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8/13/2019 Chapter 27 the Circulatory System
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Learning Outcomes27.1 Describe the structure of the heart and the
function of each part.
27.2 Trace the flow of blood through the heart.
27.3 List the most common heart sounds and what
events produce them.
27.4 Explain how heart rate is controlled by the
electrical conduction system of the heart.
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Learning Outcomes (cont.)27.5 List the different types of blood vessels and
describe the functions of each.
27.6 Define blood pressure and tell how it iscontrolled.
27.7 Trace the flow of blood through the pulmonaryand systemic circulation.
27.8 List the major arteries and veins of the body anddescribe their locations.
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Learning Outcomes (cont.)27.9 List and describe the components of blood.
27.10 Give the functions of red blood cells, the different
types of white blood cells, and platelets.
27.11 List the substances normally found in plasma.
27.12 Explain how bleeding is controlled.
27.13 Explain the differences among blood types A, B,AB, and O.
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Learning Outcomes (cont.)27.14 Explain the difference between Rh-positive blood
and Rh-negative blood.
27.15 Explain the importance of blood typing and tellwhich blood types are compatible.
27.16 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, andtreatments of various diseases and disorders ofthe cardiovascular system.
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Introduction The cardiovascular system consists of heart and
blood vessels
Sends blood to
Lungs for oxygen
Digestive system for nutrients
CV system also circulates waste products tocertain organ systems for removal from the blood
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The Heart: Structures Cone-shaped organ
about the size of aloose fist
In the mediastinum
Extends from the levelof the second rib to
about the level of thesixth rib
Slightly left of themidline
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The Heart: Structures (cont.) Heart is bordered:
Laterally by the lungs
Posteriorly by the vertebralcolumn
Anteriorly by the sternum
Rests on the diaphragm
inferiorly
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The Heart: Structures (cont.) Heart coverings
Pericardium
Covers theheart and
large blood vesselsattached to the heart
Visceral per icardium
Innermost layer
Directly on the heart
Parietal per icardium
Layer on top of thevisceral pericardium
Heart walls:
Epicardium Outermost layer Fat to cushion heart
Myocardium Middle layer
Primarily cardiac muscle
Endocardium Innermost layer
Thin and smooth
Stretches as the heartpumps
Click for Larger View
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The Heart: Structures (cont.) Four chambers
Two atria
Upper chambers Left and right
Separated by
interatrial septum
Two ventricles
Lower chambers
Left and right
Separated by
interventricular
septum
Click for
View of
Heart
Atrioventricular septum separates the atria
from the ventricles
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The Heart: Structures (cont.) Tricuspid valveprevents blood from flowing back
into the right atrium when the right ventricle
contracts
Bicuspid valveprevents blood from flowing back
into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts
Pulmonary valveprevents blood from flowing
back into the right ventricle
Aortic valveprevents blood from flowing back
into the left ventricleClick for
View of
Heart
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The Heart:Blood FlowDeoxygenated
blood in from
body
Oxygenated
blood in lungs
Atria Contract Ventricles Contract
Deoxygenatedblood out
to lungs
Oxygenated
blood out to
body
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The Heart:Blood Flow (cont.)
Right
Atrium
Right
Ventricle
Pulmonary
Semilunar
Valve
Left
AtriumBicuspid
Valve
Left
Ventricle
Pulmonary
Valve
Tricuspid
Valve
Aortic
Semilunar
Valve
LungsBody
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The Heart: Cardiac Cycle (cont.) Influenced by
Exercise
Parasympathetic nerves
Sympathetic nerves
Cardiac control center
Body temperature Potassium ions
Calcium ions
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The Heart:Heart Sounds One cardiac cycletwo heart sounds (lubb
and dubb) when valves in the heart snap shut
LubbFirst sound When the ventricles contract, the tricuspid and
bicuspid valves snap shut
DubbSecond sound
When the atria contract and the pulmonary and aortic
valves snap shut
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The Heart: Cardiac Conduction System Group of structures that send electrical impulses through the heart
Sinoatr ial node(SA node)
Wall of right atrium
Generates impulse
Natural pacemaker
Sends impulse to AV node
Atr ioventr icular node(AV
node) Between atria just above ventricles
Atria contract
Sends impulse to the bundle of His
Bundle of H is
Between ventricles
Two branches
Sends impulse to Purkinjefibers
Purkinje fi bers
Lateral walls of ventricles Ventricles contract
Link to
Diagram
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Apply Your KnowledgeMatch the following:
__ Tricuspid valve A. Two branches; sends impulse to Purkinje fibers
__ Bicuspid valve B.Covering of the heart and aorta
__ Pericardium C. Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
__ SA node D. In the lateral walls of ventricles
__ Bundle of His E. Natural pacemaker
__ Purkinje fibers F. Between the left atrium and the left ventricleD
A
E
B
F
C
ANSWER:
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Blood Vessels:Arteries and Arterioles Strongest of the
blood vessels
Carry blood awayfrom the heart
Under high pressure
Vasoconstriction Vasodilation
Arterioles
Small branches ofarteries
Aorta
Takes blood from theheart to the body
Coronary arteries Supply blood to heart
muscle
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Blood Vessels: Veins and Venules Blood under no pressure in
veins
Does not move very easily
Skeletal muscle contractionshelp move blood
Sympathetic nervous systemalso influences pressure
Valves prevent backflow
Venules
Small vessels formed whencapillaries merge
Superior and inferior venacava
Largest veins
Carry blood into right atrium
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Blood Vessels: Capillaries Branches of arterioles
Smallest type of blood vessel
Connect arterioles to venules
Only about one cell layer thick
Oxygen and nutrients can pass out of a capillary into
a body cell
Carbon dioxide and other waste products pass out ofa body cell into a capillary
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Apply Your KnowledgeHow do arteries control blood pressure?
ANSWER: The muscular walls of arteries can constrict to
increase blood pressure or dilate to decrease blood
pressure.
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Blood Pressure Force blood exerts on the inner walls of blood vessels
Highest in arteries
Lowest in veins
Systolic pressure
Ventricles contract
Blood pressure is at its greatest in the arteries
Diastolic pressure Ventricles relax
Blood pressure in arteries is at its lowest
Reported as the systolic number over the diastolic number
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Blood Pressure (cont.) Control is based mainly on the amount of blood pumped out
of the heart
The amount of blood entering should equal the amount
pumped from the heart
Starling's law of the heart
Blood entering the left ventricle stretches the wall of the ventricle
The more the wall is stretched
The harder it will contract and
tTe more blood it will pump out
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Blood Pressure (cont.) Baroreceptors
Also help regulate blood pressure
Located in the aorta and carotid arteries
High blood pressure in aortamessage tocardiac center in braindecreases heart ratelowers blood pressure
Low blood pressure in aortamessage tocardiac center in the brainincreases heart rateincreases blood pressure
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Apply Your KnowledgeWhat is the difference between the systolic pressure
and diastolic pressure?
ANSWER: Systolic pressure is the result of the
contraction of the ventricles increasing the pressure in
the arteries. Diastolic pressure is the result of the
relaxation of the ventricles lowering the pressure in the
arteries.
Good Answer!
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Circulation Pulmonary circuit
right atriumright ventriclepulmonary artery
trunk
pulmonary arteries
lungs
pulmonary veinsheart (left atrium)
Systemic circuit
left atriumleft ventricleaortaarteriesarteriolescapillariesvenulesveins
vena cavaheart (right atrium)
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Circulation (cont.) Arterial system
Carry oxygen-rich blood
away from the heart
Pulmonary arteries carry
oxygen-poor blood
Pairedleft and rightartery of the same name
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Circulation (cont.) Venous system
Carries oxygen-poor blood toward
the heart Except pulmonary
veins
Most large veins
have the samenames as thearteries they arenext to
Hepatic portal system
Collection of veins
carrying blood to the
liver
Click for Larger View
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Apply Your Knowledge
ARTERIES: Pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood.
Do pulmonary arteries carry blood with high levels of
oxygen or low levels of oxygen?
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Blood Components
Hematocrit
The percentage of red blood
cells Normal is about 45%
White cells and
platelets = 1%
Plasma = 55%
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Blood Components:Red Blood Cells Erythrocytes
Transport oxygen throughout the body
Small biconcave-shaped cells
Hemoglobin is a pigment in RBCs
Oxyhemoglobincarries oxygen; bright red
Deoxyhemoglobindoes not carry oxygen; darker red Carries carbon dioxide, so also called carboxyhemoglobin
Anemialow RBC count
Erythropoietinregulates production of RBCs
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Blood Components:Red Blood Cells (cont.)
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Blood Components:White Blood Cells
Granulocytes Neutrophils(55%)destroy bacteria, viruses, and toxins in
the bloodstream (phagocytes)
Eosinophils(3%)get rid of parasitic infections such asworm infections
Basophils(1%)control inflammation and allergicreactions
Agranulocytes Monocytes(8%)destroy bacteria, viruses, and toxins in
blood
Lymphocytes(33%)provide immunity for the body
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Blood Components: White Blood Cells (cont.) WBC count normally 5000 to 10,000 cells per
cubic millimeter of blood
Leukocytosis Elevated WBC count
Usually due to infection
Leukopenia
Low WBC count
Some viral infections and other conditions
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Blood Components:Platelets Fragments of cells found in the bloodstream
Also called thrombocytes
Important in the clotting process of blood
Normal count
130,000 to 360,000 platelets per cubic
millimeter of blood
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Blood Components:Plasma
Liquid portion of blood
composed mostly of water
Proteins
Albumins
Smallest plasma proteins
Pull water in to help
maintain blood pressure
Globulinstransport lipids
and fat-soluble vitamins
Fibrinogenneeded for
blood clotting
Nutrients
Amino acids
Glucose
Nucleotides
Lipids from the digestive
tract
Gasesoxygen, carbon
dioxide, and nitrogen Electrolytes
Waste products
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Blood:Bleeding Control Hemostasisthe control
of bleeding
Three processes ofhemostasis
Blood vessel spasm
Platelet plug formation
Blood coagulation
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Platelet plug
formation:
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Blood Types (cont.)
Blood Type Antigen
Present
Antibody
Present
Blood That Can
Be Received
A A B A and O
B B A B and O
AB AB None A, B, AB, and O
O None A and B O
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Blood Types(cont.)
Rh antigenprotein onRBCs
Rh-positive RBCs contain the
Rh antigen
Rh-negative RBCs do not contain
the Rh antigen
Rh-positive bloodisgiven to Rh-negative
person
Antibodies form
If Rh-negative personreceives more Rh-
positive blood Antibodies bind to the
donor cells
Agglutination occurs
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Apply Your KnowledgeTrue or False:
__ Hematocrit is the percentage of WBCs in the blood.
__ Neutrophils destroy bacteria, viruses, and toxins in the bloodstream.
__ Platelets are important to the clotting process.
__ Albumin is a small plasma protein that pushes water out of the bloodstream.
__ Hemostasis is the control of bleeding.
__ A person with type AB blood can only receive type AB blood.
__ Blood should be matched for Rh factor.
pulls water into
RBCs
can receive any type of blood
T
T
F
T
F
T
F
ANSWER:
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Chest Pain Cardiac
Myocardial infarction
Angina
Pericarditis
Coronary spasm
Non-cardiac
Heartburn
Panic attacks
Pleurisy
Costochondritis
Pulmonary embolism
Sore muscles Broken ribsTake all complaints of
chest pain seriously!
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Chest Pain(cont.)
Determine cause
Electrocardiogram
Stress tests
Blood tests
Chest x-ray
Nuclear scan
Coronary
catheterization Echocardiogram
Endoscopy
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Disease Description
Myocarditis Inflammation of the muscular layer of the heart
Pericarditis Inflammation of the membranes that surroundthe heart (pericardium)
Congestive
Heart Failure
Weakening of the heart over time; heart is
unable to pump enough blood to meet bodys
needs
Coronary Artery
Disease (CAD)
Atherosclerosis; narrowing of coronary arteries
caused by hardening of the fatty plaque deposits
within the arteries
Diseases and Disorders of the
Cardiovascular System (cont.)
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Disease Description
Hypertension High blood pressure; consistent resting blood
pressure equal to or greater than 140/90 mm HgLeukemia Bone marrow produces a large number of
abnormal WBCs
Murmurs Abnormal heart sounds
Myocardial
Infarction
Heart attack; damage to cardiac muscle due to a
lack of blood supply
Diseases and Disorders of the
Cardiovascular System (cont.)
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Disease Description
Sickle Cell
Anemia
Abnormal hemoglobin causes RBCs to change
to a sickle shape; abnormal cells stick incapillaries
Thalassemia Inherited form of anemia; defective hemoglobin
chain causes, small, pale, and short-lived RBCs
Thrombophlebitis Blood clots and inflammation develops in a vein
Varicose Veins Twisted, dilated veins
Diseases and Disorders of the
Cardiovascular System (cont.)
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Apply Your Knowledge
ANSWER: Anemia is a condition in which a person does nothave enough red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood tocarry an adequate amount of oxygen to body cells.
The doctor has told your patient she has anemia. How
would you explain this to the her?
Bravo!
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In Summary
Cardiovascular system
Transport system for body
Heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries
Blood
Transport medium
RBCs, WBCs, platelets, plasma
Medical assistant Assists patients in understanding prevention and
treatments for cardiovascular problems
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End of Chapter
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~ Buddha