Chapter 7 Chapter 7

Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

Section 1: Glycolysis and Section 1: Glycolysis and FermentationFermentation

Objectives:Objectives: Identify the two major steps of cellular Identify the two major steps of cellular

respirationrespiration

Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

The process in which cells make ATP The process in which cells make ATP (energy) by breaking down organic (energy) by breaking down organic compounds (glucose).compounds (glucose).

BOTH plants AND animals undergo BOTH plants AND animals undergo cellular respiration.cellular respiration.

CC66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O2 2 → 6CO→ 6CO2 2 + 6H+ 6H22OO

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Photosynthesis and RespirationPhotosynthesis and Respiration

2 Stages of Cellular Respiration2 Stages of Cellular Respiration

1. Glycolysis1. Glycolysis

2. Aerobic Respiration2. Aerobic Respiration

Stage 1:GlycolysisStage 1:Glycolysis

A pathway in which one six carbon A pathway in which one six carbon molecule of glucose is broken down to molecule of glucose is broken down to produce 2 three carbon molecules of produce 2 three carbon molecules of pyruvic acid.pyruvic acid.

Takes place in the CYTOPLASM of the Takes place in the CYTOPLASM of the cellcell

Step 1:Step 1:

2 phosphates supplied by 2 molecules of 2 phosphates supplied by 2 molecules of ATP attach to a glucose (6 carbons)ATP attach to a glucose (6 carbons)

2 ATP2 ATP→2 ADP→2 ADP

Step 2Step 2

Glucose is split into 2 three carbon Glucose is split into 2 three carbon molecules. Each takes one of the molecules. Each takes one of the phosphates.phosphates.

2 new phosphates are added to the other 2 new phosphates are added to the other end.end.

Step 3Step 3

ALL of the phosphates that were added ALL of the phosphates that were added are now removed to make ATPare now removed to make ATP

The 3 carbon molecules are now pyruvic The 3 carbon molecules are now pyruvic acid.acid.

Step 4Step 4

The 4 phosphates that were removed now The 4 phosphates that were removed now join with ADP to make ATP.join with ADP to make ATP.

4 ADP4 ADP→4 ATP→4 ATP

2 ATP were used in the beginning but 4 2 ATP were used in the beginning but 4 were made.were made.

NET PROFIT: 2 ATP’sNET PROFIT: 2 ATP’s

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Where do the pyruvic Where do the pyruvic acids go next????acids go next????

It depends on the type of cell and whether It depends on the type of cell and whether oxygen is present or not.oxygen is present or not.-Fermentation if there is no oxygen-Fermentation if there is no oxygen-Aerobic respiration if there is oxygen-Aerobic respiration if there is oxygen

FermentationFermentation

Anaerobic (without oxygen) process that Anaerobic (without oxygen) process that produces energy when there is a shortage produces energy when there is a shortage of oxygenof oxygen

Ex) when you exerciseEx) when you exercise

There are many different fermentation There are many different fermentation pathways but we will only cover two:pathways but we will only cover two: Lactic acidLactic acid AlcoholicAlcoholic

Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation

Converts the 2 pyruvic acids into lactic Converts the 2 pyruvic acids into lactic acidacid

Can make many dairy products (controlled Can make many dairy products (controlled fermentation) like cheese, yogurt, sour fermentation) like cheese, yogurt, sour creamcream

Accumulates in your muscles Accumulates in your muscles Hard exercise uses oxygen faster than it can Hard exercise uses oxygen faster than it can

be taken to your musclesbe taken to your muscles Cells switch to lactic acid fermentationCells switch to lactic acid fermentation It builds up in your muscles making you sore It builds up in your muscles making you sore

or cramp upor cramp up Eventually it diffuses into the blood and gets Eventually it diffuses into the blood and gets

filtered out by the liverfiltered out by the liver

Alcoholic FermentationAlcoholic Fermentation

Yeast changes the pyruvic acid into a two Yeast changes the pyruvic acid into a two carbon molecule, ethyl alcoholcarbon molecule, ethyl alcohol

Gives off a COGives off a CO22

Used by the beer and wine industryUsed by the beer and wine industry

Used also to make breadUsed also to make bread

Jack Daniels distilleryJack Daniels distillery

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7-2 Aerobic Respiration7-2 Aerobic Respiration

Objectives:Objectives: Summarize the events of the Krebs cycle.Summarize the events of the Krebs cycle.

Aerobic RespirationAerobic Respiration

Most cells do not go to fermentation, they Most cells do not go to fermentation, they go to aerobic respiration.go to aerobic respiration.Takes place in the mitochondriaTakes place in the mitochondriaWhen a pyruvic acid enters the When a pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria it reacts with coenzyme A to mitochondria it reacts with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A (CoA)form acetyl coenzyme A (CoA)2 Stages:2 Stages: Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain

Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle

Breaks down the acetyl CoA, producing Breaks down the acetyl CoA, producing COCO22, hydrogen and ATP., hydrogen and ATP.

Draw the Krebs Cycle:Draw the Krebs Cycle:

2 Times through the Krebs cycle to break 2 Times through the Krebs cycle to break down 1 glucosedown 1 glucose

You “make”:You “make”: 6 CO6 CO2-diffuses out as waste2-diffuses out as waste

2 ATP-energy2 ATP-energy Hydrogen-protons, electrons (NADH, FADH Hydrogen-protons, electrons (NADH, FADH

etc..)etc..)

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Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain

ATP is produced by the electron transport ATP is produced by the electron transport chain when NAD and FAD release chain when NAD and FAD release hydrogen in the chain.hydrogen in the chain.

Oxygen is the final acceptor of the chain. Oxygen is the final acceptor of the chain. Hydrogen, electrons and oxygen make Hydrogen, electrons and oxygen make WATER molecules (product of respiration)WATER molecules (product of respiration)

How many ATPS??How many ATPS??

Glycolysis-2 ATPGlycolysis-2 ATP

Krebs Cycle-2 ATPKrebs Cycle-2 ATP

Electron Transport Chain-up to 34 ATPElectron Transport Chain-up to 34 ATP

TOTAL: 38 ATP TOTAL: 38 ATP

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