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Computer ArchitectureComputer Architecture

Part I-B: Cost

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CostCost

Cost-sensitive designs are of growing importance.

Learning curve: manufacturing costs decrease over time

The learning curve is best measured by a change in yield - the percentage of manufactured devices that survives the testing procedure.

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DRAM PricesDRAM Prices

Source: Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, 2nd Ed. by Hennessy & Patterson

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Integrated Circuit CostsIntegrated Circuit Costs

Wafer costCost of die = -------------------------------------

Dies per wafer * Die yield

where die yield is the percentage of good dies in the wafer.

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Real World ExamplesReal World Examples

Chip Metal Line Wafer Defect Area Dies/ Yield Die Costlayers width cost /cm2 mm2 wafer

386DX 2 0.90 $900 1.0 43 360 71% $4

486DX2 3 0.80 $1200 1.0 81 181 54% $12

PowerPC 601 4 0.80 $1700 1.3 121 115 28% $53

HP PA 7100 3 0.80 $1300 1.0 196 66 27% $73

DEC Alpha 3 0.70 $1500 1.2 234 53 19% $149

SuperSPARC 3 0.70 $1700 1.6 256 48 13% $272

Pentium 3 0.80 $1500 1.5 296 40 9% $417

From "Estimating IC Manufacturing Costs,” by Linley Gwennap, Microprocessor Report, August 2, 1993, p. 15

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Other CostsOther Costs

Packaging Cost: depends on pins, heat dissipationDie Cost + Testing Cost + Packaging Cost

IC Cost = ------------------------------------------------------- Final Test Yield

Chip Die Package Test & Totalcost pins type cost Assembly

386DX $4 132 QFP $1 $4 $9

486DX2 $12 168 PGA $11 $12 $35

PowerPC 601 $53 304 QFP $3 $21 $77

HP PA 7100 $73 504 PGA $35 $16 $124

DEC Alpha $149 431 PGA $30 $23 $202

SuperSPARC $272 293 PGA $20 $34 $326

Pentium $417 273 PGA $19 $37 $473

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Chip Prices (August 1993)Chip Prices (August 1993)

Assume purchase 10,000 units

Chip Area Mfg. Price Multi- Comment

mm2 cost plier

386DX 43 $9 $31 3.4 Competition!Competition!

486DX2 81 $35 $245 7.0 No CompetitionNo Competition

PowerPC 601 121 $77 $280 3.6

DEC Alpha 234 $202 $1231 6.1 Recover R&D Expense?

Pentium 296 $473 $965 2.0 Early in shipments

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System Cost (1995-96 Workstation)System Cost (1995-96 Workstation)

Cabinet Sheet metal, plastic1%

Power supply, fans2%

Cables, nuts, bolts1%

(Subtotal)(4%)

Motherboard Processor6%

DRAM (64MB)36%

Video system14%

I/O system3%

Printed Circuit board1%

(Subtotal)(60%)

I/O Devices Keyboard, mouse1%

Monitor22%

Hard disk (1 GB)7%

Tape drive (DAT)6%

(Subtotal)(36%)

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Cost vs. PriceCost vs. Price

ComponentCost

componentcost

Direct Costs

componentcost

direct costs

Gross Margin

componentcost

direct costs

gross margin

AverageDiscount

list price

avg. selling price

Input: chips, displays, ...

Making it: labor, scrap, returns, ...

Overhead: R&D, rent, marketing, profits, ...

Commission: channel profit, volume discounts,

+33%

+25–100%

+50–80%

(25–31%)

(33–45%)

(8–10%)

(33–14%)

(WS–PC)

Q: What % of company incomeon Research and Development (R&D)?

Lower costs does not necessarily mean lower prices, it may just mean increased profits.