Chapter 1 Study Guide

1. Scholars believe that Paleo-Indians migrated from Asia into North America: a. in search of a disease-free environment b. in response to global warming c. beginning about a thousand years ago d. to escape tribal warfare in Asia e. in pursuit of large game animals

2. Thousands of years after people first appeared in North America: a. climatic changes and extensive hunting had increased the large mammal population b. global warming increased grasslands c. climatic changes and extensive hunting had killed off the large mammal population d. the environment remained basically unchanged e. global warming decreased forest growth

3. From A.D. 300 to 900, which group in Middle America (Mesoamerica) developed large cities, including gigantic pyramids? a. Mayas b. Incas c. Caribs d. Pueblos e. Aztecs

4. The Aztecs: a. succumbed to the Toltecs around A.D. 900 b. absorbed the Mayas around 1425 c. were a peaceful, nomadic people d. were the most advanced example of the Adena-Hopewell culture e. had an empire of perhaps five million people in Mexico

5. Which of the following would NOT characterize the Mississippi Indian culture? a. ceremonial human torture and sacrifice b. cultivation of corn, beans, and squashes c. towns built around plazas and temples d. extensive trading activities e. cliff dwellings and widespread use of irrigation

6. All of the following are true of the Anasazis EXCEPT that they: a. engaged in warfare only for self-defense b. lived in the Southwest c. were transformed by the arrival of horses d. were threatened by a prolonged drought e. lacked a rigid class structure

7. The importance of the Vikings in New World history is limited because: a. they were far more successful in Greenland b. they had hostile relations with the Indians c. other Europeans arrived here first d. they were such a violent people e. their Newfoundland settlements were not long-lasting

8. Ancient Greeks: a. knew that the world was round b. knew of the riches of China and Japan c. knew of the existence of the New World d. used printing presses e. measured longitude at sea

9. The extensive lands controlled by Muslims: a. were forfeited with the success of the Crusades b. hindered European trade routes to Asia c. lessened European interest in spices from Asia d. included France and Holland e. made many Christians begin to doubt their faith

10. By 1492, united kingdoms in western Europe included all of the following EXCEPT: a. Italy b. France c. Portugal d. England e. Spain

11. In 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain did all of the following EXCEPT: a. begin to build an overseas empire b. capture Granada, the last Muslim stronghold in Spain c. unite Spain and Portugal under one crown d. force Jews to either convert or leave Spain e. sponsor Columbus’s first voyage across the Atlantic

12. The first Europeans to sail around Africa and on to India were the: a. Portuguese b. Irish c. English d. Italians e. Spaniards

13. On his first voyage, Columbus: a. ensured that he would be wealthy for life b. explored a number of Caribbean islands c. landed on the mainland of North America d. realized he had discovered a new world e. expressed his kind intentions toward the Indians

14. Columbus succeeded in: a. bringing the benefits of European civilization to the Indians b. finding a water route to Asia c. inspiring subsequent European explorations d. proving the world was round e. finding rich sources of rubies and diamonds

15. Which of the following foods did Europeans introduce to the New World? a. beans b. corn c. rice d. potatoes e. squash

16. Food crops exported from the Americas: a. allowed a worldwide population explosion b. included the meat of cattle and pigs c. made Spain the most powerful nation in Europe d. were more valuable to Europeans than gold or silver e. included commodities like rice and wheat previously unknown in Europe

17. After the arrival of Europeans, the greatest number of Indians died as a result of: a. disease b. battle c. starvation d. enslavement e. depression

18. John Cabot’s crossing of the Atlantic in 1497 resulted in his: a. making landfall in present-day Canada b. sailing around the tip of South America c. sighting of the Pacific d. discovery of a shortcut to China e. exploration of Florida

19. In most cases, Spanish explorers and soldiers who came to the New World were motivated by all of the following EXCEPT: a. pursuit of riches b. desire for power c. religious zeal d. desire to serve their fellow man e. patriotism

20. The main Aztec god, Huitzilopochtli: a. was ultimately repudiated by Montezuma b. caused the Aztecs to live at peace with their neighbors c. had many similarities to Jesus d. required a constant offering of human blood e. was usually depicted as a woman

21. One of the major factors in Cortés’s defeat of the Aztecs was: a. the absence of a true Aztec civilization b. a drought that ruined Aztec agriculture c. the pacifistic nature of Aztec society d. the large size of his army e. superior weapons technology

22. During Cortés’s siege of Tenochtitlan, the Aztecs were especially weakened by: a. the death of Montezuma b. cannon fire c. smallpox d. a series of natural disasters e. a crisis of religious faith

23. The encomienda system: a. allowed Mayan and Incan leaders to become very wealthy through the labor of their people b. was replicated by the English in their later New World colonies c. allowed privileged Spanish landowners to control Indian villages d. benefited the Native American populations of Spanish America e. kept the Portuguese out of Mexico

24. By the seventeenth century, the Indian population in Spain’s New World empire had decreased by about: a. 90 percent b. 50 percent c. 5 percent d. 10 percent e. 25 percent

25. The government of Spain in the New World differed from that of the later British colonies in that: a. Spaniards were more likely to settle as families b. Spain completely uprooted the native cultures it encountered c. Spain permitted a greater degree of self-government in its colonies d. there was less bureaucracy associated with the government of the Spanish colonies e. every detail of colonial administration was closely regulated by the Spanish king

26. Spanish explorers of North America such as Narvaez, de Soto, and Coronado: a. converted lots of Indians to Christianity b. added to the knowledge of the continent’s interior c. journeyed as far north as current-day Canada d. found large deposits of gold and silver e. established numerous permanent settlements 27. In 1565, the first European town was established in the current-day United States at: a. St. Augustine b. Jamestown c. Plymouth d. Santa Fe e. San Antonio 28. The presidios established by the Spaniards in the Southwest housed: a. ranchers b. settlers c. explorers d. soldiers e. missionaries 29. Which is NOT true of the Pueblo Revolt of 1680? a. Indians forced the Spaniards to temporarily retreat. b. Indians attacked numerous churches and priests. c. It was led by an Indian named Popé. d. It led the Spaniards to immediately colonize Texas and California. e. It occurred in New Mexico. 30. The introduction of horses to Plains tribes: a. made them less nomadic b. bettered the lives of their women c. replaced dogs as beasts of burden d. lessened their dependence on bison e. minimally altered the ecology of the Great Plains

31. Horses became so valuable in North America they: a. were rarely used for hunting due to the dangers involved b. were worshipped as gods c. intensified intertribal competition and warfare d. became the sole responsibility of men e. were very hard to purchase 32. The Protestant Reformation was launched in Europe by: a. Henry VIII b. Charles V of Spain c. Martin Luther d. John Calvin e. Isaac Newton 33. A central element of John Calvin’s theology was his belief in: a. papal infallibility b. the basic truth of all religions c. salvation through good works d. infant baptism e. predestination 34. The Protestant Reformation in England: a. led to the overthrow of Henry VIII b. was led by John Calvin c. occurred more for political reasons than because of disagreement about religious doctrine d. was almost undone when Elizabeth tried to reimpose Catholicism e. occurred prior to the Reformation in Germany 35. During Queen Elizabeth’s reign: a. her subjects gained true religious freedom b. England became militarily weak and politically unstable c. some Calvinists separated from the Church of England d. Catholicism again became the official religion e. archbishops and bishops were eliminated in the Church of England

36. The Dutch “Sea Beggars” and English “sea dogges” were essentially: a. explorers b. deep-sea fishermen c. slave traders d. pirates e. missionaries 37. The Spanish Armada: a. was destroyed by a storm before it left Spain b. was a treasure fleet attacked by the English c. caused Spain to give up New World colonization as a result of its defeat d. attempted to invade England e. broke English naval power for a century 38. A major reason for the defeat of the Spanish Armada was: a. storms in the North Sea b. the greater size of the English vessels c. Elizabeth’s brilliance as a naval strategist d. the incompetence of the Spanish captains e. inaccurate Spanish maps and compasses 39. Which country did Sir Walter Raleigh argue should establish colonies in the New World? a. Holland b. England c. Spain d. Portugal e. France 40. The English attempt to establish a colony on Roanoke Island resulted in: a. a severe blow to Spanish power b. a severe blow to English power c. a permanent English presence in North America d. the disappearance of the colonists e. the execution of Sir Walter Raleigh

Identifications

41. Crusades:European armies sent between 1095 and 1270 to capture the Holy Land-They had also advanced the process of international trade and exploration. (p17)

42. Spanish Conquistadores:Soldiers that received no pay; they were military entrepreneurs willing to risk their lives for a share in the expected plunder and slaves. (p28)

43. Anglican Church:The church of England that took form through a gradual process of integrating Calvinism with English Catholicism. (p42)

44. Queen Elizabeth:Reigned from 1558 to 1603, and proved to be the most remarkable female ruler in history. (p43)

45. Spanish Armada:Philip II assembled a fleet of 130 ships, 8,000 sailors, and at least 18,000 soldiers, it was the greatest invasion fleet in history. Its aim was to invade England but the English forces fought them off, and in the end the fleet was defeated by fierce storms. (pp46-47)

46. Sir Walter Raleigh:Sponsored an expedition in 1587 of about a 100 colonists, landed on the outer banks of Roanoke island. The colony had disappeared by 1590. (p48)

Essays

47. Make a list of the motives of English people who migrated to America in the seventeenth century. Rank the items in the list from most important to least important. Then explain why you arranged the motives in the order you selected.

Opportunity To make a profit To escape poverty To obtain land To obtain freedomReligion To worship freely To escape prosecution To convert Indians

I have listed making a profit first because this motivated people to migrate to America in the first place. If people were not motivated by money, or goods, they may have never migrated in the first place. Then where would we be? What would we be? As a sub point, many people in England lived in poverty; to escape this they could go over to America and start a new life, of course it was risky and many died in the early years of colonization. Some would enlist in the British military in order to receive a uniform, food, and shelter. Many migrated to the New World to obtain a surplus of cheap land. Indentured servants were people who were in jails in England. The prisoners would agree to an indenture in which they would come to America and work for four to seven years for someone and then become free.The second main point I listed is to worship freely. Many did not like the power the English Church had over them, nor did they like the Catholicism it contained. The Pilgrims came to America to start their own church and worship the way they saw fit. Others would escape persecution to worship in other colonies like Rhode Island. Under the crown of England, people were sent over to the New World to convert the heathen Indians to Christians.