Chapter 8 and 9.ppt

8/9/2019 Chapter 8 and 9.ppt

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-8-and-9ppt 1/18

Qualitative ResearchQualitative Research

““(T)he special task of the social scientist in each(T)he special task of the social scientist in each

generation is to pin down the contemporary facts.generation is to pin down the contemporary facts.

Beyond that, he shares with the humanistic scholarBeyond that, he shares with the humanistic scholar

and the artist in the effort to gain insight intoand the artist in the effort to gain insight intocontemporary relationships“.contemporary relationships“.

!.". #ron$ach (%&')!.". #ron$ach (%&')



hat is Qualitative Research*hat is Qualitative Research*

Qualitative research, $roadly defined,Qualitative research, $roadly defined,

means+means+

““any kind of research that producesany kind of research that produces

findings not arrived at $y means offindings not arrived at $y means of

statistical procedures or other means ofstatistical procedures or other means of

-uantification.-uantification.

(/trauss and #or$in, %&&0)(/trauss and #or$in, %&&0)



1 different way to represent the world 1 different way to represent the world

““There is a kind of continuum that moves from theThere is a kind of continuum that moves from the

fictional that is 2true23the novel for e4ample3tofictional that is 2true23the novel for e4ample3to

the highly controlled and -uantitatively descri$edthe highly controlled and -uantitatively descri$ed

scientific e4periment. ork at either end of thisscientific e4periment. ork at either end of thiscontinuum has the capacity to informcontinuum has the capacity to inform

significantly.significantly.

Qualitative research and evaluation are locatedQualitative research and evaluation are located

toward the fictive end of the continuum withouttoward the fictive end of the continuum without

$eing fictional in the narrow sense of the term.$eing fictional in the narrow sense of the term.

(5isner, %&&%)(5isner, %&&%)



Battle of the 6ethodologies7Battle of the 6ethodologies7

Qualitative+Qualitative+

Te4t89er$alTe4t89er$al

54ploratory54ploratoryTheory :enerationTheory :eneration

;nterpretative;nterpretative

/mall, intensive/mall, intensive

<ni-ue cases may<ni-ue cases may

$e an important$e an important

finding.finding.

Quantitative+Quantitative+

=umerical=umerical

>ocused>ocused?ypothesis Testing?ypothesis Testing

/tatistical/tatistical

/mall to !arge/mall to !arge

<ni-ue cases may<ni-ue cases may

$e statistical$e statistical

outliers.outliers.



#an we say which is $etter*#an we say which is $etter*

Really $oils down to personnel preference.Really $oils down to personnel preference. 1 $alancing act $etween the a$ility to $e 1 $alancing act $etween the a$ility to $e

specific (individual results) versus thespecific (individual results) versus the

a$ility to generali@e to a larger population.a$ility to generali@e to a larger population.

Quantitative Qualitativ e

Ability toGeneralize

Ability to beSpecifc



;mportant >eatures of Qualitative Research;mportant >eatures of Qualitative Research

Qualitative research uses the natural setting as theQualitative research uses the natural setting as thesource of data. The researcher attempts to o$serve,source of data. The researcher attempts to o$serve,descri$e and interpret settings as they are whiledescri$e and interpret settings as they are while

maintaining empathic neutrality.maintaining empathic neutrality.

The researcher acts as the 2human instrument2 ofThe researcher acts as the 2human instrument2 ofdata collection.data collection.

Qualitative researchers predominantly use inductiveQualitative researchers predominantly use inductivedata analysis.data analysis.



;mportant >eatures of Qualitative Research;mportant >eatures of Qualitative Research

Qualitative research has an interpretive character,Qualitative research has an interpretive character,aimed at discovering the meaning events have for theaimed at discovering the meaning events have for theindividuals who e4perience them, and theindividuals who e4perience them, and theinterpretations of those meanings $y the researcher.interpretations of those meanings $y the researcher.

Qualitative researchers pay attention to theQualitative researchers pay attention to theidiosyncratic as well as the pervasive, seeking theidiosyncratic as well as the pervasive, seeking theuni-ueness of each case.uni-ueness of each case.

Qualitative research has an emergent (as opposed toQualitative research has an emergent (as opposed topredetermined) design, and researchers focus on thispredetermined) design, and researchers focus on thisemerging process as well as the outcomes or productemerging process as well as the outcomes or product

of the research.of the research.



Qualitative Research as an 54cuseQualitative Research as an 54cuse

““while maintaining empathic neutrality.while maintaining empathic neutrality. ““use inductive data analysis.use inductive data analysis. ““pay attention to the idiosyncratic as well as thepay attention to the idiosyncratic as well as the

pervasive.pervasive. ““has an emergent (as opposed to predetermined)has an emergent (as opposed to predetermined)

designdesign ““researchers focus on this emerging process as wellresearchers focus on this emerging process as well

as the outcomes or productas the outcomes or product

e arenAt simply talking a$out someone reporting theire arenAt simply talking a$out someone reporting theiropinion. eAre descri$ing serious scientific in-uiry.opinion. eAre descri$ing serious scientific in-uiry.



ositivistic vs. #onstructionistic aradigmositivistic vs. #onstructionistic aradigm

ositivistic Theoriesositivistic Theories 1$solutism 1$solutismC$DectivismC$DectivismEeterminismEeterminism

#onstructionistic Theories#onstructionistic Theories

RelativismRelativism/u$Dectivism/u$Dectivism9oluntarism9oluntarism



Types of Qualitative 6ethodsTypes of Qualitative 6ethods

Three distinct research designs+Three distinct research designs+

articipant C$servationarticipant C$servation

/ustained relationship $etween researcher/ustained relationship $etween researcherand su$Dectsand su$Dects

;ntensive ;nterviewing;ntensive ;nterviewing<nstructured face to face interviews<nstructured face to face interviews

>ocus :roups>ocus :roups<nstructured group interviews<nstructured group interviews



articipant C$servationarticipant C$servation

C$servations of individuals in their FreallifeAC$servations of individuals in their FreallifeA

settings.settings.

6ust find an “in6ust find an “in

Relationships must $e developedRelationships must $e developed

Relationships must $e maintainedRelationships must $e maintained

TimeintensiveTimeintensive

Training and professionalismTraining and professionalism

Eifferent roles for researcher Eifferent roles for researcher



Eifferent Roles of articipant C$servationEifferent Roles of articipant C$servation

#omplete C$servation#omplete C$servationResearcher is o$server onlyResearcher is o$server only

C$serve $ehavior8interactions as they occur C$serve $ehavior8interactions as they occur

Training and professionalismTraining and professionalism

Reactive 5ffectReactive 5ffect54posure over time54posure over time

Tough to stay differentTough to stay different

#ompensatory rivalry ("ohn ?enry effect)#ompensatory rivalry ("ohn ?enry effect)





Eifferent Roles of articipant C$servationEifferent Roles of articipant C$servation

#overt articipation#overt articipationaka #omplete articipationaka #omplete articipation

Researcher is a participantResearcher is a participant

Researcher doesResearcher does notnot identify themselves asidentify themselves as

suchsuch

Researcher can access inaccessi$le settingsResearcher can access inaccessi$le settings

!imited a$ility to collect data!imited a$ility to collect data>ollow up -uestions>ollow up -uestions

>ield notes>ield notes

5thics of Research5thics of Research



;ntensive ;nterviewing;ntensive ;nterviewing

1 facetoface interview in a oneonone 1 facetoface interview in a oneonone

setting.setting.

#onversationlike854tended#onversationlike854tended

RecordedRecorded

<nstructured format<nstructured format=o set interview schedule=o set interview schedule

#ertain topics are addressed#ertain topics are addressed

Researcher as FlistenerAResearcher as FlistenerA



>ocus :roups>ocus :roups

The researcher $rings together a group ofThe researcher $rings together a group ofindividuals to discuss the topic of interest.individuals to discuss the topic of interest.

<nrelated individuals<nrelated individuals?omogenous group?omogenous group ;deal si@e of '%0;deal si@e of '%0

Cpenended discussionCpenended discussionRecordedRecordedResearcher as the FringmasterAResearcher as the FringmasterA



/ample /i@e/ample /i@e

Theoretical /amplingTheoretical /ampling

:enerally not a fi4ed amount:enerally not a fi4ed amount

The num$er of o$servations, interviews or totalThe num$er of o$servations, interviews or totalfocus groups is usually dependent on whetherfocus groups is usually dependent on whetherwe $elieve we still have a great deal to learn.we $elieve we still have a great deal to learn.

;f our data collection continues to find similar;f our data collection continues to find similarresponses then we have reached a Fsaturationresponses then we have reached a FsaturationpointA. 1dditional data collections will producepointA. 1dditional data collections will produceminimal new information.minimal new information.



Qualitative ResearchQualitative Research

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Chapter 8 and 9.ppt