Chapter 18: Chapter 18: Cold War Cold War ConflictsConflicts

Section 3: The Section 3: The Cold War At Cold War At

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California Academic Standards:California Academic Standards: 11.8.7 & 11.9.3 11.8.7 & 11.9.311.8 Students analyze the economic boom and social 11.8 Students analyze the economic boom and social

transformation of post-World War II America. transformation of post-World War II America. .7 Describe the effects on society and the economy of .7 Describe the effects on society and the economy of

technological developments since 1945, including the technological developments since 1945, including the computer revolution, changes in communication, computer revolution, changes in communication, advances in medicine, and improvements in agricultural advances in medicine, and improvements in agricultural technology. technology.

11.9 Students analyze U.S. foreign policy since World 11.9 Students analyze U.S. foreign policy since World War II. War II.

.3 Trace the origins and geopolitical consequences .3 Trace the origins and geopolitical consequences (foreign and domestic) of the Cold War and containment (foreign and domestic) of the Cold War and containment policy, including the following: policy, including the following: The era of McCarthyism, instances of domestic Communism (e.g., The era of McCarthyism, instances of domestic Communism (e.g.,

Alger Hiss) and blacklisting Alger Hiss) and blacklisting The Truman Doctrine The Truman Doctrine The Berlin Blockade The Berlin Blockade The Korean War The Korean War The Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis The Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis Atomic testing in the American West, the "mutual assured Atomic testing in the American West, the "mutual assured

destruction" doctrine, and disarmament policies destruction" doctrine, and disarmament policies The Vietnam War The Vietnam War Latin American policy Latin American policy

Objectives:Objectives:Following lecture and reading of this Following lecture and reading of this

section, section, students will be able to:students will be able to:

1.1. Describe government efforts to Describe government efforts to investigate the loyalty of U.S. investigate the loyalty of U.S. citizens. citizens.

2.2. Explain the spy cases of Alger Hiss Explain the spy cases of Alger Hiss and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.

3.3. Describe the efforts of Senator Describe the efforts of Senator Joseph McCarthy to investigate Joseph McCarthy to investigate alleged Communist influence in the alleged Communist influence in the United States. United States.

Fears of Communist Fears of Communist InfluenceInfluence

Americans are Americans are worried about the U.S. worried about the U.S. security because they security because they saw Eastern Europe saw Eastern Europe and China fall to and China fall to Communists and Communists and feared it could happen feared it could happen any where anytime.any where anytime.

Also about 100,000 Also about 100,000 Americans claimed Americans claimed membership in Communist membership in Communist parties in the U.S.parties in the U.S.

Loyalty Review BoardLoyalty Review BoardTruman accused of being Truman accused of being soft on Communism.soft on Communism.

Purpose: to investigate gov’t Purpose: to investigate gov’t workers and dismiss any that workers and dismiss any that were disloyal to the U.S.were disloyal to the U.S.

Belonging to certain Belonging to certain groups was cause for groups was cause for suspicionsuspicion

3.2 million 3.2 million investigated; 212 investigated; 212 dismissed as threats; dismissed as threats; 2,900 resigned to 2,900 resigned to avoid or protest avoid or protest investigations.investigations.

House Un-American House Un-American Activities CommitteeActivities CommitteePurpose: one of Purpose: one of several agencies that several agencies that investigated investigated Communist influence Communist influence both inside and both inside and outside the U.S. gov’t.outside the U.S. gov’t.

Famous for Famous for investigating movie investigating movie industry in 1947 industry in 1947 believing Communist believing Communist propaganda had propaganda had infiltrated Hollywood.infiltrated Hollywood.

Many in Hollywood Many in Hollywood agreed, and agreed, and supported belief in supported belief in accusationsaccusations

The Hollywood Ten The Hollywood Ten refused to testify claiming refused to testify claiming the hearings and the hearings and investigations were investigations were unconstitutional, and were unconstitutional, and were imprisoned.imprisoned.

Because of investigation, a Because of investigation, a blacklist of about 500 was blacklist of about 500 was compiled in which names compiled in which names of suspected communists of suspected communists were placed and could no were placed and could no longer find work.longer find work.

McCarran ActMcCarran ActPurpose: Make any act that Purpose: Make any act that would lead to the would lead to the establishment of a establishment of a totalitarian gov’t unlawful.totalitarian gov’t unlawful.

Spy Cases Stun the Spy Cases Stun the NationNationAlger HissAlger Hiss

Convicted of perjury for Convicted of perjury for lying about passing soviet lying about passing soviet gov’t documents.gov’t documents.

Ethel & Julius Ethel & Julius RosenbergRosenbergMinor activists in the Minor activists in the American Communist PartyAmerican Communist Party

Found guilty of espionage Found guilty of espionage and sentenced to death, and sentenced to death, for leaking information on for leaking information on our atomic bomb to the our atomic bomb to the USSR allowing them to USSR allowing them to develop it years earlier develop it years earlier than they would have.than they would have.

1st U.S. civilians 1st U.S. civilians executed for executed for espionage.espionage.

McCarthy Launches McCarthy Launches His “Witch Hunt”His “Witch Hunt”

Senator Joseph Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin McCarthy of Wisconsin (Republican), charged (Republican), charged that Communists were that Communists were taking over the gov’t.taking over the gov’t.

McCarthy’s TacticsMcCarthy’s TacticsAccused people in the Accused people in the gov’t of disloyalty gov’t of disloyalty without providing without providing evidence.evidence.

Only made claims in Only made claims in the senate where he the senate where he had legal immunity had legal immunity from slander.from slander.

Republicans did little Republicans did little to stop him, because to stop him, because they thought they they thought they would win 1952 would win 1952 presidential election presidential election if America saw them if America saw them as ridding the gov’t as ridding the gov’t of Communists.of Communists.

McCarthy’s McCarthy’s DownfallDownfall1954, McCarthy 1954, McCarthy bullied witnesses bullied witnesses in a televised in a televised investigation and investigation and cost him public cost him public support.support.

Other Anti-Other Anti-Communist Communist MeasuresMeasuresBy 1953, 39 states By 1953, 39 states passed laws making passed laws making it illegal to advocate it illegal to advocate the violent the violent overthrow of the overthrow of the gov’t.gov’t.

People had to take People had to take loyalty oaths, people loyalty oaths, people were afraid to sign were afraid to sign petitions quoting the petitions quoting the Declaration of Declaration of Independence fearing Independence fearing they were Communist they were Communist ideas.ideas.

Union leaders, librarians, Union leaders, librarians, reporters, and scientists reporters, and scientists were investigated.were investigated.

The Cold War at HomeThe Cold War at Home

During the late 1940s and early 1950s, fear of communism leads to reckless charges against innocent citizens.During the late 1940s and early 1950s, fear of communism leads to reckless charges against innocent citizens.

Fear of Communist InfluenceFear of Communist Influence

American SentimentsAmerican Sentiments ·Communist takeover of Eastern Europe, China fuel fear of its spread·Communist takeover of Eastern Europe, China fuel fear of its spread ·100,000 in U.S. Communist Party; some fear may be loyal to U.S.S.R.·100,000 in U.S. Communist Party; some fear may be loyal to U.S.S.R.

Loyalty Review BoardLoyalty Review Board ·Truman accused of being soft on Communism·Truman accused of being soft on Communism ·Sets up Federal Employee Loyalty Program to investigate employees·Sets up Federal Employee Loyalty Program to investigate employees ·1947–1951 loyalty boards investigate 3.2 million, dismiss 212·1947–1951 loyalty boards investigate 3.2 million, dismiss 212

The House Un-American Activities CommitteeThe House Un-American Activities Committee ·House Un-American Activities Committee investigates Communist ties·House Un-American Activities Committee investigates Communist ties ·Investigates Communist influence in movie industry·Investigates Communist influence in movie industry ·Hollywood Ten refuse to testify, sent to prison·Hollywood Ten refuse to testify, sent to prison ·Hollywood blacklist—people with Communist ties, cannot get work·Hollywood blacklist—people with Communist ties, cannot get work

The McCarran ActThe McCarran Act ·Act—unlawful to plan action that might lead to totalitarianism ·Act—unlawful to plan action that might lead to totalitarianism ·Truman vetoes, says violates free thought; Congress overrides veto·Truman vetoes, says violates free thought; Congress overrides veto

Spy Cases Stun the NationSpy Cases Stun the Nation

Alger Hiss [Visual]Alger Hiss [Visual] ·Alger Hiss accused of spying for Soviet Union; convicted of perjury·Alger Hiss accused of spying for Soviet Union; convicted of perjury ·Congressman Richard Nixon gains fame for pursuing charges·Congressman Richard Nixon gains fame for pursuing charges

The RosenbergsThe Rosenbergs ·1949, Soviets explode atomic bomb sooner than expected·1949, Soviets explode atomic bomb sooner than expected ·Physicist Klaus Fuchs admits giving information about U.S. bomb·Physicist Klaus Fuchs admits giving information about U.S. bomb ·Ethel, Julius Rosenberg, minor Communist Party activists, implicated·Ethel, Julius Rosenberg, minor Communist Party activists, implicated ·Rosenbergs sentenced to death; Supreme Court upholds conviction·Rosenbergs sentenced to death; Supreme Court upholds conviction

McCarthy Launches His “Witch Hunt”McCarthy Launches His “Witch Hunt”

McCarthy’s TacticsMcCarthy’s Tactics ·Senator Joseph McCarthy a strong anti-Communist activist·Senator Joseph McCarthy a strong anti-Communist activist ·Ineffective legislator; needs issue to win reelection·Ineffective legislator; needs issue to win reelection ·McCarthyism—attacking suspected Communists without evidence·McCarthyism—attacking suspected Communists without evidence ·McCarthy claims Communists in State Department·McCarthy claims Communists in State Department ·Few Republicans speak out; think he has winning strategy for 1952·Few Republicans speak out; think he has winning strategy for 1952

McCarthy’s Downfall [Visual]McCarthy’s Downfall [Visual] ·1954, McCarthy accuses members of U.S. Army·1954, McCarthy accuses members of U.S. Army ·Televised hearings show him bullying witnesses·Televised hearings show him bullying witnesses ·Loses public support; Senate condemns him for improper conduct·Loses public support; Senate condemns him for improper conduct

Other Anti-Communist MeasuresOther Anti-Communist Measures ·States, towns forbid speech favoring violent overthrow of government·States, towns forbid speech favoring violent overthrow of government ·Millions forced to take loyalty oaths, are investigated·Millions forced to take loyalty oaths, are investigated ·People become afraid to speak out on public issues·People become afraid to speak out on public issues