose, cellulose, starch, & more

sun

ATP

sugars

H2O

Parts of Photosynthesis• Photosynthesis– 2 separate processes– 1.) ENERGY building reactions• collect sun energy• use it to make some ATP

– 2.) SUGAR building reactions• take the ATP energy made• collect CO2 from air &

H2O from ground• use all to build sugars

ATP

sun

sugars

+

carbon dioxide

CO2

sugarsC6H12O

6

CO2

water

H2O+

What do plants need for photosynthesis?

• The “factory” for making energy & sugars– chloroplast

• Fuels (reactants)– sunlight– carbon dioxide– water

• The Helpers– enzymes

H2O

sugars

ATP

Make ATP!Make sugar!I can do it all…And no oneeven notices!

enzymes

CO2

sun

Photosynthesis Reaction

6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2sunenergy

+ ++

glucose + oxygencarbondioxide

sunenergy+ water +

(ATP) = used to build the sugar

H2O

Photosynthesis

ENERGYbuilding reactions

SUGARbuilding reactions

ATPADP

CO2

sugar

sun

used immediatelyto synthesize sugars

Chloroplasts are only in plantsanimal cells

plant cells

Chloroplasts

Chloroplastsin cell

Leaf

Leaves

Chloroplast

absorbsunlight & CO2

makeENERGY & SUGAR

Chloroplasts contain:• Chlorophyll: Which absorbs the energy

from light

CO2

Chloroplast

sun

• Bring In– light– CO2

– H2O• Let Out– O2

• Move Around– sugars

• Plants use the sugar made in photosynthesis as the building block to make bigger carbohydrates and fats. With the addition of the minerals from the soil they are able to make proteins.

So what does a plant need?

6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2lightenergy + ++

roots

shoot

leaves

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration connected?

glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energydioxide

C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP+ + +

Respiration

Photosynthesis

6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2lightenergy + ++

glucose + oxygencarbondioxide

sunenergy+ water +

H2O

Energy cycle

Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

sun

glucosesugars

O2CO2

plants

animals, plants

ATP

The poetic perspective• All of the solid material of every plant

was built out of thin air• All of the solid material of every animal was

built from plant material

Then all the cats, dogs, mice, people & elephants…are really strands of air woven together by sunlight!

sunair

Cellular Respiration vs Photosynthesis

Common Missed QuestionsWhere does oxygen we breathe come from?• From water split in plants by the lightWhere does the mass of a plant come from?• CO2 (the air) gets made into glucose which is then stored as starch

and cellulose in the plant Do plants obtain their energy for doing their activities (growth, reproduction, etc) from the sun?• No, they use the energy in light to build glucose and other

molecules that they use for cellular respirationIs sunlight the only light that photosynthesis can use?• No, white light (like sunlight) is the best thoughWhat color light would not work for photosynthesis?• Green, because chlorophyll in the chloroplast would reflect rather

than absorb the light energy