Chapter 10 Muslim Civilizations. Section 1: The Rise of Islam

Chapter 10Chapter 10Muslim CivilizationsMuslim Civilizations

Section 1: The Rise of Section 1: The Rise of IslamIslam


• Islamo Followers are called Muslim.o Emerged in the Arabian Peninsula.

Muhammad becomes a Prophet• Mecca

o A thriving center of tradeo Most Arabs prayed at the Kaaba to Pagan gods.o Pilgrims made Mecca merchants wealthy. o Born in Mecca around A.D. 570

• Early Life he worked as a shepherd among the Bedouins.o Later became a successful merchant

MeccaMecca


• At 25 Married a wealthy widow Khadija• Who ran a caravan business

o Became known for his honesty.• According to Muslim tradition he became a

prophet at age 40.• When he was asked by the Angel Gabriel to become

God’s messenger.• Muhammad became terrified and puzzled

o Thought how can a illiterate merchant, become the messenger of God.

• Khadija encouraged him to accept the callo Frist to call it Islam


• Muhammad Devoted his life to spreading Islamo He urged Arabs to give up their worship of

pagan gods and submit to the one true God.

• Allah

The Hija: A Turning Point•At first few people listened to Muhammad

•In 622 he and his followers fled Mecca for Yathrib.• Merchants were fearful that his teachings would

interrupt pilgrim trade. • Also had a threat of Murder• The Journey was known as the Hijra.


• Yathrib would later be known as Medina.

• The Hijra was the turning point.• In Medina, Muslim converts welcomed Muhammad

and agreed to spread his teachings• They became the first umma or Muslim community• Loyalty to the umma was based on Islam not old

family rivalries.• Muhammad created rules that governed and

united Muslims and brought peace among the clans of Medina

• Many Arabs began to adopt Islam due to Muhammad’s reputation


• Meccan leaders grew more hostile towards the Muslimso Muslims attacked several caravans and Meccans

prepared for War.

• After fighting battles with Meccans, Muhammad returned to Mecca in 630o He destroyed the idols in Kaaba

• Temple built by Abraham to worship the one true God.• Rededicated it to Allah

o Became the holy place for Islam

• Muhammad died in 632.• The faith continued to spread• Today, Islam is a major world religion


Teachings of Islam•Islam is monotheistic•The Quran, the scared text of Islam

o Teaches that God is all-powerful and compassionate

•Islam doesn’t require the priest to mediate between the people and God.•Muslims believe that God sends prophets

o Includes Abraham, Moses, and Jesuso To Muslims, Muhammad was the latest and greatest

prophet


Muslims Study the Quran•To Muslims, the Quran contains the scared word of god as revealed to Muhammad.•The Quran teaches that about God’s will and provides a guide to life.•Ethical standards emphasize honesty, generosity and social justice.•According to the Quran, Each individual will stand before God on the final judgment day

o Faces either eternal punishment or eternal bliss in paradise

•Muslims believe that the Quran is the direct, unchangeable word of God


• All converts to Islam learn Arabic.• Arabic is the shared language that helped to unite

Muslims from many regions of the world.Muslims Follow Duties• Muslims perform five basic duties

o First to declaration of faitho Second Pray five times a day

• A mosques are were they gather to pray.o Third is to give charity to the pooro Fourth is to fast from sunrise to sunset during the holy

month of Ramadono Fifth make a Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca, if able


o Another duty is a Jihad, or Struggle in God’s service

o Jihad is a personal duty of a Muslimo May take the form of a holy war

• Crusadeso A holy war may be declared for a community, not by an

individual

“People of the Book”o Because Jews and Christians worship the same

God, Muslims call the “People of the Book.”• Most cases have been allowed religious freedom in Muslim

societies



Islam: A way of Life•Islam is both a religion and a way of life.•Sharia is a body of laws the interprets the Quran and applies religious principles to legal situations.

• Helps Muslim societies govern daily life.o Moral Conduct, family life, business practices, and government

• Doesn’t make a difference between criminal and civil law


Impact on Women•Before the Islam, the position of women varied•In some communities women were very active •Most communities placed limited right on women•According to the Quran women are spiritually equal to men.

• But they have different roles. •Women were allowed to be educated so they could read the Quran•As Islam spread custom were added, The practice of upper class women veiling was a Persian custom

o The Quran says women should dress moderately o Rural women didn’t veil, because of work.

Section 2: Building A Section 2: Building A Muslim EmpireMuslim Empire

Early Challenges to Islam•Muslims faced many problems when Muhammad died and didn’t name a successor•Muslims eventually agreed that Abu Bakr as first caliph

o Muhammad’s father in law

•Successor to Muhammado In 632 Abu Bakr became the first Caliph.

• United all Arab tribes as Muslims.o Once united the Muslims defeated the Persians.

• And Parts of the Byzantine empire.


• To some loyalty of some Arabs depended on Muhammad’s personal command.

• Some Arabs refused to follow Abu Bakr and withdrew loyalty to Islam

• Abu Bakr managed to unite the remaining Muslims o Started and military campaignso Began to convert remaining Arab tribe to Islam

• End warfare and united them under one leader• Issues arise.

o After Muhammad’s Death issues arose between Sunni and Shiite Muslims.


Divisions Emerge within Islam•Shiites

o Believe that Muhammad’s true successors must be descendants of his son-in-law, Ali or Muhammad’s daughter Fatima

o They should also be religious leaders and interpret the Quran.

•Sunniso Believe that male Muslims from Muhammad’s tribe can lead without

performing religious functions.o Inspiration comes from the example of Muhammad as recorded by his

early followers.


• Todayo About 90% of Muslims are Sunni.o Both groups believe in the same God, the Quran, and the five pillars of

Islam.o They differ in religious practices, laws, and rules about daily life.o A third group the Sufis,.

Sufis• meditate and fast to gain communion with God

• They spread Islam by traveling, preaching and being good examples to others.


Sunni Umayyad In the 700’s, a powerful clan set up the Sunni Umayyad

caliphate. They directed conquest that extended the Muslim

empire.

▪ From Spain to the Indus River Valley.

The empire last until 750.

Expanding the Muslim Empire•From Egypt, Arab armies moved west, defeating the Byzantine forces across North Africa•Crossed into Spain in 731, moved towards France•Defeated by the Frankish at the Battle of Tours, 732


Reasons for Muslim Success•One weakness of the Byzantine and Persian Empires

o Fought each into exhaustion

•Second Arabs’ bold, efficient, fighting methodso Mounted cavalry and mobile offensives

Treatment of Conquered PeopleThey imposed a special tax on non-Muslims.

▪ But Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians could still worship.

▪The Umayyads didn’t force “People of the Book” to convert

▪ Tax was used to support the Arab armies

▪Christians and Jews had important roles▪ Doctors, officials and translators


• Were urged to remain separate from native populations

• In time, many non-Muslims convert to Islamo To gain political and economic power

• In later centuries Islam spread to Turkey and Central Asiao Turks and Mongols

Decline of the Umayyad Caliphate• Umayyads begin to decline (fall in 750)

1. Arabs had to adapt from living in the deserts to ruling huge territories.2. Ruled like tribal leaders instead of kings.


• They often relied on non-Arab officials to help rule their land.

• Economic tensions rose between the wealthy and the poor when wealthy conquests began to slow down. (Caliphs continued to lived luxuriously)


Rise of the Abbasid Dynasty•Abu al-Abbas, descendent from Muhammad’s uncle

o Ended conquest.o Treated all Muslims equalo Supported Education and learning.o Enjoyed a golden age with a more efficient government .o Capital to Baghdad from Damascuso Influenced by Persian traditions.o Mosques with minarets graced the cities.o Markets sold good from afar.


Muslim Culture in Spain•Separate Muslim state

o In Spain the Umayyads established a separate state.o Muslims ruled parts of Spain until 1492.o Were tolerant of other religions, supported scholars, and constructed

grand buildings.


The Muslim Empires Declineo As the empire declined, independent dynasties took over.o Seljuk Turks gained power and their sultan controlled Baghdad by

1055.• Kept the Abbasid caliph as a figurehead.

o In 1216 the Mongols attacked across SW Asia.• Genghis Khan• Burned Baghdad in 1258 ending the Abbasid dynasty• Adopted Islam

Section 3: Muslims Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Civilization’s Golden

AgeAge• Under the Abbasids, Muslim civilization absorbed

tradition from many cultures.o Cities from Baghdad to Cordoba, Spain

• Many people lived under Muslim ruleo Included Jews and Christians

• The works produced by Abbasid period shaped Muslim culture and civilization

• Christian European scholars began to study Muslim philosophy, art, science.o Reintroduced ideas of Greco-Roman civilization


AgeAgeSocial and Economic Advances• Muslim rulers united diverse cultures

o Arabs, Persians, Egyptian, African, and European. Later, Mongols, Turks, Indians and Southwest Asians.

o Continued to absorb and blend many traditions

Muslims Build an International trade Network• Merchants were honored in Muslim culture

o Muhammad was a merchant

• Between 750 and 1350 merchants built a vast trading network across Muslims lands and beyond


AgeAge• Camel caravans “Ships of the Desert” crossed the

Sahara into West Africa.• Muslim, Jewish and Christian traders traveled the

Silk road towards China• Monsoons carried Arab ships from East Africa to

India and Southeast Asia.• Trade spread products, technologies, knowledge

and culture.• Muslim merchants introduced an Indian number

system into the Western Worldo Later know was Arabic numerals


AgeAge• Traders also carried sugar from India and

papermaking from Chinao Introduced Islam to these areas

• As people converted, Arabic spread and helped the global exchange to grow.

• Muslims began to create partnerships• Began to buy and sell credit

o Banks began to formo Open branch banks in all major citieso Baghdad to Cairo


AgeAgeManufacturing Goods are Highly Valued• In Muslim cities guilds developed like in Medieval

Europeo Head of guilds, chosen by members

• Had the authority to regulate prices, weights and m and measures, methods of production and quality of product

o Work done by waged workerso Goods are demanded around Muslim world.


AgeAgeAgriculture Thrives• Outside of cities agriculture flourished across a

variety of climates and landforms• Both Umayyad and Abbasid rulers took step to

preserve and extend agricultural lands• Small farming communities face the scarcity of

water.• The Abbasid organized massive irrigation projects

and drained swampland between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.


AgeAge• Farmers also began to produced goods for far off

markets.o Sugar cane, cotton, medicinal herbs and flowers

• The desert continued to support nomads who lived in the desert.o Herders bought dates and grains from farmerso Farmer got meat, wool, and hides

• Herders also provide pack animals and guide for the caravan trade


AgeAgeSocial Structure and Slavery• Muslim society in the 700’s and 800s were more

open than Christian Europe• Muslim has some social mobility• People could improve their rank through religious,

scholarly or military achievements• Slavery was a common institution in Muslim

lands,o Islamic law encouraged freeing of slaves as an act of

charityo Slaves were often from conquered lands, because

Muslims were not to enslave other Muslims


AgeAge• If a slave converted to Islam they didn’t become

free• A female slave who bore a child by her Muslim

owner gained freedom upon masters death• Children born of a slave mother and a free father

were also considered free.• Most slaves worked as household servants, some

were skilled artisans• Abbasid caliph created Turk Slave-Soldiers• Men were often educated under Islamic law


AgeAgeMuslim Arts, Literature and Architecture• Muslim art and literature reflected the diverse

traditions of various people who lived under Muslim rule

• The great work of literature was the Quran• The Quran banned the worship of idols• Muslim religious leader forbade artists to portray

God or human figures in religious arto Gave Islamic art a distinctive style


AgeAgePoetry and Tales of Adventure• Arabs had a rich tradition of oral poetry• Poets chanted dangers of desert journeys, joys of

battle or the glories of their clans• Important theme are Chivalry and the romance of

nomadic life.• Later Arab poets develop a elaborate formal rules

and explore both religious and worldly themes• Arab writers also prized the art of storytelling• Also gathered and adapted stories from Indian,

Persian, Greek, Jewish, Egyptian and Turkish sources


AgeAgeReligious Buildings• Domed mosques and high minarets dominate

Muslims citieso Adapted from Byzantine o Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, 668

• Inside the dome is decorated with elaborate abstract, geometric patterns

• Muslim artists perfected skills in calligraphyo Verses from the Quran to decorations on building

Dome of the Rock in Dome of the Rock in JerusalemJerusalem


AgeAgeNonreligious Art• Some artists painted human and animal figures in

nonreligious art• Arabic scientific works and literary works• Later Persian, Turkish and Indian Artists painted

miniatures to illustrate books of poems and fablesMuslims Seek Knowledge• Although Muhammad could not read or write, he

respected learning• Both Girls and Boys received elementary education

o Skills needed to study the Quran


AgeAgeCenters of Learning• Al-Mamun and later caliphs established Baghdad as

the greatest center of Islamic learning.• Its libraries attracted well paid and highly respected

scholars.• Cairo, Cordoba, and Timbuktu were also known as

center of Islamic Learning• In these cities scholars advances in philosophy,

math, medicine and other areas.• Also preserved the learning from earlier civilization

by translating ancient Persian, Sanskrit and Greek texts into Arabic


AgeAgePhilosophy and History• Muslim scholars translated works of the Greek

philosophers, as well the Hindu and Buddhist textso Tried to harmonize Greek Idea about reason with

religious beliefs on divine revelation

• In Cardoba, the philosopher Inb Rushd (Averroe) Put all known except the Quran to the test of reason.

• His writings about Aristotle were translated in Latin and influenced Christian scholars in Europe


AgeAge• Ibn Khaldun set standards for scientific study of

Historyo He stressed economic and social structures as a cause

of historical eventso Also warned about common causes of error in historical

writings• Bias, exaggeration and overconfidence in the

accuracy of sources• Urged historians to trust sources only after a

thorough investigation


AgeAgeMathematics• Al-Khwarizmi, pioneered the study of algebra

o Wrote a book in the 800s that became a standard mathematic textbook in Europe

o Also developed a set of astronomical tables based on Greek and Indian discoveries.

Medicine• Built upon the knowledge of the Ancient

Greeks• Muslims made advancements in medicine and

public health


AgeAge• Under the caliphs, physicians and pharmacist had to

pass a test before they could practice in their profession

• The government set up hospitals, with emergency rooms

• Physicians travelled to rural areas to provide healthcare to those who could not get to the cityo Also visited jails

• Muhammad al-Razi, head physician at Baghdad’s chief hospitalo Pioneered the study measles and smallpoxo Treated the mind as well as the body(challenged previous

practices)


AgeAgeo He thought if doctors were hopefully with their patients,

recovery would happen quicker

• The Persian doctor Ibn Sinao Created the Canon on Medicine

• Greek, Arab and his ideas about treating and diagnosing diseases.

• Other Muslims surgeons developed a way to treat cataractso Using a hollow needle to remove fluid

• Arab Pharmacists were the first to mix bitter medicines into sweet-tasting syrups and gums


AgeAge• European physicians began to attend Muslim

universities in Spain.• Arabic medical text were translated into Latin• The works of Ibn Sina and al-Razi became the

standard medical textbook at European schools for 500 years

Section 4: India’s Muslim Section 4: India’s Muslim

EmpiresEmpires

The arrivals of Islam brought changes to India as great as great as those caused by the Aryan migration. The Delhi Sultanate•After the Gupta empire fell about 550, India fell again into fragmented into local kingdom•Rival princes battled for control of the Northern plainThe Sultan of Delhi Defeat the Hindus•By 1100’s Muslims controlled Northern India.

o A sultan established Delhi as the capital of the Delhi sultanate.o Muslim attacks included onslaughts that killed many Hindus and

destroyed Buddhist Temples.


EmpiresEmpires• Sultan of Ghur defeated the Hindus and made

Delhi the capital • The Delhi Sultanate lasted from 1206 to 1526

o Marked the start of Muslim rule in northern India

• The Muslims won because of the mounted archers that greater mobility than the Hindu forceso Hindus forces used slow moving war elephants

• Also the Hindu princes wasted resources fighting each other instead of a common enemy


EmpiresEmpires

• A large number of lower caste Hindu’s convert to Islam and fight against Indian Hindu’s.

• It was their only hope for a better life. Muslim Rule Changes Indian Government and Society• Sultans introduce Muslim traditions of government. • Many Turks, Persians, and Arab migrated to India to

serve as soldiers• Many Muslim’s moving to Delhi from Baghdad,

o Including scholars and adventurers o Due to Mongol raids in the 1200so Bring Persian and Greek learning to new areas

• Persian art and architecture with flourish


EmpiresEmpires

The Sultans lose power•1398- Tamerlane invades India. (descendent to Genghis Khan)

o Plundered and smashed the Northern plain and Delhi

•Thousands of artisans enslaved. They are to build Tamerlane’s capital at Samarkand. •Northern India is again fragmented into rival Hindu and Muslim states.


EmpiresEmpires

Muslims and Hindus Clash•Clash

o Hindu and Muslim religious beliefs clashed and created many conflicts.

o Muslims worshiped a single god, while Hindus prayed to several.o Hindus accepted the caste system, while Islam promoted

equality.o Hindus celebrate religion with music and dance, a practice not

found in Islam

•Blendedo Gradually the cultures blended.o Muslim rulers allowed Hindus to practice their religion.

o Some rajahs continued governing.


EmpiresEmpires

A Blending of Cultures•Muslim leaders grow more tolerant of their Hindu subjects. •Hindus were allowed to practice their religion as long as they paid a poll tax.•Some Rajahs- local Hindu rulers, were left in place.•Indian Muslims would absorb elements of the Hindu culture, such as marriage customs and caste ideas. •Urdu- new language (blended Persian, Hindi and Arabic) • Sikhism a new religion developed that combined

Muslim and Hindu ideas.


EmpiresEmpires

Mughal India•In 1526, Turks and Mongols poured into India through the mountain passes•Babur, claimed descent from Genghis Khan and Tamerlane.

o Poet and author

Babur founds the Mughal dynastyo Babur a great Muslim leader.o Defeated armies of the Delhi sultanate and established the Mughal

dynasty.• It ruled from 1526-1857

o Lands included much of the Indian subcontinent.o Akbar ruled the Mughal dynasty from 1556-1605.


EmpiresEmpires

Akbar the Great•Chief builder of the Mughal empire is Babur’s grandson, Akbar.•Akbar created a strong central government.•He was a Muslim that won support from the Hindus because of his policy of toleration.

o Ended tax on non-muslim

•Opened government jobs to Hindus of all castes. •Hindu princes were partners in ruling the empire.•Akbar would marry a Hindu princess


EmpiresEmpires

• Could not read or write. • Consulted leaders of many religions. • Wanted religious harmony and toleration• Wants all to accept India’s diversity • Modernized the army• Encouraged International trade• Standards weight and measures• Introduced land reforms


EmpiresEmpires

Akbar’s Successor.•Nur Jahan (Akbar’s son’s wife) managed the government after Akbar died.

• Most powerful woman in Indian history until the 1900’s.

•The height of Mughal literature, art, and architecture came during the reign of Akbar’s grandson, Shah Jahan.

• As a tomb for his wife he built the Taj Mahal.

•Highpoint of Indian literature and art comes under Jahan•Married to Mumtaz Mahal

o She died at age 39 after having 14 children. o Builds a tomb for her, Taj Mahal

Taj MahalTaj Mahal

• Designed by a Persian architect• Domes and minarets reflected in clear blue

reflecting pools. • Verses from the Quran adorn the inside walls. • The greatest monument of the Mughal empire.


EmpiresEmpires

• Shah Jahan planned to build a twin structure as a tomb for himself.

• But before he could, his son seized the throne.• Shah Jahan was kept imprisoned until his death.

Section5: Ottoman and Section5: Ottoman and Safavid EmpiresSafavid Empires

• While the Mughals Ruled India, two other dynasties dominated the Middle eastOttoman and Safavid

• The Mughals, Ottomans and Safavid owe their success to the weapons that changed warfareo Cannons, and later muskets


Ottoman: Selim I Ottoman: Selim I (ruled 1512-1520)(ruled 1512-1520)

• took control of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Arabia – included Jerusalem, Mecca, and Madinah.

• took the title of caliph• Extended empire from

Black Sea to Red Sea to Strait of Gibraltar.

• little impact on North Africa.

• Appointed Pashas

Ottoman: Suleiman Ottoman: Suleiman I I

• expanded into Europe and the western Med. Sea.

• He was a great military commander, but he known for his legislation as well.

• He codified Ottoman law keeping Islamic faith, took into account Christian inhabitants of the Empire, addressed taxes, and built more schools.

• married a harem girl from Poland, Roxelana, and had 5 children with her.

• executed his eldest son Mustafa• Roxelana’s son Selim took power when

Suleiman died in 1566.








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Chapter 10 Muslim Civilizations. Section 1: The Rise of Islam