Chapter 25Chapter 25

The World in The 1950’sThe World in The 1950’s

Causes of the Cold WarCauses of the Cold War

Conflict developed immediately Conflict developed immediately following World War II when the following World War II when the Soviet Union refused to allow free Soviet Union refused to allow free elections elections in Eastern Europein Eastern Europe and and created Communist created Communist satellitessatellites there. there.

Winston Churchill called the Soviet Winston Churchill called the Soviet threat an “threat an “iron curtainiron curtain” across ” across Europe.Europe.

Cold WarCold War: : period after WWII of period after WWII of a state of tension between a state of tension between nations without actual fightingnations without actual fighting

Soviet Union took control of Eastern Soviet Union took control of Eastern European nationsEuropean nations

Communism gained in Western Communism gained in Western Europe, the Middle East and Asia Europe, the Middle East and Asia (Greece and Turkey)(Greece and Turkey)

Western powers feared Soviet Western powers feared Soviet expansionexpansion

Effects of the Cold WarEffects of the Cold War

Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine - stated that the United States would - stated that the United States would

oppose the spread of communismoppose the spread of communism. The . The U.S. policy of limiting Communist U.S. policy of limiting Communist expansion was called expansion was called containment.containment.

In 1947, President Truman requested In 1947, President Truman requested military aid to stop Communist threats military aid to stop Communist threats

1947-asked Congress for $400 million to 1947-asked Congress for $400 million to aid Greece and aid Greece and Turkey;Turkey; pledged to help pledged to help nations threatened by communist nations threatened by communist expansionexpansion

Marshall PlanMarshall Plan

In 1947, Secretary of State George In 1947, Secretary of State George Marshall proposed the Marshall proposed the Marshall PlanMarshall Plan to provide to provide economic aideconomic aid to postwar to postwar Europe. Europe.

Growing Communist parties in Growing Communist parties in France France and Italy was one reason the United and Italy was one reason the United States stepped in to help with States stepped in to help with $12 $12 billionbillion in aid. in aid.

Marshall PlanMarshall Plan

American plan to help European American plan to help European nations rebuild their economies nations rebuild their economies after WWII; if they had been left after WWII; if they had been left in poverty, they may have in poverty, they may have succumbed to dictators or worse, succumbed to dictators or worse, communism. communism.

Berlin Airlift ends a Berlin Airlift ends a Soviet blockadeSoviet blockade

– Germany was divided up into 4 Germany was divided up into 4 sections after WWII: France, Britain, sections after WWII: France, Britain, Soviet Union and U.SSoviet Union and U.S. Berlin divided . Berlin divided also but within Soviet zonealso but within Soviet zone

In 1948, the Soviet Union set up a In 1948, the Soviet Union set up a blockade blockade around West Berlin. The around West Berlin. The United States played a major role in the United States played a major role in the Berlin airlift by Berlin airlift by flying in food and other flying in food and other supplies to the people of West Berlin.supplies to the people of West Berlin.))

– In 1949, the United States joined In 1949, the United States joined with Great Britain and France to with Great Britain and France to combine the areas of Germany combine the areas of Germany that they controlled into that they controlled into West West GermanyGermany. In turn the Soviets . In turn the Soviets created created East Germany.East Germany.

U.S. InvolvementU.S. Involvement

The United States demonstrated a The United States demonstrated a turn away from turn away from isolationismisolationism by by supporting two organizations. supporting two organizations.

The United States took a leading The United States took a leading role in creating the role in creating the United United NationsNations. Like all members, it had . Like all members, it had a vote in the a vote in the General Assembly. General Assembly.

United NationsUnited Nations

International organization formed International organization formed in 1945 to help solve conflicts in 1945 to help solve conflicts between nations (hunger, between nations (hunger, disease, education, war)disease, education, war)

The United States became one of The United States became one of five countries that are permanent five countries that are permanent members of the more powerful members of the more powerful Security Council.Security Council.

NATONATO

The United States also helped establish The United States also helped establish a military alliance with other Western a military alliance with other Western nations known as NATO.nations known as NATO.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)(NATO)

Alliance formed in 1949 by the United Alliance formed in 1949 by the United States & Western European nations to States & Western European nations to fight Soviet aggressionfight Soviet aggression

Its purpose was to Its purpose was to guard against Soviet guard against Soviet attack.attack.

Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact

Military alliance formed by the Military alliance formed by the Soviet Union in 1955 - called the Soviet Union in 1955 - called the Warsaw Pact, also called Warsaw Warsaw Pact, also called Warsaw AllianceAlliance

Other World EventsOther World Events

New nations became independent; New nations became independent; the U.S. & the Soviet Union the U.S. & the Soviet Union competed for their support.competed for their support.

Philippines granted independence in 1946Philippines granted independence in 1946 India granted independence in 1947-India India granted independence in 1947-India

remained neutral, Pakistan supported the remained neutral, Pakistan supported the U.S.U.S.

Many nations of S.E. Asia won independenceMany nations of S.E. Asia won independence Over 20 African nations gained Over 20 African nations gained

independence from 1945-1965independence from 1945-1965

ChinaChina

After WWII – In 1949, Communists After WWII – In 1949, Communists under under Mao ZedongMao Zedong came to power in came to power in China. Along with the Soviet Union, China. Along with the Soviet Union, communists controlled almost ¼ of the communists controlled almost ¼ of the world lands.world lands.

The United States refused to The United States refused to recognize the People’s Republic of recognize the People’s Republic of China, insisting that the government of China, insisting that the government of TaiwanTaiwan was the was the legallegal Chinese Chinese government.government.

Arms RaceArms Race

Arms race develops between U.S. Arms race develops between U.S. & the Soviet Union& the Soviet Union

– Each side built up its supply of Each side built up its supply of missiles & atomic weaponsmissiles & atomic weapons

– Sputnik spawned fear that the Soviet Sputnik spawned fear that the Soviet Union was better equipped than the Union was better equipped than the U.S. – atomic missiles could definitely U.S. – atomic missiles could definitely reach the U.S.reach the U.S.

– U.S. tripled amount of atomic weaponsU.S. tripled amount of atomic weapons

Bomb ScaresBomb Scares

– Families built “fallout shelters” & Families built “fallout shelters” & schools had air raid drills - “schools had air raid drills - “Duck and Cover”

– Threatened one final war that would Threatened one final war that would wipe out ALL life on earth.wipe out ALL life on earth.

Chapter 25 Section Chapter 25 Section 22

Two economic challenges that the Two economic challenges that the United States faced after WWII United States faced after WWII were absorbing millions of were absorbing millions of soldierssoldiers into a peacetime into a peacetime economy and changing the economy and changing the economy from producing war economy from producing war goods to goods to consumer goodsconsumer goods..

Economy of 1950’sEconomy of 1950’s

The The G.I. Bill of RightsG.I. Bill of Rights helped to solve helped to solve the first problem by providing money the first problem by providing money for starting businesses, buying for starting businesses, buying homes, and paying for college.homes, and paying for college.

American were eager to buy American were eager to buy consumer goods, and demand soon consumer goods, and demand soon exceeded exceeded supplysupply, causing , causing inflationinflation. . As prices rose, workers demanded As prices rose, workers demanded higher wages, and a wave of higher wages, and a wave of strikesstrikes swept the nation.swept the nation.

Taft-Hartley Act and Taft-Hartley Act and Fair DealFair Deal When a Republican Congress took When a Republican Congress took

control, it passed the Taft-Hartley control, it passed the Taft-Hartley Act, which gave the government Act, which gave the government power to power to delay a strikedelay a strike..

The Taft-Hartley act also forbade The Taft-Hartley act also forbade the use of a closed shop, or a the use of a closed shop, or a workplace in which only union workplace in which only union members can be hired.members can be hired.

Taft-Hartley Act and Taft-Hartley Act and Fair DealFair Deal Truman managed to win the Truman managed to win the

presidential election in presidential election in 19481948, and , and the the DemocratsDemocrats gained control of gained control of Congress. It passed Truman’s Congress. It passed Truman’s “Fair Deal” proposal that helped “Fair Deal” proposal that helped workers, such as a higher workers, such as a higher minimum wage.minimum wage.

Dwight D. EisenhowerDwight D. Eisenhower

Dwight Eisenhower was elected Dwight Eisenhower was elected president in president in 1952 1952 and reelected in and reelected in 19561956. He believed in smaller . He believed in smaller government with less control of the government with less control of the economyeconomy..

Economic Changes in the Economic Changes in the 1950’s1950’s

Once the peacetime economy got Once the peacetime economy got underway, the 1950’s were underway, the 1950’s were prosperous times for many Americans.prosperous times for many Americans.

Soaring employment and increased Soaring employment and increased productivity helped workers produce productivity helped workers produce more goods for consumers to buy. more goods for consumers to buy.

The U.S. standard of living increased.The U.S. standard of living increased.

Economic Changes of the Economic Changes of the 1950’s1950’s

More people owned their own More people owned their own homes and cars.homes and cars.

However, cities experienced an However, cities experienced an economic downturn as jobs and economic downturn as jobs and people moved to the suburbs, people moved to the suburbs, leaving poorer people behind.leaving poorer people behind.

Cities lost money to pay for schools Cities lost money to pay for schools and services, and crime increased.and services, and crime increased.

Social Changes of the Social Changes of the 1950’s1950’s A postwar increase in population A postwar increase in population

was caused by a baby boom, and by was caused by a baby boom, and by new antibiotic medicines and new antibiotic medicines and vaccines that helped people live vaccines that helped people live longer.longer.

More cars and a new system of More cars and a new system of highways linking America fueled the highways linking America fueled the growth of suburbs located around growth of suburbs located around cities.cities.

Social Changes of the Social Changes of the 1950’s1950’s Entertainment changed as television Entertainment changed as television

became the most important family became the most important family activity, and new styles of music such activity, and new styles of music such as rock-and-roll became popular.as rock-and-roll became popular.

Social critics worried that Americans Social critics worried that Americans were feeling more pressure to were feeling more pressure to conform. They also criticized conform. They also criticized consumers’ collecting of material consumers’ collecting of material possessions.possessions.

Society in the Atomic Society in the Atomic AgeAge As fears of atomic weapons As fears of atomic weapons

started to build towards the end started to build towards the end of the 1950s families and schools of the 1950s families and schools started taking precautions to started taking precautions to prepare for the worst.prepare for the worst.

Schools throughout the US began Schools throughout the US began running bomb raid drills. The running bomb raid drills. The students would “duck and cover” students would “duck and cover” below their desks as protection below their desks as protection from Atomic weaponsfrom Atomic weapons

Society in the Atomic Society in the Atomic AgeAge The US produced a number of The US produced a number of

public safety movies to warn the public safety movies to warn the public about the Atomic threat.public about the Atomic threat.

Most famous was Burt the turtle Most famous was Burt the turtle and his school warnings about and his school warnings about “duck and cover”“duck and cover”

Society in the Atomic Society in the Atomic AgeAge Families began building Fallout Families began building Fallout

Shelters in their backyards incase Shelters in their backyards incase of Nuclear War.of Nuclear War.

These shelters were designed to These shelters were designed to protect a family from a nuclear protect a family from a nuclear blast and the following nuclear blast and the following nuclear fallout.fallout.

These shelters were usually built These shelters were usually built deep under ground.deep under ground.

Society in the Atomic Society in the Atomic AgeAge Families would stock supplies in Families would stock supplies in

the fallout shelter in order to the fallout shelter in order to survive until it was safe to come survive until it was safe to come above ground.above ground.

Chapter 25, Section 3Chapter 25, Section 3

Causes/Expansion Causes/Expansion

After WWII, Korea was divided into After WWII, Korea was divided into North KoreaNorth Korea and and South KoreaSouth Korea at the at the 38th parallel38th parallel..

The Soviet Union backed a Communist The Soviet Union backed a Communist government in government in North KoreaNorth Korea..

The United States backed The United States backed South KoreaSouth Korea.. On On June 25, 1950June 25, 1950, North Korea invaded , North Korea invaded

South Korea.South Korea.

Korea Korea

Because the President Truman had decided to take a hard stance on the spread of communism the United States Decided to go to South Korea’s aid.

The United States showed that it was going to enforce the mandate set by the Truman Doctrine.

President Truman called on the President Truman called on the United NationsUnited Nations to send military to send military aid. The United States led a force aid. The United States led a force of soldiers from of soldiers from 1616 countries, countries, although although 90%90% were American. were American. The commander was General The commander was General Douglas MacArthurDouglas MacArthur..

Decisive ActionsDecisive Actions

Within three days after the invasion, Within three days after the invasion, the North Koreans reached the North Koreans reached SeoulSeoul, the , the capital of South Korea.capital of South Korea.

The UN forces did badly at first. Then The UN forces did badly at first. Then more soldiers and more soldiers and suppliessupplies arrived and arrived and the UN the UN defensivedefensive line held. line held.

MacArthur ordered an advance that MacArthur ordered an advance that sent the North Koreans back over the sent the North Koreans back over the 38th parallel.38th parallel.

MacArthur pushed his troops to the MacArthur pushed his troops to the ChineseChinese border. border.

A counterattack by A counterattack by ChinaChina and North and North Korean forces sent the UN troops Korean forces sent the UN troops back to back to South KoreaSouth Korea..

OUTCOMESOUTCOMES

War ended in a War ended in a stalematestalemate.. A cease-fire in 1953 created a A cease-fire in 1953 created a

demilitarized zonedemilitarized zone, an area that , an area that neither side controlled.neither side controlled.

More than More than 2 million2 million Koreans died Koreans died in the war, mainly civilians.in the war, mainly civilians.

U.S. casualties were U.S. casualties were 30,00030,000 killed killed and and 100,000100,000 wounded. wounded.

OUTCOMESOUTCOMES

A disagreement between A disagreement between MacArthur and President Truman MacArthur and President Truman developed. Truman developed. Truman firedfired MacArthur after he called for the MacArthur after he called for the bombing of bombing of ChinaChina..

Korea remained Korea remained divided at the divided at the 38th parallel.38th parallel.

Fears at HomeFears at Home

Three events that caused Americans Three events that caused Americans to become worried about to become worried about Communists at home:Communists at home:

1. 1. Soviet possession of atomic Soviet possession of atomic weaponsweapons

2. 2. Fall of China to CommunistsFall of China to Communists

3. 3. Stalemate in KoreaStalemate in Korea

Fears at HomeFears at Home

Two famous spy cases that seized Two famous spy cases that seized public attention:public attention:

1. 1. Alger Hiss, a former StateAlger Hiss, a former State

Department officialDepartment official

2. 2. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg wereJulius and Ethel Rosenberg were

arrested, tried and executed forarrested, tried and executed for

spyingspying

SpiesSpies

Rosenberg's

Alger Hiss

Joseph McCarthyJoseph McCarthy

In February of 1950 a Republican senator In February of 1950 a Republican senator by the name of Joseph McCarthy gave a by the name of Joseph McCarthy gave a speech in West Virginia in which he speech in West Virginia in which he claimed to know the identity of 205 claimed to know the identity of 205 communist within the US government. communist within the US government.

McCarthy carried the list of names with McCarthy carried the list of names with him and would not let anyone see it.him and would not let anyone see it.

He further expanded his accusations to He further expanded his accusations to the US Army and famous Hollywood the US Army and famous Hollywood actors.actors.

McCarthyMcCarthy

““I have here in my hand a list of I have here in my hand a list of two hundred and five people that two hundred and five people that were known to the Secretary of were known to the Secretary of State as being members of the State as being members of the Communist Party and who Communist Party and who nevertheless are still working and nevertheless are still working and shaping the policy of the State shaping the policy of the State Department.” Department.”

Joseph McCarthyJoseph McCarthy Joseph McCarthyJoseph McCarthy gained a gained a

following of Americans by hunting following of Americans by hunting Communists in Communists in the governmentthe government and in the U.S. Army.and in the U.S. Army.

The term The term McCarthyismMcCarthyism came to came to mean accusing someone without mean accusing someone without evidence.evidence.

Joseph McCarthyJoseph McCarthy

McCarthy’s power began to fade McCarthy’s power began to fade when he started questioning when he started questioning officials in the United States officials in the United States Army. Army.

McCarthy was eventually McCarthy was eventually censured by the US government censured by the US government but only after he had left a trail of but only after he had left a trail of ruined careers behind him.ruined careers behind him.

Section 4Section 4

The Arms RaceThe Arms Race

Josep Stalin died in 1953 and was Josep Stalin died in 1953 and was replaced by replaced by Nikita KhrushchevNikita Khrushchev..

Both the United States and Soviet Both the United States and Soviet Union exploded Union exploded hydrogen bombshydrogen bombs..

In the early 1950’s, starting a In the early 1950’s, starting a race to create more powerful race to create more powerful weapons, which they weapons, which they stockpiledstockpiled in in dangerous collections.dangerous collections.

The Arms RaceThe Arms Race

The arms race got more crowded as The arms race got more crowded as ChinaChina, , FranceFrance and and Great BritainGreat Britain developed nuclear weapons.developed nuclear weapons.

The Soviet Union launched The Soviet Union launched SputnikSputnik, , expanding the arms race. Now the goal expanding the arms race. Now the goal was also to control was also to control outer spaceouter space..

Two responses by the United States Two responses by the United States were the establishment of were the establishment of NASANASA and and the the National Defense Education ActNational Defense Education Act..

Emerging NationsEmerging Nations

The The Peace CorpsPeace Corps was established for was established for the purpose of building the purpose of building friendshipsfriendships with developing countries and with developing countries and encouraging their encouraging their economic growtheconomic growth..

New countries emerged following New countries emerged following World War IIWorld War II. Most were former . Most were former colonies in colonies in AfricaAfrica and and Asia Asia that that gained independence.gained independence.

Emerging NationsEmerging Nations

The United States backed one side The United States backed one side and the Soviets backed the other in and the Soviets backed the other in the the CongoCongo. Each side supplied . Each side supplied airplanesairplanes, , truckstrucks and and technical technical advisersadvisers. As a result, the war became . As a result, the war became more more violentviolent..

The U.S. colony of The U.S. colony of PhilippinesPhilippines also also gained independence. Communist gained independence. Communist rebels were rebels were defeateddefeated there. there.

Emerging NationsEmerging Nations

The United States backed The United States backed FrenchFrench forces against a Communist fight forces against a Communist fight for independence in for independence in VietnamVietnam. . Communists under Communists under Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh won control of northern Vietnam.won control of northern Vietnam.

Latin America and the Latin America and the Cold WarCold War Revolts in Latin America brought Revolts in Latin America brought anti-anti-

AmericanAmerican groups to power. groups to power. When When Fidel CastroFidel Castro took power in took power in

Cuba, he created a Cuba, he created a CommunistCommunist state state and began encouragingand began encouraging revolution revolution in in other parts of Latin America.other parts of Latin America.

The The Bay of PigsBay of Pigs invasion failed and invasion failed and made made CastroCastro more popular. more popular.

Soviet aid to Cuba included building Soviet aid to Cuba included building missile basesmissile bases and providing nuclear and providing nuclear missiles.missiles.

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

During the Cuban missile crisis, the During the Cuban missile crisis, the two key opposing leaders were two key opposing leaders were John F. John F. KennedyKennedy and and KhrushchevKhrushchev. There . There were fears of nuclear war if were fears of nuclear war if Soviet Soviet shipsships ran the American blockade. ran the American blockade.

The crisis ended when the Soviets The crisis ended when the Soviets agreed to agreed to remove the missilesremove the missiles, and , and the United States agreed not to the United States agreed not to invade Cuba.invade Cuba.