Growing Division and Reform

CHAPTER 2, SECTION 3

The Resurgence of Sectionalism

Big Ideas:

As new states emerged, sectionalism began to increase between the North and South.

Native Americans suffered as Americans migrated westward into Indian territory.

The Resurgence of Sectionalism

The Missouri Compromise:

The Missouri territory applied for statehood as a slave state in 1819.

This threw off the balance as there were 11 free and 11 slave states in the Union.

The Resurgence of Sectionalism

In 1919 Maine applied for statehood as a free state.

A compromise was reached to admit Missouri and Maine as states with one being free and one being slave. This was called The Missouri Compromise.

To please Northerners, slavery was banned from any new states above Missouri’s southern border.

The Resurgence of Sectionalism

The Nullification Crisis Because it had few

industries, South Carolina purchased most of its manufactured goods from England. High protection tariffs

made those items very expensive.

In 1828 South Carolina threatened to leave the union (secede) if the tariffs were not lifted.

The Resurgence of Sectionalism

After Congress passed another tariff in 1832, South Carolina’s legislature voted to nullify the law.

President Jackson considered it an act of treason and sent a warship to Charleston, SC.

Senator Henry Clay calmed the situation by pushing a bill through that would reduce tariffs over the next ten years.

The Resurgence of Sectionalism

Native American Removal:

President Jackson was sympathetic to the plight of Native Americans, but favored white settlers when he signed the Indian Removal Act of 1830 which helped states move Native Americans to land west of the Mississippi River.

The Resurgence of Sectionalism

The Cherokee living in Georgia plead their case to the Supreme court in order to protect their territorial rights. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the rights of the Cherokee, but Andrew Jackson refused to abide by the court’s decision. “Marshall has made

his opinion, now let him enforce it.”

The Resurgence of Sectionalism

President Van Buren continued Jackson’s policies and in 1838 used the military to push the Cherokee from their land.

Thousands of Cherokee died in holding camps while waiting to be moved.

Another 2,000 died as they were marched west. It became known as “The

Trail of Tears”.

The Reform Spirit

Big Ideas:

The Second Great Awakening was a religious movement that focused on social reforms and equality.

The Reform Spirit

Social Reform: Temperance groups

formed across the country to encourage people to give up alcohol. In 1833 several groups

joined together to form the American Temperance Union.

Reform groups also pushed for a public education system and an improvement in the treatment of prisoners.

The Reform Spirit

Abolitionist Movement:

William Lloyd Garrison’s newspaper The Liberator called for immediate emancipation of enslaved persons.

Free African Americans such as Frederick Douglass were at the forefront of the movement.