Chapter 4

Points to Remember Normal end feel can be described as bony, soft tissue

stretch, or soft tissue approximation Abnormal end feel can be described as bony, boggy,

empty, springy block, or muscle spasm Types of arthrokinematic motion and roll, glide or spin. According to the concave - convex rule, concave joint

surface move in the same direction as the joint or body segment’s motion, while convex surfaces move in the opposite direction as the joint in motion

When a joint is congruent , it is in the close-packed (tight) position. When the joint is incongruent, it is in the open-packed (loose) position.

Osteokinematic Motion End Feel: a subjective assesment of a quality of the feel

when slight pressure is applied at the end of the joint Normal bony end feel is characterized by a hard & abrupt

limit to passive joint motion Normal soft tissue stretch : a firm sensation that has slight

give when the joint is taken to end ROM Soft tissue approximation: when muscle bulk is compressed

giving a soft end feel Abnormal Boney feel – a sudden hard stop usually felt well

before the end of normal ROM Muscle Spasm – reflexive muscle guarding motion Empty end feel – movement produces considerable pain Springy Block - a rebounf movement is felt at the end of the

ROM

Accessory Motion Terminology Component Movement – are motions

that accompany active motion but are under voluntary control

Joint Play Movements – passive movements between joint surface done by passing applying external force

Joint Mobilization – a passive oscillatory motion or

Convex- Concave Rule Important: knowing that a joint surface is concave or

convex is important because shape determines motion

Concave-Convex Rule: describes how the differences in shape of bone ends require joint surfaces to move in a specific way during joint movementA concave joint surface will move on a fixed

convex surface in the same direction the body segment is moving

The Concave joints surface moves in the same direction as the body segment motion

The Convex joint surface moves in the opposite direction as the body segment motion

Accessory Motion Traction – occurs when external force exerted

on a joint, causing the joint surface to pull apart

Approximation – occurs when external force is extended on a joint, causing the joint surface to be pushed close together

Shear – occurs when panedel to the surface, shear force results in a glide motion at the joint

Bending – occurs when an other- than – vertical force is applied, resulting in compression of the concave side and distraction on the convex side

Types of Arthrokinematic Motion Roll: rolling of one joint surface to

another Glide/ Slide: linear movements of the

joint surface to other joints Spin: Rotation of a moveable joint

surface on a fixed curve

Chapter 3

Types of Joints Joint – a connection between 2 bones

to allow motion

Types of Joints Fibrous Joint – has a thin layer of fibrous

periosteum between the 2 bones, such as in the suture of the skullSynarthrosis: the ends of the bones are shaped

to allow them to interlock. This joint has no motion between the bones, the purpose is to provide shape and strength

Syndesmosis/Ligaments: ligaments intercross membranes holding the joints together. Twisting or stretching movement

Gomphosis: “ bolting together” joint occurs between a tooth and wall of its dental socket in the mandible maxilla

Types of Joints

Cartilaginous Joint/ Amphiarthrodial : Small amount of motion such as bonding or twisting, and some compression

Types of Joints Synovial Joint/ Diarthrodial

allow free motionnot as stable

Joints: Nonaxial: glides; “Plane” Uniaxial Joint: 1 plane around 1 axis; “Hinge” or “Pivot” Biaxial Joint : 2 different directions for 1 joint; “Condyloid” or “Saddle” Trixial Joint : occurs in 3 axes; “Ball and Socket”

Shapes of Joints Pivot Joint: pivot motion is a transverse plane around the longitudinal

axis Condyloid Joint: bidirectional motion Saddle Joint : fits together like a horseback rider on a saddle

Types of Joints# of Axes Shape of Joint Joint Motion

Nonaxial Plane (Irregular) Gliding

Uniaxial Hinge Flexion/Extension

Pivot Rotation

Biaxial Condyloid (Ellipsoidal) Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction

Saddle Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction,Rotation (Accessory)

Triaxial (multiaxial) Ball and Socket Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction,Rotation

Degrees of Freedom

Uniaxial jt has motion around 1 axis and in 1 plane = 1 degree of freedom

Biaxial jt = 2 degrees of freedom Triaxial jt = 3 degrees of freedom 3 degrees of freedom is the max # an

individual jt can have How many degrees of freedom does the

arm have?

Planes and Axes Planes of action – fixed lines of reference along which the

body is divided Sagital Line - passes through the body into the right and left

parts Frontal Plane (Coronal Plane) – Passes through the body

from side to side and divides the body from side to side and divides the body into front and back parts

Transverse Plane (Horizontal Plane) – Passes through the body horizontally and divides the body into equal parts

Cardinal Plane – whenever a plane passes through the body horizontally and divides the body into top and bottom parts

Center of Gravity – the point where the three cardinal planes intersect each other

Sagital Axis – a point that runs through a joint from side to side

Vertical Axis (Longitudinal Axis) – runs through a joint from top to bottom

Joint Structure Bones – articulate the amount and direction of motion Ligaments – connective tissue to help control joint

motion Capsule – protects joints and bone surfaces Synovial Membrane- a vascular connective tissue that

secretes synovial fluid Synovial Fluid – a thick, clear fluid, that lubricants the

articular cartilage Articular Cartilage – covers the ends of opposing

bones. Provides blood. Fibrocartilage – Shock absorber weight banning joints

like knee Elastic Cartilage – Help maintain a structure's shape Tendon – connect muscle to bone Bursae - padlike sacs in joints

Levers Limbs are like machines The action of a muscle pulling on a bone often

works like a type of simple machine called a LEVER.

1st CLASS LEVER: the weight and force are on the opposite sides of the fulcrum/axis (the fulcrum/axis is the middle)

2nd CLASS LEVER: the load/weight is between the fulcrum and the force (the load/weight is in the middle)

3rd CLASS LEVER: the force in between the fulcrum and the load (the force is in the middle)

Common Pathological Terms Dislocation: Complete separation of the 2 articular

surface of a joint Subluxation: Partial dislocation of a joint, usually

occurs over a period of time (degenerative arthritis)

Osteoarthritis: type of arthritis that is caused by the breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of one of the most joints

Sprains: partial or complete tearing of the ligament fibers

Strain: overstretching the muscle fibers as with sprains and strains

Common Pathological Terms Tendonitis – is an inflammation of the

tendon Synovities – is an inflammation of the

synovial membrane Tendosynovitis- an inflammation of the

tendon sheath and is often caused by repetitive use

Bursitis – an inflammation of the bursa Capsulitis – and inflammation of the joint

capsule

Did you know turtles can breathe through their butts?(: