The FINAL CHAPTER…The FINAL CHAPTER…

Cold War and Beyond

Development of the Cold WarDevelopment of the Cold WarBefore the end of WWII, the US and USSR had a

common goal: defeat the enemy – now that the war was over disagreement became more pronouncedWhat would post-war world look like?Stalin felt threatened by capitalism and the west felt

threatened by communism!Differing historical perspectives: BOTH sides

responsible for Cold WarPower politicsSoviets concerned about its western bordersUnited States unwilling to give up its new power and

prestige

Confrontation of the SuperpowersConfrontation of the SuperpowersEastern Europe Question

US/GB want self-determination and democratic freedomSoviet forces occupied all of Eastern Europe out of fear of

anti-Soviet attitudeBetween 1945 and 1947 Communist governments were

entrenched in East Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, and Hungary, though many living in those areas opposed

Greece and TurkeyCivil war erupts between Communist People’s Liberation

Army and anti-communist forcesBrits initially help anti-communist forces but withdrawUS alarmed – Communism is SPREADING! If one is lost to

communism, the other will soon be too!

Confrontation of the Superpowers: Confrontation of the Superpowers: US Fights Back!US Fights Back!

Communism seemed to thrive in areas experiencing economic disaster

Truman Doctrine, 3/ 1947: $ in economic and military support to aid those nations struggling vs. communism

Marshall Plan, 6/1947, European Recovery Program: $13 billion for the economic recovery of war-torn Europe

Soviet view this as capitalism imperialism and refuse help for themselves and their satellites, but have no way to financially counter

US Ambassador to USSR George Kennan articulates containment policy 1947

Confrontation of the Superpowers: German QuestionConfrontation of the Superpowers: German QuestionOnly thing allies agreed on was partitioning and deNazification!US and GB put as many Nazis on trial as possible at Nuremberg

Soviets dismantle and remove factories (USSR and France only wanted to put the worst ones on trial)

USSR takes reparations in form of industrial “booty” and moves 380 factories into the USSR

German Communist Party established under Walter UlbrichtFrance, GB and US plan to merge their three parts of Germany:

USSR feels threatened and responds with Blockade of Berlin, 1948-1949

Berlin Airlift – 13k tons of supplies flown to BerlinBlockade lifted 5/1949Germany separated, 9-10/1949

West German Federal Republic, SeptemberGerman Democratic Republic, OctoberBerlin remains divided and tense

Confrontation of the Superpowers: Germany DividedConfrontation of the Superpowers: Germany Divided

Post-war German partition and Goering on trial at Nuremberg

Rivalry Heats Up…Rivalry Heats Up… Communist win Chinese civil war, 1949 Soviet Union detonates its first atomic bomb, 1949 and arms race ensues… Alliances Form out of FEAR

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 1949 (NATO) Defensive alliance Initially includes Belgium, Britain, France, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, and

the Netherlands. W. Germany, Greece and Turkey later join

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, 1949 (COMECON) Economic Alliance between eastern states Counters west’s alliances

Warsaw Pact, 1955 Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, E. Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Russia Military alliance

Central Treaty Organization, 1955 (CENTO) Modeled after NATO: containment and support Involved US, GB, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, and Turkey

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, 1954 (SEATO) Same idea as NATO – containment and support Involved US, GB, Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Republic of

China (Taiwan), and Thailand

Globalization of the Cold War: Korean WarGlobalization of the Cold War: Korean War1945 Korea is liberated from the Japanese1950 Korean War ensues due to internal strife

over communismNorth of 38th parallel communist Democratic

People’s Republic supported by USSRSouth of 38th is Republic of Korea, supported by

the USNorth Koreans invaded the south, 1950Apparently, Stalin gave the “ok”US sees invasion as act of communist

aggression and UN supports sending troops in led by General MacArthur

Chinese under Mao Zedong intervene when UN troops approach the border, forcing MacArthur to retreat to the south

Indecisive fighting lasts for two yearsUneasy truce, 1953: 38th parallel remained

dividing lineConfirmed fears of communist expansion

American troops advancing in Korean WarAmerican troops advancing in Korean War

Tensions Continue to Rise…Presidency of Dwight Eisenhower, 1952-

1960Policy of massive retaliationAdvocates formation of alliancesAdvocates use of atomic bomb in the event

of Soviet expansionDeath of Stalin, 1953: Hope for Peace?

Eisenhower and Nicolai Bulganin (Premier 2/55-3/58) meet with no positive results

When USSR crushes Hungary’s independence movement, it is clear relations are NOT warming up

8/1957 USSR launches first ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missile)

10/57 USSR launches Sputnik I, first space satellite

US is crapping proverbial pants!

Tensions Continue to Rise…Nikita Khrushchev, Soviet Premier 3/58-10/64

Berlin Crisis: Khrushchev threatens Eisenhower, but backs down…

Berlin Wall, 1961 built by East German government U-2 Incident: US spy plane shot down over USSR

President John F. Kennedy (1917-1963) Bay of Pigs fiasco over Castro in Cuba, 4/1961

Overthrows Fulgencio Batista, 1959Established a communist regime

Summit meeting in Vienna, 6/61: Khrushchev tells Kennedy to GET OUT of W. Berlin but Kennedy does not back down

1962: USSR places missiles in Cuba – close to US!US, meanwhile had missiles in Turkey, close to USSRUS blockade of Cuba so missiles cannot arrive –

provides time for negotiationKhrushchev agrees to send missiles back if Kennedy

agrees not to invade CubaA VERY CLOSE CALL!US and USSR also agree to ban nuclear tests in the

atmosphere

Soviet missile installation in CubaSoviet missile installation in Cuba

Vietnam WarVietnamese defeat French colonial masters in 1954 leaving a Vietnam

divided In North, nationalist regime under Ho Chi Minh receives aid from the USSR In the South, Americans encourage pro-Western regime under Ngo Dinh

Diem Bu 1960s, US grew restless with Diem’s regime as many Vietcong (South

Vietnamese guerillas who sided with the North) infiltrated 1963 American government supports a military coup to over throw Diem,

but the replacement is no better! 1964 LBJ sends troops into Vietnam to keep communism contained in

north Despite superior weapons, US unable to defeat North and Vietcong Many in South Vietnam did not support US involvement and sheltered VC Antiwar sentiment on US soil – demonstrations 1973 Nixon withdraws US troops and Vietnam remains troubled

Europe and the World: DecolonizationEurope and the World: DecolonizationWWI and II accelerated process of decolonization – if self

determination was paramount, why not in these regions?Asia

Japanese had already destroyed Euro hold on E. AsiaEuropean nations could not spend remaining resources maintaining

colonies post-war and many willingly relinquished themUS grants independence to Philippines (1946)British follow with India

Divided between Hindu India and Muslim PakistanAssassination of Mahatma Gandhi, January 30, 1948

GB relinquishes Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Burma (Myanmar) in 1948Dutch relinquish Indonesia 1949

Others needed to be driven out (France)Lose battle for Indochina to Ho Chi Minh, 1954, and Laos and Cambodia

follow.Vietnam divided until elections could be held in 1956 - did not happenN-S (Commie-Western) divisions eventually explode into Vietnam War

China Under CommunismChina Under CommunismChiang Kai-shek (1887-1975)Mao Zedong (1893-1976)

Victory in 1948Chiang Kai-shek goes to the Island of TaiwanCollectivization of all farmland and most industry and commerce nationalized, 1955Hundred Flowers Campaign (1956-57): recruit or trap intellectuals?Great Leap Forward, 1958

Transform China from an agrarian economy into a modern communist society through the process of mass agriculture, industrialization, and collectivization

Ended in disaster and famine – 20 million deaths!Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976

Violent youth movement orchestrated by Mao to terminate 'Four Olds' of Chinese society (old customs, old culture, old habits and old ideas)

Books, art, museums, temples, shrines, and other heritage sites destroyed by Red Guards and streets were renamed with new revolutionary names

Mao’s death in 1976 ends movement

SE Asia in the Post Colonial World

Decolonization in AsiaDecolonization in Asia©

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Conflict in the Middle EastConflict in the Middle East GB leaves Palestine to Jews and Arabs – whose is it? US creates Jewish state and Arab state This settlement creates ongoing tension between the two Emergence of new independent states Arab League, 1945 Zionists wanted Palestine for a homeland After World War II sympathy grew for the Jews President Truman approves the idea of an independent Jewish state

within Palestine Israel proclaimed a state, May 14, 1948 The move angers the Arab states Palestine Liberation Organization formed in 1964

Yasir Arafat (b. 1929) June 5, 1967, the Six Day War begins

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Post Colonial AfricaAfrica

France cannot maintain control over coloniesMorocco and Tunisia relinquished in 1956Attempt to maintain control over Algeria

National Liberation Front (FLN) initiates guerilla warfare for independence in 1954

DeGaulle eventually grants independence in 1962Ghana attains independence in 1957, and other French and British

holdings follow1960 Belgians free Congo (Zaire) and Portuguese are forced out of S. Africa

by 1975European influence continued, however…

Three Worlds emerge: 1st – US and other industrialized states 2nd – USSR and its satellites 3rd – unindustrialized, “backward” countries newly liberated

Considered “developing”Many attempted to modernize by westernizing, losing their own culture

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DecolonizatiDecolonization in Africaon in Africa

Recovery and Renewal in Europe: Stalin’s USSRRecovery and Renewal in Europe: Stalin’s USSRPost WWII – USSR devastated – recovery

needed!Stalin reverts to 1930s plan of increasing

manufacturing and consuming little: Second Five-Year Plan

Hard work with few benefits: housing shortages, consumer shortages, toll on women in heavy industry

By 1947 The Soviet Union had attained pre-war levels and by 1950, industrial production was 40% higher still!

Stalin continued his iron rule until his death in 1953Treatment of returning soldiers to avoid spread of

western waysScientific and literary works censored: purges

seemed imminent!

2nd 5-Year Plan Propaganda Poster

Recovery and Renewal in Europe: KhrushchevRecovery and Renewal in Europe: KhrushchevKhrushchev eventually replaced Stalin after brief

turbulent period and denounces StalinIncreased intellectual freedom, ended forced

labor camps, emphasized light industry and consumer goods, reduced power of secret police and closed many Siberian prison camps

“deStalinization” caused uprisings in satellites, but USSR put down these attempts (Hungary)

These changes, though more humane, hurt economically and industrial growth rate plummeted

Khrushchev’s popularity waned: Cuban Missile Crisis last strawVoted out due to “poor health” in 1964His “loyal friend” Brezhnev took over

Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron CurtainEastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain In 1945 Soviet Union occupied all of the BalkansCommunist governments were under the control of the Soviet UnionAlbania and Yugoslavia were the exceptions

Albania had a Stalinist type regime, but became more independentJosip Broz, Tito, took control of Yugoslavia

Eastern European countries followed the Soviet patternFive year plans and farm collectivizationSeizure of industrial machinery

Khrushchev’s RuleKhrushchev interferes less with the satellite countriesRebellion in Poland

Wladyslaw Gomulka , 1956, elected first secretaryPoland follows its own socialist plan

HungaryImry Nagy declares independenceKhrushchev sends troops into Budapest: Nagy replaced with Janos Kadar

CzechoslovakiaNovotny forced out by writer’s rebellion under Vaclav HavelAlexander Dubcek declares reforms: “Prague Spring” (1968)Red Army crushes movement and Gustav Husak replaces DubcekCzech remains loyal to Soviets until 1987

Western Europe: Western Europe: Revival of Democracy and EconomyRevival of Democracy and Economy

Challenges: rebuild economy, recreate democratic institution after wartime, counter growth of communism

Communist Challenge and Party PoliticsCommunist prestige due to Nazi resistanceJoined up with other left-wing parties to form coalitions quite

popular in areas with wide economic rift between “haves” and “have nots”

By 1950s support for these parties waned – replaced with more moderate ones

Europe recovered rapidly from World War IIMarshall Plan money was important to the recovery ($9.4 bil)Nearly full employment in western Europe!

Western Europe: Western Europe: Revival of Democracy and EconomyRevival of Democracy and Economy

France: The Domination of De GaulleCharles de Gaulle (1890-1970)

Feels he has mission to reestablish the greatness of FranceFrench Popular Movement

Algerian crisisDefeat in IndochinaFifth Republic, 1958

Powers of the President enhancedInvested heavily in the nuclear arms raceEconomic growth but…

neglect of schools, hospitals, housingIncreased cost of living 45% up from 58-68!Student riots, May 1968

DeGaulle manages to restore order but government shakenResignation of de Gaulle, April 1969 (Death in 1970)

Western Europe: Western Europe: Revival of Democracy and EconomyRevival of Democracy and EconomyWest Germany: A New Nation?

Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967)Reconciliation with FranceResurrection of the economyAdenauer succeed by Ludwig Erhard.

Great Britain: The Welfare StateClement Atlee (1883-1967)

British Welfare StateNational Insurance Act and National Health Service Act (1946)Meant dismantling of the British Empire

Continued economic problemsLoss of status as world power

ItalyMonarchy abolished in favor of democratic regime (7/1946)Christian DemocratsRegional discrepancies continued

Western Europe: Western Europe: The Move toward UnityThe Move toward UnityMilitary alliances such as NATOOrganization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)Schuman Declaration (1950)

Proposed by French foreign Minister Robert Schumannew form of organization of States in Europe called a

supranational Community Initially results in European Coal and Steel CommunityForerunner to EU (European Union)

European Economic Community (Common Market)Eliminates customs barriers2nd only to US in steel production

EURATOM

American Politics and Society in the American Politics and Society in the 1950s and 60s1950s and 60s

Influence of the New Deal on Truman, Kennedy, and Johnson Prosperity of the 1950’s McCarthyism and the “Red Scare” Great Society War on Poverty Job Corps Department of Housing and Urban Development Civil Rights Act, 1964 Voting Rights Act, 1965 Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968) Malcolm X Summer of 1965 Antiwar protests

Kent State University, 1970

Postwar SocietyPostwar SocietyThe Structure of European Society

Middle class joined by new group of white collar workersFurther urbanizationRising incomeMass tourism

Women’s Changing RolesParticipation in the workforce declines until end of 1950s“Baby boom”

Birth controlIncreased employment in the 1960sFeminist Movement: The Quest for Liberation

Right to voteSimone de Beauvoir and The Second Sex, 1949Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique

Revolutions: Sexual & StudentRevolutions: Sexual & StudentPermissive Society

Sexual revolutionBreakdown of the traditional familyDrug culture

Education and Student RevoltHigher education becoming more widespreadProblems

OvercrowdingProfessors who paid too little attention to studentsAuthoritative administratorsSeemingly irrelevant education

Student strikes in France, 1968 (U of Nanterre)W. Berlin protest vs. Springer

Marcuse’s One Dimensional ManProtest Western society and the war in Vietnam

The Explosion of Popular CultureThe Explosion of Popular CultureCulture as a Commodity

Mass consumer societyAmericanization of the World

Movies, music, advertising, and televisionBritish Broadcasting CorporationRock-and-rollBeatlesElvis Presley

From Cold to Thaw…Détente and… Détente: Reduction of tension between superpowers beginning in 1970s.

ABM – Antiballistic Missiles Treaty 1972 Fear of ICBMs with MIRVs Helsinki Agreements 1975

Post-WWII borders recognized Acknowledgement of Soviet sphere of influence Protection of human rights

End of Détente 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan Carter cannot continue détente and boycotts Olympic Games in Moscow in

1980 Embargo on grain shipments to USSR Regan and the “evil empire”

Arms race renewed SDI “Star Wars” Support to Afghani rebels vs. Soviet control

End of Cold War Gorbachev as premier 1985: reform necessary in weakening Soviet state Glasnost: openness Perestroika: restructuring Collectively known as Gorbachev’s “New Thinking” INF Treaty 1987 (Reagan-Gorbie) disarmament 1988 USSR withdraws from Afghanistan 1988-90 Collapse of communism

Congress of People’s Deputies replaces Supreme Soviet as nation’s legislature: freer elections, end of commie monopoly

New congress demands reform Reform sweeps through eastern Europe Solidarity Movement in Poland (Lech Walesa) similar reforms in Czech, Hungary, Bulgaria 11/1989 Berlin Wall breached 10/1999: Germany reunited and joins NATO Warsaw Pact dissolved 11/90: Cold War ends: Charter for a New Europe signed STAR signed 7/1991 (Bush-Gorbie) reducing long-range nukes Coup of Gorbie – Yeltsin replaces Independence of Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania Late 1991: Russia, Ukraine and Belarus form Commonwealth of Independent States,

ending Soviet Union

Post-Cold War Test: Gulf War8/1990: Iraqi forces move into Kuwait claiming Kuwait

was stealing their oil and that Kuwait was legally part of Iraq

US sends troops in to liberate Kuwait early 1991Soviets supported US efforts but played a minor roleUS now plays leading role in world with disintegration of

USSR

Unrest in the East Lech Walesa in Poland 12/1990Kadar’s “facelift” for communism not enough for HungaryRevival of Havel in CzechoslovakiaCeausescu in Romania and the National Salvation FrontBulgaria and ZhivkovAlia in AbaniaReunified Germany

1950s under Ulbricht and the 1953 revolt The Wall Honecker and the Stasi Demonstrations and the demise of communism

Yugoslavia Tito’s death Ethnic tension Milosovic and ethnic cleansing in Bosnia

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion QuestionsWhat was the reasoning behind the ending of colonial

holdings?What changes in the Eastern European countries took

place under Khrushchev?Why would France not become the third super power

that De Gaulle wanted?What societal changes, especially in the US, took place

in the 1970’s?

Web LinksWeb LinksTruman DoctrineMarshall PlanKorean WarNikita KhrushchevCuban Missile CrisisIron CurtainCharles de GaullePalestine Liberation OrganizationMao Zedong