CHAPTER 9 (1).ppt

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MGT 321ORGANIZATIONAL

BEHAVIOR

PN. INTAN LIANA SUHAIME

GROUPS

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Chapter 9: GROUPS

Groups

Types

Group norms &cohesiveness

Sources

Consequences

How group makedecision?

Asset &

Liabilities

Techniques

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What is GROUP?

Two or more individuals,

interacting and

interdependent, who cometogether to achieve some

common goals or objectives.

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Types of Group

Formal group

Commandgroup

Task group

Informal group

Interestgroup

Friendship

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1. FORMAL

Command group

Determined by

organization chart

Group memberformally assigned &

working together

permanently

E.g. department

finance etc.

Task group

Determined by

organization to complete

certain job

Made up from different

dept & disciplines

After task complete task

disbanded

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CEO

Fin

Exec 1

Exec 2

Ass

Prod Mktg

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CEO

Fin

Exec 1

Exec 2

Ass

Prod

Exec 1

Exec 2

Ass

Mktg

Exec 1

Exec 2

Ass

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2. INFORMAL

Interest group

Work together to

attain a specific &

common objective

Temporary- disband

once objectives is

accomplishE.g. fishing trip,

vacation trip

Friendship group

Members share one

@ more common

characteristics

Social relation extend

outside the formal

organization.Permanent, even if

project finish.

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WHY DO PEOPLE JOINT GROUPS?

Security

Status

Self-esteem Affiliation

Power

Goalachievement

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Group Norms

Shared group

expectations about

acceptable standards of

behavior among group

members

not only provide

guidelines that indicate

how members should

behave, but they alsohelp to keep the group

unified by providing

common beliefs,

opinions and behavior

Group

Cohesiveness

The degree to which member

attracted to and motivated to

remain as part of a group.

considered vital in group

decision-making, goal

attainment, identity, and

member satisfaction.

Highly cohesive groups are

able to enforce group normsmore effectively than less

cohesive groups

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Example of group norms

• All group members will bepunctual. Meetings will startfive minutes after the agreedstart time and everyone shouldbe there and ready by then.

All group members willremain in the meeting

until (a) all tasks for thatmeeting are completed,

or (b) there is unanimousadjournment.

• The group will actively seek aconsensus of opinion based onthe opinions of every member.

Aggressive anddominating behaviour is

not acceptable.

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SOURCES OF COHESIVENESS

Group formationfactors

Difficulty of

entry

Group size

ThreatPrevious

successes

Rewardsystems

Stability of

membership

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CONSEQUENCES OF COHESIVENESS

IncreasedInteraction

CoOperativeBehavior

Success SatisfactionHigh

productivity

Contrib tors to

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Attractiveness

Opportunity to interact

Common goals

Group maturity

Difficulty of entryStatus congruence

Rewards equity

Success

Stable membership

External threatSmall size

Contributors to

cohesiveness

Increased interaction

Co-operation behavior

Increased influenceEvaluation distortion

Satisfaction

Success

High or low productivity

Effects of cohesiveness

COHESIVENESS

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HOW TO ENCOURAGE GROUP

COHESIVENESS• Make the group smaller

• Encourage agreement with group goals

• Increase the time members spend together

• Increase the status of the group and theperceived difficulty of attaining membership inthe group

• Stimulate competition with other group

• Give reward to the group rather that to individualmembers

• Physically isolate the group

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1. • Decision by lack of response

2 • Decision by authority rule

3. • Decision by minority

4. • Decision by majority rule

5. • Decision by consensus

6. • Decision by unanimity

H k d i i (b Ed

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How groups make decisions (by EdgarSchein)

Decision By Lack Of Response

• Ideas being bypassed without any discussion

take place because lack of response

Decision By Authority Rule

• The person have authority in the groupmakes the decision on behalf of the wholegroup.

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Decision By Minority

• One or two person in the group dominate the

scene and influence/ force other to agree

Decision By Majority Rule

• Decision made by the group by voting. Majority

vote will win.• Problem- tendency of coalition between winners

and loser.

How groups make decisions (cont..)

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Decision By Consensus

• Most members accept an idea even those whooppose the idea get along with the idea because

they have given a chance to put forward theirreasons for not accepting the idea in the firstplace

Decision By Unanimity

• Everyone of the group members agree on thecourse of action to be taken- theory is possiblebut practice difficult to attain

How groups make decisions (cont..)

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Effective : Group

Accurate : GroupSpeed: Individual

Creativity: Group

Acceptance: Group

INDIVIDUAL vs. GROUP DECISION MAKING

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Group Decision Making

• More complete

information&knowledge

• Increased diversity ofviews

• Higher quality of views

• Increase theacceptance of solution

Advantage

• Time consuming

• Conformitypressure in groups

• Dominated by oneor a few members

• Ambiguousresponsibility

Disadvantage

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ASSETS & LIABILITY OF GROUP DECISION

Potential

Advantage

• Greater knowledge & Information

• Greater Alternatives approach to a problem

• Better Understanding and acceptance offinal decision

PotentialDisadvantage

• Social pressure to conform

• Minority domination• Time spend

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Group Decision Technique

Brainstorming

Nominal

DelphiTechnique

B i t i

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Brainstorming

Group members meet for the solepurpose of generating ideas.

• All criticism is ruled out. Discussion or judgmentwithheld until process complete.

• Quantity is the main target

• “Freewheeling” is welcomed. Radical & wild

ideas are welcomed• Combination and improvement are sought. Each

participants are expected to give suggestion tocombine & convert to better ideas.

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Nominal Group Technique

Differences ideas among group members

can be utilized.

Individual members meet face to face toput their ideas but its operate

independently.

Use one or more small groups to generateideas and evaluate alternative solutions.

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Nominal Group Technique

Form a group 4or 5 peoples

Problem isdefined fromgroup view

Each membersilently write

down thesolution :creativity

Leader

conducts a“round-robin”collection &record ideas

Group discuss,

expand, clarify& evaluate the

ideas

Ideas rankorder within

group, compareresult. Chose

the bestsolution

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Delphi Technique

Decision making process carried out

without the members having to meet faceto face.

Use fax, mail, email

Sometimes use expert service

Delphi Technique step…

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Delphi Technique

Problem &questions

developed byDelphi Leader

Sample of interestedand knowledgeable

people & requested toparticipate

Questionnaireare developed

are sent out

Replies arecomplied,

summarized &reproduced

Ask participants to reactthe responses. Askfurther evaluation &

choices reaction

Responses arecompile and

form additionalquestionnaire

Cycle stop whenreach to

consensus

Solution isdefined and

developed ifpossible

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1. Explain the meaning of group why group

is important to organization?

2. Describe the type of group.

3. What are assets and liabilities of group

decision making?

4. Explain various ways on how groups

make decision according to Edgar Schein.

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CHAPTER 9 (1).ppt