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ENERGY RESOURCESChapter 17 & 18
Evaluating Energy Resources
Where does our energy come from?
84% of our energy comes from nonrenewable energy resources
78% from fossils fuels 6% nuclear power And only 16% from renewable energy!!
Nonrenewable Energy Resources
Comparison between Canada, the US, and the world with the use of nonrenewable energy sources.
Why is the Energy Future of the United States Important to Canada?
Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Limited.
US industrial giant and military superpower US industrial giant and military superpower
Canada’s largest trading partner Canada’s largest trading partner
US world’s largest energy user US world’s largest energy user
US out of step with rest of world US out of step with rest of world
Shift in US energy use would impact Canada Shift in US energy use would impact Canada
Net Energy
Net energy is the usable amount of high-quality energy available from a given quantity of a resource.
Essentially, it is our spendable income – after taxes, job-related dues, health insurance, etc. we are left with a certain amount of money which we then use!
Example: Nuclear Energy
Nuclear fuel cycle that involves the extraction and processing of uranium ore, creation of nuclear fuel, the building of plants, the dismantling of plants, and the storing of radioactive material produces a very small net energy gain – maybe even a loss! To make nuclear energy more efficient we
need new ways of extraction that use less energy.
Evaluating Alternative Resources
Policies developed with future in mind
Policies developed with future in mind
Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Limited.
Takes 50 years and huge investments to phase in alternative energy
Takes 50 years and huge investments to phase in alternative energy
Each country needs to answer several questions
Each country needs to answer several questions
OIL
Oil (petroleum) is a thick and gooey liquid consisting of hundreds of combustible hydrocarbons along with small amounts of sulphur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Oil is on our planet because of three events: Sediments buried dead material on seafloor faster
than it could decay The depth and pressure allowed it to cook
converting the organic material to oil Oil was then trapped in limestone/sandstone
covered by shale or silt making it part of the carbon cycle.
Finding the Oil A lot of technology!
Satellites to help find deposits
Computers/software to look at 3D internal images
Equipment for drilling Not to mention the
equipment used in the discovery, production, marketing, and distribution of oil to billions of people.
What happens to the Environment?
After drilling occurs the transportation of the oil can cause major environmental disasters. Oil spills:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-OVNd6Fa9fg
Who owns all the Oil? OPEC – Organization of the Petroleum Exporting
Countries 12 countries hold 60% of the world’s oil supply Saudi Arabia has 22% Canada does not belong to this organization but we have
14% of the world’s oil reserves. Analysts believe that the Middle East will eventually have
50% of the oil production; this is why the world’s nations have a vital economic and military security interests in helping preserve political stability in the Middle East.
What are the Advantages of Oil?
Ample supply for 42-93 years Low cost (huge subsidies) High net energy yield Easily transported from place to place Low land use Technology is all ready there Efficient distribution
What are the disadvantages of Oil?
Need to find a substitute when it has run out
Low price causes waste and discourages looking for other sources
Air pollution when burned Releases CO2 Moderate water pollution
Oil sands
Oil sands are a mix of clay, sand, water, and combustible organic material called bitumen – a very thick and heavy oil with a high sulphur content.
Oil sands are excavated near the surface and transported to refinery where the mixture is boiled and ‘cooked’ with hot water and steam to extract a lower sulphur content of crude oil.
The reality…
For this process to occur, two tons of oil sands are needed to create one barrel of oil.
On top of that three barrels of water are needed to extra each barrel of the bitumen substance! We need to find a better
source of energy so we do not waste our water supplies.
http://www.cbc.ca/documentaries/natureofthings/video.html?ID=1769597772
Environmental Impacts of Mining and Processing Oil Sands Page 383 Read… What are your thoughts on the oil sands?
Use points stated throughout the article as well as the information provided in the text. Explain your stance and why you feel we should use the oil sands or avoid them altogether.
Advantages of Oil Sands
Moderate cost – get a good dollar from them!
Large potential supply in Canada Easily transported Efficient distribution Technology is there to be used
Disadvantages of Oil Sands
Extreme amounts of land (boreal forests) will be clear cut for extraction
Low net energy yield HUGE amounts of water that can never
be used again Very high cost Water pollution through mining and
storage Air pollution when burned C02 emissions when burned!
Overall…
Do you believe that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages for crude oil?
Please submit your two questions at the end of class.
Natural Gas
What is natural gas? Mostly methane! The simplest hydrocarbon. Other forms underground can include:
Ethane (2 carbons) Propane (3 carbons) Butane (4 carbons)
Natural gas lies above crude oil deposits – unless a company is willing to tap into this resource it is burned off at the well site. A complete waste of a natural resource!!!
Another form: Methane Hydrate
Methane + Water molecules = methane hydrate
Buried deep in the permafrost in the Arctic
Essentially, there is twice as much natural gas as there is oil on our planet.
Problem
The Cost Too much money to get the natural gas from
the hydrates. However, Japan is working hard at developing
a new technology to reduce the costs and to reduce the methane gas that is released when it reaches the surface.
Great Versatility
Natural gas is a versatile fuel. It can be burned to heat water and buildings,
and to run vehicles. It can be used to run medium-sized turbines to
produce electricity. a. They are clean-burning and more energy
efficient than coal-burning power plants. b. They are cheaper to build, require less time to
install, and easier and cheaper to maintain than coal and nuclear power plants.
Natural Gas Production Plant
Who has all the Natural Gas?
Russia and Iran have about 50% of the world’s reserves of conventional natural gas, and global reserves are expected to last 62 to 125 years. The long-term outlook for natural gas supplies
is better than for conventional oil. Natural gas use should increase because it is
fairly abundant and has lower pollution and CO2 rates per unit of energy compared to other fossil fuels.
Global Deposits and Usage
Canada? Canada has surplus natural gas, while gas
production in the U.S. is declining. Canada exports 51% of its annual natural gas
production to the U.S. The U.S. produces 16% of its electricity from
burning natural gas. Canadian natural gas production is expected to
peak between 2020 and 2030. More LNG (liquefied natural gas) could be
imported, but shipping is very expensive which reduces the net energy yield. It is also very flammable and could lead to large-scale fires at receiving terminals.
Coal
Coal is a solid fossil fuel formed in several stages as buried remains of plants from 300-400 million years ago were subjected to intense heat and pressure over millions of years. Made of carbon with small
amounts of sulphur (released as sulphuric acid when burned)
It also releases traces of mercury and radioactive materials…… ?
Extraction of Coal
One of the world’s most dangerous occupations is underground mining of coal. Accidents underground Black lung disease from coal
particles Area strip mining – flat land
with coal near the surface Contour strip mining – hills
or mountains Sometimes mountain tops will be
removed to expose coal and the rock will be dumped in nearby areas ruining the environment.
What is it used for? Coal is used to generate 40% of
the world’s electricity and 75% of the steel
It is the most abundant fossil fuel
10 times more energy in coal than in oil or natural gas
Coal resources could last 200-1000 years (depending on rates of usage)
Around the world large deposits are being depleted and if the consumption rate goes up then the resources will run out a faster rate.
Advantages of coal
AMAZING supply… 200-1000 years!!! Very high net energy… we get a lot of
energy from coal. Low cost – cheap fuel source Mining and combustion of coal is very
technologically advanced – from years of coal burning
Air pollution can be reduced with new technology (buffers in the smokestacks)
Disadvantages
A VERY high environmental impact Severe land disturbance, air and water
pollution Very high land use – need to mess around a
lot with land to extract resources Severe threat to human health through the
burning of fossil fuels High CO2 emissions when we burn it –
greenhouse gas, global warming Releases toxic mercury and radioactive
particles
Tradeoffs
Future of Coal
Converting to Synthetic fuels (liquid fuel such as methanol or synthetic
gasoline) This involves less CO2 emissions when
burned, higher cost (less wasting), vehicle fuel, and a large supply again.
However, CO2 emissions are greater compared to coal if you included the amount of energy it takes to process the synthetic fuels, lower net energy yield, higher cost to produce, high environmental impact, and required 50% more coal for processing than just burning coal.
Future of Synthetic Coal
Researchers are looking at ways to reduce CO2 emissions
Chambers to trap the CO2 in the smokestacks
The CO2 would be stored to not harm environment
If this works, the liquefied coal would be a much cleaner way to produce electricity than burning coal, oil, or natural gas.
Tradeoffs
Nuclear Energy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJfIbBDR3e8
Nuclear Fission Reactors
Neutrons split the nuclei of atoms such as uranium and plutonium and release energy as high temperature heat.
In the reactor, the rate of fission is controlled and the heat produces high pressure steam which spins turbines and generates electricity.
See it in Action!!
CANDU
Stands for Canada and uranium – nuclear reactor.
The reactor is shielded inside with a concrete containment vessel and then further isolated in the reactor building.
There are multiple safety features to reduce serious nuclear accidents.
Fuels - Uranium
Used for 12-18 months then moved to wet storage in pools of water on site.
After 6-7 years enough heat and radiation has subsided to allow for handling of the fuel cells.
They are then moved to dry storage.
Nuclear Fuel Cycle
The entire fuel cycle includes: The mining of uranium Processing to make fuel Using it in a reactor Storing the radioactive wastes (1000’s of years!!) And decommissioning of the radioactive reactor
after its useful life.
In evaluating the safety, economic gains, and environmental impact, energy experts and economists caution us to look at this entire cycle, not just the nuclear plant – we may not be getting enough energy to make it ‘worthwhile’!
Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Tradeoffs