Chapter 3Chapter 3

Settling of the Northern Settling of the Northern Colonies:Colonies:

1619 - 17001619 - 1700

The Protestant Reformation Produces PuritanismThe Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism15171517 – Martin Luther nails the – Martin Luther nails the Ninety-Five ThesesNinety-Five Theses

John Calvin felt that Luther didn’t take his protests far enoughJohn Calvin felt that Luther didn’t take his protests far enough– Elaborating on Luther’s protests, he founded the Calvinist churchElaborating on Luther’s protests, he founded the Calvinist church

– Called Puritans in England, Presbyterians in Scotland, Huguenots in France Called Puritans in England, Presbyterians in Scotland, Huguenots in France and communicants in the Dutch Reformed Churchand communicants in the Dutch Reformed Church

Calvin’s doctrine was spelled out in Calvin’s doctrine was spelled out in Institutes of the Christian Institutes of the Christian ReligionReligion (1536) (1536)– God is all-powerful, all-knowing & all-goodGod is all-powerful, all-knowing & all-good

– Humans are weak & wicked, because of the corruption of original sinHumans are weak & wicked, because of the corruption of original sin

God already knew who was going to heaven and who was going God already knew who was going to heaven and who was going to hell (to hell (predestinationpredestination))– The damned could not be saved from the fires of Hell by good deeds; the The damned could not be saved from the fires of Hell by good deeds; the

saved could not count on their salvation as a givensaved could not count on their salvation as a given

Separatists wanted to break completely from the Church of Separatists wanted to break completely from the Church of EnglandEngland– The “visible saints” had to share pews with the damnedThe “visible saints” had to share pews with the damned

James I saw Separatists as a threat to rule & sought to drive them James I saw Separatists as a threat to rule & sought to drive them out of Englandout of England

Pilgrims End Their Pilgrimage at PlymouthPilgrims End Their Pilgrimage at Plymouth16081608 - most famous group of Separatists left England for Holland - most famous group of Separatists left England for Holland

16201620 – A group of these Separatists negotiates w/ the Virginia – A group of these Separatists negotiates w/ the Virginia Company to settle in their jurisdictionCompany to settle in their jurisdiction– Missed their destination by several hundred milesMissed their destination by several hundred miles

– MayflowerMayflower arrive off the coast of New England w/ 102 settlers arrive off the coast of New England w/ 102 settlers

– Less than ½ settlers were actually SeparatistsLess than ½ settlers were actually Separatists

– Captain Myles Standish was irreplaceable as an Indian fighter and negotiatorCaptain Myles Standish was irreplaceable as an Indian fighter and negotiator

Did not initially land on Plymouth Rock, but selected the site after Did not initially land on Plymouth Rock, but selected the site after several exploratory outingsseveral exploratory outings

The Mayflower Compact was not a constitution, but served as a The Mayflower Compact was not a constitution, but served as a guide for future constitutionsguide for future constitutions– Signed by 41 adult males, agreeing to a crude govt. led by the will of the Signed by 41 adult males, agreeing to a crude govt. led by the will of the

majoritymajority

Winter 1620-21 Winter 1620-21 – only 44 of 102 survived, but none returned to – only 44 of 102 survived, but none returned to England, 1England, 1stst Thanksgiving in fall 1621 Thanksgiving in fall 1621

16911691 – Plymouth colony merged w/ Massachusetts Bay Colony – Plymouth colony merged w/ Massachusetts Bay Colony

The Bay Colony Bible CommonwealthThe Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth16291629 – a group of non-Separatist Puritans secured a royal charter to – a group of non-Separatist Puritans secured a royal charter to form the Massachusetts Bay Companyform the Massachusetts Bay Company

16301630 - Established a larger initial settlement than any other colony (11 - Established a larger initial settlement than any other colony (11 well-equipped ships, nearly 1000 settlers)well-equipped ships, nearly 1000 settlers)

Continuing turmoil in England and eventual civil war drove waves of Continuing turmoil in England and eventual civil war drove waves of settlers to the coloniessettlers to the colonies– 70,000 left England; 20,000 settled in Massachusetts but nearly 50,000 70,000 left England; 20,000 settled in Massachusetts but nearly 50,000

travelled to Barbados & Jamaicatravelled to Barbados & Jamaica

Massachusetts prospered due to fur trading, fishing & shipbuilding Massachusetts prospered due to fur trading, fishing & shipbuilding industriesindustries– Aided by the fact that many prosperous, educated people settled in Aided by the fact that many prosperous, educated people settled in

Massachusetts BayMassachusetts Bay– John Winthrop became the colony’s 1John Winthrop became the colony’s 1stst governor & served as governor or governor & served as governor or

deputy governor for 19 yearsdeputy governor for 19 years– Colony quickly became one of the biggest & most influential New England Colony quickly became one of the biggest & most influential New England

coloniescolonies

Puritans believed they were to build a holy society that would serve as Puritans believed they were to build a holy society that would serve as a model for humanitya model for humanity

Building the Bay ColonyBuilding the Bay ColonyEnfranchisement was given to all “freemen”Enfranchisement was given to all “freemen”– Adult males belonging to the Puritan church, known as the Adult males belonging to the Puritan church, known as the

Congressional ChurchCongressional Church– Governor & his assistants elected annually in provincial electionsGovernor & his assistants elected annually in provincial elections

2/5 of adult males had the right to vote in provincial elections2/5 of adult males had the right to vote in provincial elections– Town governments included all male property holders in the decision Town governments included all male property holders in the decision

making processmaking process

Religious leaders held enormous power, but it was not Religious leaders held enormous power, but it was not absoluteabsolute– Congregations hired & fired their preachers and set his salaryCongregations hired & fired their preachers and set his salary– Clergy not allowed to hold political officeClergy not allowed to hold political office

Despite legends to the contrary, Puritans believed in a life of Despite legends to the contrary, Puritans believed in a life of devotion & hard work, but they also enjoyed the simple things in lifedevotion & hard work, but they also enjoyed the simple things in life– They passed laws to make sure these pleasures stayed simpleThey passed laws to make sure these pleasures stayed simple– Connecticut later came to be know as the “Blue Law State”, Connecticut later came to be know as the “Blue Law State”,

because these sumptuary laws were printed on blue paperbecause these sumptuary laws were printed on blue paper

Trouble in the Bible CommonwealthTrouble in the Bible CommonwealthThe Bay colony enjoyed a great deal of social harmony initially, The Bay colony enjoyed a great deal of social harmony initially, but dissention soon camebut dissention soon came– Quakers defied Puritan authority & were persecuted in returnQuakers defied Puritan authority & were persecuted in return

Anne Hutchison Anne Hutchison argued the validity of Calvin’s doctrine of argued the validity of Calvin’s doctrine of salvationsalvation– Claimed since a holy life was no assurance of salvation; one need Claimed since a holy life was no assurance of salvation; one need

not follow the laws God or man (not follow the laws God or man (antinomianismantinomianism))– Highly intelligent, strong willed & talkative; she was brought to trial Highly intelligent, strong willed & talkative; she was brought to trial

for heresyfor heresy

16381638 – she confounded her inquisitors for days, until she claimed – she confounded her inquisitors for days, until she claimed to have received her revelations from Godto have received her revelations from God– She was banished; she and her family settled in New YorkShe was banished; she and her family settled in New York– She and all but one of her children were killed by IndiansShe and all but one of her children were killed by Indians– John Winthrop claimed to see “God’s hand” in her fateJohn Winthrop claimed to see “God’s hand” in her fate

Roger WilliamsRoger Williams, an extreme Separatist minister, was ordered , an extreme Separatist minister, was ordered exiled to England but he escaped to Rhode Island in 1636exiled to England but he escaped to Rhode Island in 1636

The Rhode Island “Sewer”The Rhode Island “Sewer”Roger Williams built a Baptist church in Providence & established Roger Williams built a Baptist church in Providence & established complete religious freedomcomplete religious freedom– Even Jews, Catholics, & QuakersEven Jews, Catholics, & Quakers– Religious tolerance made Rhode Island the most liberal of the English Religious tolerance made Rhode Island the most liberal of the English

coloniescolonies– Adult male suffrage was later limited only by property restrictionsAdult male suffrage was later limited only by property restrictions

Called “Rouges’ Island” & “that sewer” by Puritans elsewhereCalled “Rouges’ Island” & “that sewer” by Puritans elsewhere

Initially settled by squatters that were exiles or malcontentsInitially settled by squatters that were exiles or malcontents

16441644 – received official charter from Parliament – received official charter from Parliament

New England Spreads OutNew England Spreads Out

16351635 – Hartford established in Connecticut R. valley – Hartford established in Connecticut R. valley

16391639 – Fundamental Orders drafted, effectively a modern constitution; – Fundamental Orders drafted, effectively a modern constitution; later used by Connecticut in its colonial charter & state constitutionlater used by Connecticut in its colonial charter & state constitution

16621662 – Connecticut colony chartered, absorbing New Haven – Connecticut colony chartered, absorbing New Haven

16771677 – Maine purchased and absorbed by Mass. Bay colony – Maine purchased and absorbed by Mass. Bay colony

1679 1679 – Charles II separated New Hampshire from Mass. & made it a – Charles II separated New Hampshire from Mass. & made it a royal colonyroyal colony

Puritans vs. Indians (p 51)Puritans vs. Indians (p 51)– Squanto, Massasoit & PilgrimsSquanto, Massasoit & Pilgrims– Metacom (King Philip) and his war on the Puritans & its effectsMetacom (King Philip) and his war on the Puritans & its effects

Seeds of Colonial Unity and IndependenceSeeds of Colonial Unity and Independence

16431643 – Four colonies banded together to create the New – Four colonies banded together to create the New England ConfederationEngland Confederation– Bay colony, Plymouth, New Haven & ConnecticutBay colony, Plymouth, New Haven & Connecticut– Came together to provide defense against Indians, French & Dutch Came together to provide defense against Indians, French & Dutch

threatsthreats– Previous kings’ indifferference led to a sense of defiance in Previous kings’ indifferference led to a sense of defiance in

neglected colonistsneglected colonists

16601660 – Charles II re-established as king – Charles II re-established as king– Puritan Massachusetts Bay stung by the new kings actionsPuritan Massachusetts Bay stung by the new kings actions

16621662 – Connecticut officially chartered – Connecticut officially chartered

16631663 – Rhode Island receives royal charter – Rhode Island receives royal charter

16841684 – the Bay colony’s charter was revoked by Charles II – the Bay colony’s charter was revoked by Charles II

Andros Promotes the First American Revolution (p53-55)Andros Promotes the First American Revolution (p53-55)Dominion of New England v. New England ConfederationDominion of New England v. New England Confederation

Sir Edmund AndrosSir Edmund Andros’s rule in NE & the Glorious Revolution’s rule in NE & the Glorious Revolution

English views of colonies & Colonists’ views of EnglandEnglish views of colonies & Colonists’ views of England

Old Netherlanders at New NetherlandOld Netherlanders at New Netherland

1717thth cent. was an golden age in Dutch history cent. was an golden age in Dutch history

Dutch Republic became a colonial power during this timeDutch Republic became a colonial power during this time– Dutch East India Co. virtually a state within a stateDutch East India Co. virtually a state within a state– Army of 10,000 men & a fleet of 190 ships (40 man-o-wars)Army of 10,000 men & a fleet of 190 ships (40 man-o-wars)

1623-241623-24 - New Netherland (Hudson R. Valley) planted as a - New Netherland (Hudson R. Valley) planted as a permanent settlementpermanent settlement– Established by Dutch West India Co. for potential profit in the fur Established by Dutch West India Co. for potential profit in the fur

trade; never taken as a serious investment by founderstrade; never taken as a serious investment by founders

Bought Manhattan Island from local Indians for pennies/acreBought Manhattan Island from local Indians for pennies/acre

Harsh company-chosen governors had little interest in Harsh company-chosen governors had little interest in religious toleration, free speech or democratic ideasreligious toleration, free speech or democratic ideas

Friction w/ English and Swedish NeighborsFriction w/ English and Swedish NeighborsShareholders demanded profits, regardless of outcomesShareholders demanded profits, regardless of outcomes– Indians massacred Dutch settlements in return for Dutch crueltiesIndians massacred Dutch settlements in return for Dutch cruelties– Settlers on Manhattan Island created a defensive wall (where Settlers on Manhattan Island created a defensive wall (where Wall StWall St. .

gets its name)gets its name)

New Englanders were hostile to Dutch expansionNew Englanders were hostile to Dutch expansion– New England colonies except the Bay colony favored military actionNew England colonies except the Bay colony favored military action

Sweden trespassed on Dutch territory and established New Sweden trespassed on Dutch territory and established New Sweden (1638-55) in modern DelawareSweden (1638-55) in modern Delaware– Entered the colonial game on the success of Sweden in the Thirty Entered the colonial game on the success of Sweden in the Thirty

Years War (1618-48)Years War (1618-48)– 16551655 - Dutch director-general, Peter Stuyvesant led a military force - Dutch director-general, Peter Stuyvesant led a military force

into Delaware and after a bloodless siege, Swedish colonists were into Delaware and after a bloodless siege, Swedish colonists were absorbed by New Netherlandsabsorbed by New Netherlands

16641664 – Charles II gave a land grant to the Duke of York – Charles II gave a land grant to the Duke of York– An English force took New Amsterdam w/o a shot fired & renames the An English force took New Amsterdam w/o a shot fired & renames the

colony New Yorkcolony New York– Dutch contributions to culture : Santa Claus, Easter Eggs, waffles, bowling, golfDutch contributions to culture : Santa Claus, Easter Eggs, waffles, bowling, golf

Penn’s Holy Experiment in PennsylvaniaPenn’s Holy Experiment in PennsylvaniaQuakers arose in England in the mid-1660s & deemed offensiveQuakers arose in England in the mid-1660s & deemed offensive– ““quaked” when under deep religious emotionquaked” when under deep religious emotion– refused to pay taxes to the Church of Englandrefused to pay taxes to the Church of England– congregated w/o paid clergycongregated w/o paid clergy– wore hats in the presence of “betters”wore hats in the presence of “betters”– refused to use conventional titles (sir, madam, lord, eminence)refused to use conventional titles (sir, madam, lord, eminence)– refused to take oaths of any kind, including “test oaths”refused to take oaths of any kind, including “test oaths”

16601660 - William Penn became a Quaker - William Penn became a Quaker

16811681 - wanting to create a safe haven for Quakers, Penn secured - wanting to create a safe haven for Quakers, Penn secured a royal land grant as repayment for a royal debta royal land grant as repayment for a royal debt

Charles II called it Pennsylvania (Penn’s woodland)Charles II called it Pennsylvania (Penn’s woodland)– Penn tried to get the name changes, fearing people would think he Penn tried to get the name changes, fearing people would think he

named it after himselfnamed it after himself

Best advertised of the colonies; distributed pamphlets printed Best advertised of the colonies; distributed pamphlets printed in English, French, Dutch & Germanin English, French, Dutch & German– Encouraged people from all walks of life to settle thereEncouraged people from all walks of life to settle there

Quaker Pennsylvania and Its NeighborsQuaker Pennsylvania and Its NeighborsAlready several thousand Dutch, English, Swedish, & Welsh Already several thousand Dutch, English, Swedish, & Welsh settlers along the Delaware Riversettlers along the Delaware River– Philadelphia (“Brotherly Love” in Greek) more carefully planned than Philadelphia (“Brotherly Love” in Greek) more carefully planned than

most colonial citiesmost colonial cities– Quaker treatment of Indians more fair than other colonies, visited Quaker treatment of Indians more fair than other colonies, visited

them unarmed and even used them as babysittersthem unarmed and even used them as babysitters

Quaker tolerance undermined their own Indian policyQuaker tolerance undermined their own Indian policy– Immigrants not as tolerant to natives as Quaker settlersImmigrants not as tolerant to natives as Quaker settlers– No tax-supported churchNo tax-supported church– No oaths of allegianceNo oaths of allegiance– Freedom of worship to nearly all residentsFreedom of worship to nearly all residents– Death penalty only for treason & murderDeath penalty only for treason & murder

By 1700By 1700, Pennsylvania was wealthier & more populated than all , Pennsylvania was wealthier & more populated than all colonies except Virginia & Massachusettscolonies except Virginia & Massachusetts

17021702 – East & West Jersey were combined & made a royal colony – East & West Jersey were combined & made a royal colony

The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies (62-63)The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies (62-63)