CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

ProductsReactants

CO2 +  H2O + LIGHT ENERGYLIGHT ENERGY    C6H12O6  + O2

Equation for Photosynthesis

6 6 6

Counting AtomsSince atoms are single elements, when

counting them in a chemical equation, you look at the subscript (the little number below the symbol for the element)

If there is also a coefficient (the number in front of the element symbol), then you multiply that number times the subscript number to find the total number of atoms

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

Coefficient

Subscript

Counting Atoms

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2OExample:

1 atom of Carbon

4 atoms of Hydrogen

4 atoms of Oxygen (2 X 2 = 4)

1 atom of Carbon

2 atoms of Oxygen

4 atoms of Hydrogen (2 X 2=4)

2 atoms of Oxygen (2 X 1=2)

Counting MoleculesSince molecules are many atoms

(elements) put together, when counting them in a chemical equation you ONLY look at the coefficient (the number in front of the element symbol)

Example:CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O1 molecule of

carbon dioxide1 molecule of

methane2 molecules of oxygen

2 molecules of water

Inorganic Substances

• Acids: substances that forms hydrogen (H) hydrogen ions in water. pH of 0-7.

• Bases: substance that forms hydroxide ions (OH) in water. pH scale of 7-14.

• Salts: Inorganic substances that typically contain Chlorine.

Not Containing Carbon

HClH2SO4

NaOHKOH

NaClMgCl2

Organic SubstancesOrganic SubstancesMolecule that is found in living systems; contains carbon; usually in rings or long chains

• Carbohydrates: made up of simple sugars (saccharides)

Nucleic Acids: made up of nucleotides

Lipids: made up of a glycerol and at least 1 fatty acid

Proteins: made up of amino acids

InorganicAcid Base Salt

OrganicCarbohydrate

ProteinLipid

Nucleic Acid

Organic SubstancesOrganic Substances

Small organic molecule (monomers(monomers) ) can link together to form longer and more complex molecules ((polymerspolymers).).

Monomers are joined through a process known as dehydration dehydration synthesissynthesis, the removal of waterwater.

monomer + monomer polymer + H2O

Organic SubstancesOrganic Substances

HydrolysisHydrolysis is the breaking of the bonds between monomers in a polymer by adding waterwater.

This process is necessary in digestiondigestion so that molecules can be small enough to be absorbed and transported into the cellcell.

polymer + H2O monomer + monomer

Properties of WaterUniversal Solvent – many substances will dissolve in water

Polar Molecule - Water is a polar molecule because the electrons from H are unequally shared.

Bonding

Polarity one atom (O) has a

greater attraction for the electrons than the other atom (H).

Periodic Table

Organic SubstancesStructure Subunit Types Roles Examples Identification

Carbohydrate (C, H & O in

a 1:2:1 ratio)

Saccharides

Lipids(C, H & O not

in a 1:2:1 ratio)

Protein(C, H, O & N)

Nucleic Acid(Sugar, Phosphate

& Nitrogen)

Monosaccharides

Polysaccharides

Quick Energy

Delayed energy or structural

GlucoseFructose(sugars)CelluloseGlycogen

Starch

Benedict’s Reagent

Iodine

Benedict’s Results (Simple Sugars)Negative test- stayed the same color- light blue

- +Positive test- color changed to orange

Glucose waterBenedict’s

Iodine Results (Starches)Positive test- color changed to blue/ black

Negative test- stayed the same color- yellow/ brown

Starch Water

• Carbon ring• C6H12O 6

CarbohydratesOrganic compounds

that have the formula CH2O or 1:2:1

• Carbon ringCarbon ring• CC66HH1212O O 66

• Fuel for Fuel for RespirationRespiration

Monosaccharides

Di

• Carbon ring• C6H12O 6

Polysaccharides

• Carbon ring• C6H12O 6

Polysaccharides

A storage molecule found in plants.

Plants store sugars in the form of starch for

later use.

• Carbon ring• C6H12O 6

Polysaccharides

A storage molecule found in animals.

Animals store sugars in the form of

glycogen for later use.

Organic SubstancesStructure Subunit Types Roles Examples Identification

Carbohydrate (C, H & O in

a 1:2:1 ratio)

Lipids(C, H & O not

in a 1:2:1 ratio)

Protein(C, H, O & N)

Amino acids

Nucleic Acid(Sugar, Phosphate

& Nitrogen)

Structural &

Functional

Biuret’s Reagent

MeatsHormones

MuscleHairNails

EnzymesBlood Cells

catalysts transport

movement protectionimmune growth

Biuret Results (Protein)Negative test- stayed the same color- light blue

Positive test- color changed to light lavendar

- +

Biuret

ProteinWater

Proteins

•Amino group

•Carboxyl group

•R group

Proteins are macromolecules

comprised of chains of amino acids.

Proteins

•Amino group

•Carboxyl group

•R group

Amino Group

Carboxyl GroupR Group

Proteins

•Amino group

•Carboxyl group

•R group

Proteins

•Amino group

•Carboxyl group

•R group

Proteins are joined together by dehydration synthesis.

The bond between the amino acids is called a

peptide bond; therefore, proteins are known as

polypeptides.

Proteins

•Amino group

•Carboxyl group

•R group

Organic SubstancesStructure Subunit Types Roles Examples Identification

Carbohydrate (C, H & O in

a 1:2:1 ratio)

Lipids(C, H & O not

in a 1:2:1 ratio)

Fatty Acids

Protein(C, H, O & N)

Nucleic Acid(Sugar, Phosphate

& Nitrogen)

•Cholesterol•Phospholipids•Fats: Saturated Unsaturated

Stored energyInsulation

Cell Components –Cell membrane

FatsOils

Waxes

Brown paper

Sudan

Sudan ResultsNegative test- stayed the same color- Clear

Positive test- color changed to Red

- +

Lipid (Fat)Water

Glycerol+

Fatty Acid tails

Lipids• Comprised of C, H, and O.• Lipids are insoluble in

water. • Lipids include

phospholipids, and fats

(AKA triglycerides).

Glycerol+

Fatty Acid tails

Lipids

Glycerol Fatty Acid

Saturated• Animal fats• Solid at room

temp• Lacks double

bond in Carbon chain

Unsaturated• Plant fats• Remain liquid

at room temp.• Has a double

bond in Carbon chain

Lipids

Which one is the unsaturated fat?A

B

C

DE

F

Cell MembraneComposed of a Lipid Bilayer (2 layers of fat)

Organic SubstancesStructure Subunit Types Roles Examples Identification

Carbohydrate (C, H & O in

a 1:2:1 ratio)

Lipids(C, H & O not

in a 1:2:1 ratio)

Protein(C, H, O & N)

Nucleic Acid(Sugar, Phosphate

& Nitrogen)

Nucelotides Carrier of genetic

information; instructions for

protein synthesis

DNA RNA None

DNA RNA

NUCLEIC ACIDS

NUCLEIC ACIDSNucleic acids are the only

macromolecules with the unique ability to REPRODUCE themselves and carry the code that directs all of

the cell’s activities.