Characteristics of life and Cellular Respiration 1

Characteristics of Characteristics of life and Cellular life and Cellular

RespirationRespiration

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Characteristics of Living Characteristics of Living ThingsThings

There are 8 characteristics that all There are 8 characteristics that all living things share:living things share:

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Unit 2 NotesUnit 2 Notes 33


1.1. All living things are made up of cellsAll living things are made up of cells - - living matter enclosed by a barrier living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates it from its that separates it from its surroundings. surroundings.

There are two basic kinds of organisms – There are two basic kinds of organisms –

a. unicellular (single-celled) a. unicellular (single-celled) b. multicellular (many celled)b. multicellular (many celled)

c. prokaryote (no nucleus) c. prokaryote (no nucleus) d. Eukaryote (nucleus)d. Eukaryote (nucleus)

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Characteristics of Living Characteristics of Living ThingsThings2. 2. All living things reproduce - All living things reproduce - produce new produce new

organisms through a process called organisms through a process called reproduction. reproduction.

There are two kinds of reproduction:There are two kinds of reproduction:a.a. sexual sexual (two parents unite – sharing their (two parents unite – sharing their

genes to produce the 1st cell of the genes to produce the 1st cell of the offspring) meiosisoffspring) meiosis

b. asexual b. asexual (single parent – single cell divides or (single parent – single cell divides or portion of organism splits off to form a new portion of organism splits off to form a new one) mitosis, regeneration, budding, binary one) mitosis, regeneration, budding, binary fissionfission

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3. 3. All living things are based on a universal All living things are based on a universal

genetic code. genetic code.

a. The genetic code is called DNAa. The genetic code is called DNA

b. This means offspring inherit traits from b. This means offspring inherit traits from

their parents through genes carried on their parents through genes carried on

DNA.DNA.

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4. 4. All living things grow and developAll living things grow and develop. .

A.A. Unicellular organisms grow in size onlyUnicellular organisms grow in size only;;

B.B. multicellular growth includes multicellular growth includes

development and differentiationdevelopment and differentiation of of

organs and tissues. (This means different organs and tissues. (This means different

cells, tissues, and organs do different cells, tissues, and organs do different

jobs but all have the same DNA.)jobs but all have the same DNA.)

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5. 5. All living things obtain and use materials All living things obtain and use materials

and energy. and energy.

AA. This is called metabolism - . This is called metabolism -

AutotrophsAutotrophs (producers)(producers) - organisms - organisms

which obtain energy directly from the which obtain energy directly from the

sun & store it through sun & store it through photosynthesisphotosynthesis

HeterotrophsHeterotrophs (consumers)(consumers) - organisms - organisms which obtain energy by eating other which obtain energy by eating other organismsorganisms

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Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

B. B. All things get energy from Cellular All things get energy from Cellular RespirationRespiration - - Conversion of food Conversion of food energy (glucose) into cell energy energy (glucose) into cell energy (ATP)(ATP)

Chemical EquationChemical Equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy Glucose + Oxygen Carbon + Water + Sunlight (sugar) Dioxide

Steps of Cellular Steps of Cellular RespirationRespiration

1. 1. GlycolysisGlycolysis

a.a. Takes place in cytoplasmTakes place in cytoplasm

b.b. Does NOT require ODoes NOT require O22

c.c. Converts : Converts : Glucose Glucose 2 molecules pyruvic acid + 2 ATP 2 molecules pyruvic acid + 2 ATP moleculesmolecules

Steps of Cellular Steps of Cellular Respiration Cont’dRespiration Cont’d

2. Krebs Cycle

a. Takes place in mitochondriab. REQUIRES O2

c. Breaks down: Pyruvic acid Acetyl-CoA + CO2 +

2 ATP (energy)

Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle

Steps of Cellular Steps of Cellular Respiration Cont’dRespiration Cont’d

3. 3. Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain

a. Occurs in the mitochondriaa. Occurs in the mitochondria

b. Process where NADH and FADHb. Process where NADH and FADH22 are changed into ATPare changed into ATP

NADH + FADHNADH + FADH22 + O + O22 H H22O + 32 ATPO + 32 ATP

Steps of Cellular Steps of Cellular RespirationRespiration

A net total of 36 ATP are madeA net total of 36 ATP are made

GlucoseGlycolysis

Pyruvic acid

Electrons carried in NADH

Krebs Cycle

Electrons carried in

NADH and FADH2 Electron

Transport Chain

2 322cytoplasm

2 Types of Cellular 2 Types of Cellular RespirationRespiration

1. 1. AerobicAerobic – needs oxygen to continue – needs oxygen to continue OO2 2 must be presentmust be present 36 ATP can be made from 1 glucose 36 ATP can be made from 1 glucose

moleculemolecule Ocurrs in 3 stagesOcurrs in 3 stages

2. 2. Anaerobic Anaerobic – doesn’t need oxygen to – doesn’t need oxygen to continuecontinue Occurs when no oxygen is presentOccurs when no oxygen is present 2 ATP can be made from 1 glucose molecule 2 ATP can be made from 1 glucose molecule

during stage one of glycolysisduring stage one of glycolysis

If no oxygen is If no oxygen is present . . .present . . .

1. 1. AlcoholicAlcoholic Fermentation Fermentation a.a. Does NOT occur in animal cells Does NOT occur in animal cells

It occurs in yeast and a few other microorganismsIt occurs in yeast and a few other microorganismsb.b. Converts:Converts:

Glucose Glucose ethyl alcohol, CO ethyl alcohol, CO22, & ATP , & ATP (small amount)(small amount)

2. 2. Lactic AcidLactic Acid Fermentation Fermentationa.a. Occurs in some animal cellsOccurs in some animal cellsb.b. Produces enough energy for glycolysis to Produces enough energy for glycolysis to

continuecontinuec.c. Buildup in muscles leads to muscle sorenessBuildup in muscles leads to muscle soreness

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6. 6. All living things respond to their All living things respond to their

environment by detecting and environment by detecting and

responding to stimuli responding to stimuli - signals to - signals to

which they respond. which they respond.

phototropism, gravitropism, etcphototropism, gravitropism, etc



7. 7. All living things must maintain a All living things must maintain a

stable internal environment. stable internal environment. This This

process is called process is called homeostasis homeostasis and and

involves the use of feedback involves the use of feedback

mechanisms (like a thermostat). mechanisms (like a thermostat).



8. 8. As a group, living things change As a group, living things change

over time or evolve,over time or evolve, which allows which allows

for survival in an ever-changing for survival in an ever-changing

world. As environments change, world. As environments change,

organisms become better or less organisms become better or less

able to survive based on their able to survive based on their

characteristics.characteristics.

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Characteristics of life and Cellular Respiration 1