Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as

Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

Chapter 21



I.The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire BuildersII. The Shi’a Challenge of the SafavidsIII. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India



The Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires



The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders

Mid-1200s, Mongols defeat SeljuksOttomans emerge dominant over Byzantines

Rename: Istanbul

Expansion – all former Eastern Roman EmpirePositive Correlation: Religious Persecution & Expansion

A. A State Geared to WarfareTurkic horsemen become warrior nobilityJanissary infantry

Conscripted youth from conquered peoples





B. The Sultans and their CourtVizier - Head of large bureaucracy

Succession - No clear rules

C. Constantinople Restored and the Flowering of Ottoman Culture

Responsible: Suleiman ICommercial centerGovernment control of

trade, craftsArtisan guilds

Turkish Language prevails

Suleymaniye mosque, 16th century



D. The Problem of Ottoman Decline

Strong until late 1600sInfrastructure insufficientDependent on conquest - End of conquest brings deficienciesRegional leaders divert revenue

E. Military Reverses and the Ottoman RetreatFail at the Siege of Vienna Lepanto, 1571

Defeated by Spain, Venice - Turks lose control of eastern MediterraneanPortuguese outflank Middle East trade

Sail around Africa into Indian OceanVictories over Muslim navies

InflationCaused by New World bullionComes at same time as loss of revenue from control of trade





The Safavid Empire

The Shi’a Challenge of the SafavidsStarts with Safavid familySail al-Din

Leads revival - wants to purify and reform Islam

Ismâ'il takes Tabriz Named shah - title

Chaldiran, 1514Safavids defeated by OttomansGunpowder makes the Difference



Abbas I (1587-1629)

Height of Safavid Empire

Persians as bureaucrats – Balance out warrior leaders

State and Religion

Adopt Persian language and court traditions after Chaldiran

Abandoned egalitarian camaraderie

Shi'ism modified

Spreads to entire empire

Elite Affluence and Artistic Splendor

Abbas I supports international trade

& Islamic culture

Building projectsRoads and Rest Houses

Mosques in Isfahan



D. Society and Gender Roles: Ottoman and Safavid Comparisons

Commonalities

Warrior aristocracies

Move to rural estates after conquest

Threat to central power

Imperial workshops

Artisans patronized

International trade encouraged

Women lose freedom

Subordinate to fathers, husbands

E. The Rapid Demise of the Safavid Empire

Abbas I

Removes heirs

Weak grandson inherits

Decline begins

Internal conflict, outside threats

1772, Isfahan taken by Afghanis



The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in IndiaBabur – Mongol & Turkic Descent

Driven from Afghanistan Invades India, 1526 – Not as religiously motivatedFails at trying regain homelandSucceeded by Humayn

Flees to Persia Restores Mughal Empire in1556 Akbar and the Basis for a Lasting Empire

13-year-old son of HumaynBattles with everyone & wins

Reconciliation with Hindus (No more Jizya) New religion, Din-i-Ilahi

Blend of Islam and HinduismToleration

The Growth of the Mughal Empire from Akbar to Aurangzeb



B. Social Reform and Social ChangeContinuity: Muslim rulers and public worksWomen

Widows encouraged to remarry and child marriages discouragedSati prohibitedSeclusion undermined by women's market days

C. Mughal Splendor and Early European ContactsDeath of Akbar

Reforms don't surviveEmpire strong

Cotton textiles to EuropeEspecially among laboring and middle classes

D. Artistic Achievement in the Mughal EraSuccessors: Jahangir and Shah Jahan, 17th century

Continue tolerationLess energeticSupport arts

Taj Mahal



E. Court Politics and the Position of Elite and Ordinary WomenNur Jahan

Wife of JahangirHead of powerful faction

Mumtaz Mahal

Wife of Shah Jahan – Buried in Taj Mahal Also powerful, he husband was more competent

Ordinary women

Position declinesAge limit lowered for child marriageSati spreads among upper classesBirth of girl was undesirable - dowry



F. The Beginnings of Imperial DeclineAurangzeb

Takes over a messPrograms

Rule all IndiaCleanse Islam of Hindu taint

1707, controls most of IndiaExpensive, distracting

Other developments disregardedRevoltAutonomy of local leaders

Hindus exluded from high officeNon-Muslims taxed

Marattas and Sikhs challenge rule

Documents

Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as