CELLULAR RESPIRATION YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT CELLULAR RESPIRATION *Controlled process that releases ENERGY (in the bonds) of food in the presence of oxygen. *Main source of Energy- carbohydrates Broken down to glucose ATP main source of energy WHAT ORGANISMS USE CELLULAR RESPIRATION Humans Humans Bacteria Bacteria Protists Protists Plants!!! Plants!!! Fungi Fungi Remember photosynthesis makes glucose- not energy! Plants need energy to carry out all their wonderful plant functions. Remember photosynthesis makes glucose- not energy! Plants need energy to carry out all their wonderful plant functions. CHEMICAL ENERGY IN FOOD The amount of energy in each type of food varies. The amount of energy in each type of food varies. Measured in calories- the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius. Measured in calories- the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius. Calories on food labels- measured in kilocalories (1000 calories) Calories on food labels- measured in kilocalories (1000 calories) Generally 1 gram of carbohydrate or protein provides 4 Calories/gram; whereas 1 gram of fat (lipids) provides 9 Calories/gram Generally 1 gram of carbohydrate or protein provides 4 Calories/gram; whereas 1 gram of fat (lipids) provides 9 Calories/gram Also get vitamins and minerals from the food we eat Also get vitamins and minerals from the food we eat Chemical Equation Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + ATP (energy) HOW WE GET THE INGREDIENTS FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION Simple Diffusion Simple Diffusion higher to lower higher to lowerconcentration Oxygen carried to all cells -enters into cell and travels to the mitochondria (organelle converts glucose and oxygen to energy) FOOD DIGESTION Food ingested digested to smaller molecules that can move into the red blood cells to be carried to cells Food ingested digested to smaller molecules that can move into the red blood cells to be carried to cells GETTING THE GLUCOSE GLUCOSE ENTERS THE CELL THROUGH Active Transport insulin produced in the pancreas required as a signal molecule to let the glucose in. What happens when glucose builds up in the blood plasma? GLUCOSE ENTERS THE CELL THROUGH Active Transport insulin produced in the pancreas required as a signal molecule to let the glucose in. What happens when glucose builds up in the blood plasma? ATP Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Made up of adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphates Made up of adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphates the high energy bond is between the phosphate groups between the high energy bond is between the phosphate groups between CREATING ATP ATP Charged ADP Uncharged THREE STEPS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION 1)Glycolysis 2)THE Kreb Cycle- 3)Electron Transport Chain and ATP Synthesis GLYCOLYSIS Means sugar-breaking Means sugar-breaking Many steps that convert Glucose (6-carbon compound) into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (3 carbon compound) Many steps that convert Glucose (6-carbon compound) into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (3 carbon compound) Happens in the CYTOPLASM of the cell. Happens in the CYTOPLASM of the cell. No Oxygen Required No Oxygen Required KREB CYCLE HAPPENS IN THE MATRIX OF THE MITOCHONDRIA (POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL) HAPPENS IN THE MATRIX OF THE MITOCHONDRIA (POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL) INPUT: PYRUVIC ACID FROM GLYCOLYSIS INPUT: PYRUVIC ACID FROM GLYCOLYSIS OUTPUT: CO2, NADH, ATP, FADH2 OUTPUT: CO2, NADH, ATP, FADH2 From Glycolysis INPUT: pyruvic acid OUTPUT: CARBON DIOXIDE, NADH, FADH2 (electron carriers) and ATP ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Organisms still need energy when oxygen is not available Organisms still need energy when oxygen is not available Occurs when oxygen is not available Occurs when oxygen is not available Lactic Acid Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation EQUATIONS *Lactic Acid Fermentation ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION Biological process which converts sugars such as glucose, fructose and sucrose into cellular energy, produces ethanol and CO 2. Biological process which converts sugars such as glucose, fructose and sucrose into cellular energy, produces ethanol and CO 2..Yeast (example bread dough- once the oxygen molecules are used up the yeast begins to use pyruvic acid and produces alcohol and CO 2 *generates NAD+ (electron carrier) so ATP can continue to be made LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION Lactic acid fermentation does not give off carbon dioxide, but does make NAD+ (electron carrier) so ATP can continue to be made. Lactic acid fermentation does not give off carbon dioxide, but does make NAD+ (electron carrier) so ATP can continue to be made. Examples of organisms going through lactic acid fermentation Examples of organisms going through lactic acid fermentation certain bacteria that can produce yogurt, sour cream, buttermilk, kimchi, *Humans also use lactic acid fermentation for quick bursts of energy.