Conflict of Laws - A.Ioseliani

8/13/2019 Conflict of Laws - A.Ioseliani

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3. heotrgacot]g kfcr xcbPchrubcnfs kesgwcsrfjcnbgm rgkmcofkcsgkgr]bcnrfvf sfstckfs gr@cvg....................................................................................................... 0:4. gr@cubf sgkgr]bfs sxvg sgkgr]bcnrfvf sfstckf] Pc`vbg........................... 01g) zejgmgm.............................................................................................................................................................. 01n) jcrkgoffs sgsgkgr]be prgqtfhg............................................................................................... =


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6. tcomco`fcnf.................................................................................................................................................... 7:>QFFF. mgshvog.......................................................................................................................................................... 7:1nfnbfejrgdfg.................................................................................................................................................... 714


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jgsgzfgrcncbfg rcoc mgvfmfs kesgzrcng fkfs Pcsgxcn, rek,,,rejer` yvcbg sxvg kcòfcrcngs, crevoubf hgr@ghctfbeng kumgkvocnmg furfmfub kcòfcrcngsg`. fjf ugzrengm fq`g mg,dgqtenrfvgm, wgrkeumjcocbf jgxmg ksedbfePf, sgmg` kgoYfbf gr

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sgkgr]bfs mgshvocnf.: vfogfmgo Pcmgrcnf]f sgkgr]gbf qgr]ubffurfmfubf kcòfcrcnfs jgogxbcnfs gu`fbcncbf pfrengg,jgkeycocnub fqog Pcmgrcnf]sgkgr]bcnrfvf kc]emf. fjf mgcxkgrcng

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>0 Bgome, ]ac @eodbf`t ed Bgws ed @eotrg`ts, Jcocrgb \rfo`fpbcs, 7611, pp. >=0->==.>= fqvc, jv. >==.

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xcbPchrubcnfs mgmcnfs gmjfbfs sgkgr]gbf>> jgkefycocnemgmfukubcofs Pckmcjg`, hcrYem QTFFF-QFQ sguhuoccnPf cvrepgPfjgoxer`fcbcnubf hcrYe sgkgr]bfs pfrvcb hemfdfhg`fcnPf. cs,pfrvcb rfjPf, cxcnemg erkxrfv xcbPchrubcncns, rejerf`gg,kgjgbf]gm, ogsyfmenfs xcbPchrubcng, rekbfs mgmcnfsg mgPcsrubcnfs gmjfbf ukctcswfbgm cr]kgoc]s ck]xvcemg. udre

kctf`, xPfr Pck]xvcvgPf, ogsyfmenfs xcbPchrubcng mgmcnfs]gogvcsrubmcnemg. gmrfomcbf heotfocoturf cvrepfs furfmfubfbftcrgturfs jg`oeng u@vcocns, rek xcbPchrubcnfs mgmcnfsgmjfbfs prfo`fpf mekfofrcnmg QFQ sguhuofs pfrvcb ogxcvrgkmc.gvtercnfs ukctcseng mg sgsgkgr]becnf kxgrs uZcrmocoxcbPchrubcnfs mgmcnfs gmjfbfs sgkgr]bfs jgkeycocngs mg,fPvfg] Pck]xvcvgPf, xcbPchrubcnfs Pcsrubcnfs gmjfbfssgkgr]bfs jgkeycocngs, ]uhf @g]vbfmoco, rek cs fye kxgrc]gafpe]czurf ocnfs jgkevbfocng.>0

QFQ sguhuofs kcerc ogxcvrfmgo xcbPchrubcnfs mgmcnfsgmjfbfs sgkgr]bfs jgkeycocngk mghgrjg ]gvfsf pfrvcbxgrfsxevgofkofPvocbeng, rejer` heotfocotzc, gscvc fojbfsPf. cs jgkewvcubffye sgcr]gPerfse vgZrengPf mgocrjfbf @vcubcncnfs Pc`vbf] mgjgrhvcubwfbgm tcqofhurf rcvebu`ff]. QFQ sguhuofs mgsgwyfsgkmcvgZrcnf, rekcb]g` ]gvfgo]f sgtvfr]e jckcnf aqeomg], ]vf]eovc gosgvgZre gjcotcnfs kcPvcenf], pertPfvc yfmubenmoco go yfmmocosgqeocbs. c.f., ukctcs Pck]xvcvgPf, xcbPchrubcnfs mgmcnfsg mgPcsrubcnfs gmjfbf ck]xvcemg cr]kgoc]s. 71=< wbfmgosgcr]gPerfse sgvgZre nruovgk khvc]rgm fwye zrmg mg uhvcvgZrcnf mg kg]f omenf] g^Zurvfbf pfrcnf fPvfg]gm mgayvcnemocojckcns, gkftek xPfrgm xcbPchrubcng gr fmcnemg fq, sgmg` fjfPckmjekPf srubmcnemg. jgrmg gkfsg, 713< wbfmgo swrgdgm mgfwyejgovf]grcng destgk mg tcbcjrgdkg, rgkg` mfmgm Pcuwye xcbfsgcr]gPerfse vgZrenfs jgovf]grcngs. gscvc jgfzgrmg ngohcnfsgqtfureng`, Pcke^cnub fqog gxgbf sgngohe premuqtcnf,

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>< Pcgm.Bgome, ]ac @eodbf`t ed Bgws ed @eotrg`ts, Jcocrgb \rfo`fpbcs, 7611, pp. >=>->=0.>7 fqvc.>> bcx be`f `eotrg`tus.


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afpe]czur jgozrgxvgs. fjf sxvgmgsxvg qvcygogPf sxvgmgsxvgsgkgr]bcnrfv Pcmcjs fYbcemg, kgjrgk ukctcs Pck]xvcvgPf gkqvcyocnfs sgsgkgr]becnf kxgrc]g afpe]czur ocngPf jubfsxkenmocosgsgkgr]bes qvcyofs sgkgr]bfs jgkeycocngs.>4

FFF. kxgrc]g kfcr sgkgr]bfs gr@cvg mg u`xe qvcyofs sgkgr]bfsoerkcnfs foherperg`fgsghebfzfe sgkgr]bfs sgxcbPchrubcne ur]fcr]encnPf kxgrc]gocnfs gvteoekffs prfo`fpzc sgduYvbfgof ksicbenfsg]vfs sgZfregjgfrhvcs, ]u rf] jgosxvgvmcng kxgrc]g kfcr xcbPchrubcnfskekwcsrfjcncbf sgkgr]bfs gr@cvg u`xe qvcyofs sgkgr]bfs

oerkcnfs foherperg`ffsjgo>:

.pfrvcb Pck]xvcvgPf, xcbPchrubcng wcsrfjmcng kxgrc]g kfcrgr@cubf sgkgr]bf], rg` fkgs ofPogvs, rek gk uhgogshocbfsmfspezf`furf mg fkpcrgtfubf oerkcnf uomg fqocs jgkeycocnubfxcbPchrubcnfs kfkgr]. kgjgbf]gm, qgr]vcbkg mg cspgocbkgkcwgrkccnkg mgmcs ogsyfmenfs xcbPchrubcng mg, kfuxcmgvgm fkfsg,rek xcbPchrubcng enfcqturgm yvcbgzc kZfmrem sgqgr]vcbes]gofye mghgvPfrcnubf, kg] drgojubf sgkgr]gbf gfr@fcs. gsc]Pck]xvcvgPf xcbPchrubcnfs kfkgr] jgkeycocnub uomg fqocsdrgojubf sgkgr]gbf (fjubfsxkcng drgojubf sgkgr]bfs rejer`mfspezf`furf, gscvc fkpcrgtfubf oerkcnf).

sxvg Pck]xvcvgg, remcsg` fkgvc heotrgacotcnkg ogsyfmenfsxcbPchrubcnfs kesgwcsrfjcnbgm drgojubf sgkgr]gbf hf gr

gfr@fcs, grgkcm xcbPchrubcnfs jgrhvcubf pfrencnfmguqvckmcngrcs sgdrgojc]fs sgkeqgbgqe hemcqsfs zejfcr] oerkgs.gsc] Pck]xvcvgPf, xcbPchrubcnfs ukctcsf ogwfbf qgr]ubfsgkgr]bf] kewcsrfjmcng (vfogfmgo enfcqturgm fjf fye yvcbgzckctgm mghgvPfrcnubf jgrfjcngs]go), k`frcmf ogwfbf hf, kxgrc]g

>3 fqvc.>4 kxgrc]g afpe]czur ocngs]go mghgvPfrcnubf sghf]xcnf ogPrekfs kcercogwfbPf fqocng jgoxfbubf.>: fo`erpergtfeo.


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gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >1 sgqgr]vcbes sgkeqgbgqehemcqsfs mfspezf`furf oerkcnfs og`vbgm, xcbPchrubcngPfjgf]vgbfswfocnco sgdrgojc]fs sgkeqgbgqe hemcqsfs oerkcns (csPcfYbcng jgkefxgtes drgojubf oerkcnfs xcbPchrubcngPf

sftyvgsftyvf]f `ftfrcnf] go sgdrgojc]fs sgkeqgbgqe hemcqsfsPcsgngkfsf kuxbcnfs kf]f]cnf]). kxgrccns gkfs udbcng gqv],vfogfmgo kg] PcuYbfg], ]vf]eovc jgosgz^vreo xcbPchrubcnfsPfoggrsf.

gkrfjgm, remcsg` xmcng u`xe qvcyofs sgkgr]bfs oerkcnfsfoherperg`fg, kgPfo jgkefycocng xcbPchrubcngs]go enfcqturgmyvcbgzc kZfmrem mghgvPfrcnubf qvcyofs sgkgr]bfs fkpcrgtfubfoerkcnf (gôfPoub kgjgbf]Pf U sgqgr]vcbes hgoeokmcnbenfsfkpcrgtfubf oerkcnf), xebe ke`ckubf qvcyofs mfspezf`furfoerkcnfs og`vbgm kxgrc]g kfcr gr@cubf u`xe qvcyofs sgkgr]bfsoerkcnf.

zcke] gôfPoubfs jgrmg, kxgrc]g kfcr xcbPchrubcnfskekwcsrfjcncbf sgkgr]bfs gr@cvgsg mg heotrgacot]g kfcrxcbPchrubcngPf u`xe qvcyofs oerkcnfs foherperg`fgs Perfs grfshfmcv cr]f kofPvocbevgof jgosxvgvcng9 cs uhgogshocbf (kgjgbf]gm,kxgrccnkg xcbPchrubcngPf aebgomffs sgkeqgbgqe hemcqsfsoerkcnfs foherperg`fg kegxmfocs) ,,mrePf~ grgogfr `vbfbcngs grjgof`mfs, gou, ]uhf xcbPchrubcnfs mgmcnfs Pckmcj rgkcogfrf`vbfbcng Pcvg aebgomffs sgkeqgbgqe hemcqsPf, fjf gr fkeqkcmcnsxcbPchrubcngzc8 kcerc kxrfv, ]u heotrgacotcnf xcbPchrubcnfskekwcsrfjcncb sgkgr]gbs fr@cvco, kgPfo fjf jgkefycocng rejer`,,è`xgbf mg `vgbcngmf sgkgr]bcnrfvf erjgofzkf~ U yvcbg`vbfbcnfs jg]vgbfswfocnf], rekcbf` kgsPf Pcvg xcbPchrubcnfskeqkcmcnfs jgokgvbengPf U kfsf Pcsrubcnfs vgmfs mgmjekgkmc.

mgsgvbc]fs qvcyocnfs meqtrfogPf jgngteocnubf kesgzrcnfs

]gogxkgm, kxgrc]g kfcr sgkgr]bfs gr@cvg, rekcbf` Pczûmubffqocng mrefs jgrhvcubf keoghvc]f], mguPvcncbfg. heotrgacotcns

>1 fx. sgqgr]vcbes sgkeqgbgqe hemcqsfs 076-c kuxbfs F puoqtf9 ,,hcrYesgkgr]bfs sunfcqtcns PcuYbfg] hgoeofs dgrjbcnPf ]gvfsudbgm mgmeoxcbPchrubcncnf mg jgosgz^vreo gk xcbPchrubcng]g Pfoggrsf. kg]PcuYbfg] mgmeo fsc]f xcbPchrubcncnf`, rekbcnf` hgoeof] jg]vgbfswf-ocnubf gr grfs, kgjrgk gr cwfogg^kmcjcng kgs~. fx. gscvc9 Zgoturfg, Pcsg-vgbf sgqgr]vcbes sgkeqgbgqe sgkgr]bfs zejgm ogwfbPf 766:, jv. 3:-4


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kewcsrfjcnubfye ofu-ferhfs Ptgtfs sgkgr]bf].0< jgkePvcnubfenbfjg`fcnf f]vgbfswfocnmg gscvc eqres mg]qkgs, rekbfs

kfxcmvf]g` gPP-fs mebgrf ,,kfnkubf~ fye eqres jgosgz^vrubcr]cubzc, rekcbf` grscnenmg enbfjg`fcnfs jgkePvcnfsm^fsg]vfs, gou 76>4 wbfsg]vfs. gPP-fs heojrcskg 7600 wcbslcr]enbfvf rczebu`ffs~07 gqtf] jgguqkg eqres mg]qkg, rekbfskfxcmvf]g`, mebgrf gr PcfYbcnemg yedfbfye ,,kfnkubf~ eqrezc.]u kxcmvcbengPf kff^cng fs cheoekfhurf hrfzfsf mg fodbg`fg,rekcbf` 04 wcbs, xebe xscocnubf hgoeof kf^cnub fqog7600 wcbs, Pcsgngkfsgm, uomg jgkecycocnfog] ofu-ferhfs Ptgtfssgkgr]gbf U sgkgr]gbur]fcr]enfs wgrkePenfsgs grscnubfkmjekgrcenfs kfxcmvf] mg grg PckmjekPf jgoxer`fcbcnubf`vbfbcncnfs jg]vgbfswfocnf], rg` gxgbf hgoeofs kf^cnf]jgkefxgtcnemg. jcrkgoffs sgfkpcrfe sgsgkgr]bek ugrye csgrjukcotf mg jgog`xgmg9 kxgrccnkg ]gvfgo]f sgkgr]gbur]fcr]engmguqvckmcngrcs jgrhvcubf qvcyofs (Ptgtfs) sgkgr]gbs, Pcsgngkfsgm,kg] udbcng gr aqeomg], jgkecrf`xg] ke`ckubf sgkgr]bcnrfvfsfstckfs0> rekcbfkc uhvc grscnubf go kekgvgbPf kfsg^cnf hgoeof,

>6 Kgoo, ]ac ]fkc Cbckcot fo tac @eodbf`t ed Bgws, Nrft. Vn. ed Fotcro. Bgw, 763=, veb. 07,

p.>7:8Kerrfs, ]ac Dg`ter fo tac @eodbf`t ed Bgws, F@BW, 7644, veb. 73, p. =>>8 Kgycr, Mreft

Fotcrogtfeogb \rfv, 7660, p. :


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gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, > wcbs

kf^cnubf ocnfs gvteoekffs Pcsgxcn ngzcbfs rczebu`ffs kc-1kuxbfs kfxcmvf], l]u kxgrccnf Pc]goxkmoco, rek gr@cubf

rejer` gôfPoubf tcrkfof, gscvc tcrkfof ,,sgkgr]bcnrfvf wcsrfjf~(pfrvcbf mg kc-: kuxbcnf). erfvc òcng mg gscvc tcrkfof lqvcyofssgkgr]gbf~ gk Pck]xvcvgPf sfoeofkcnfg. remcsg` sgungrfg rekcbfkcqvcyofs sgkgr]bfs jgkeycocngzc, kxcmvcbengPf uomg fqocs kf^cnubf grgkxebem ke`ckubf qvcyofs hgoeokmcnbeng, grgkcm gscvc gk qvcyofssgsgkgr]be prgqtfhg mg meqtrfocnf. kgjgbf]gm, ]u sgqgr]vcbessgsgkgr]be fycocns ncbjffs sgkeqgbgqe hemcqsfs oerkcns, kgPfo kgo fjffsc uomg jgokgrtes, rejer` cs kf^cnubfg ncbjfgPf mg rejer` gkgsncbjffs sghgsg`fe sgsgkgr]be ghc]cns (mg grg sgdrgojc]fs sghgsg`fesgsgkgr]be, kfuxcmgvgm fkfsg, rek erfvc qvcygogPf ogpebceofs hemcqsf

keqkcmcns). cs meqtrfog gscvc gfsgxg sgqgr]vcbes shsh-fs kc-0 kuxbfs FpuoqtPf9 ,,u`xe qvcyofs sgkgr]bfs jgkeycocnfsgs sgqgr]vcbessgsgkgr]be f^cns sgZfre zekcns kfsf oerkcnfs mgsgmjcogm, PcsgngkfsqvcygogPf kg]f edf`fgburf jgokgrtcnfs, jgkeycocnfs prgqtfhfsg mgmeqtrfofs jg]vgbfswfocnf]~.00

^cfàsjcrfàt, 7604 wbfs >1 kgfsfs jgmgwyvctfbcng, 7604, IZ, >44>.0= Bgjgrmc, Bc oevcgu mreft fotcrogtfeogb prfv mcs èotrgts grpcs Fcotrc co vfjucur mc fo

@eovcotfeo mc êkc mu 76 iufo 761


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gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >73.


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gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, > sgZfreg, gk uhgogshocb ]cerfgzc kctgmjgkgxvfbmcs yurgm^cng.

=< gk ]cerfgs ]gvfs mrezc ckxrenemg nejusbgvshf, fx.9 ,,,764


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gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >:.=3 fowhfrvcbf, sgxcbkwfdesg mg sgkgr]bfs ]cerfg, >


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74

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >. kc->< sguhuofs drgojf mg gkcrfhcbf gvtercnfgkcrfhcbf hebfzfeofstf nfbf kxgrc]g ocnfs gvteoekffs prfo`fpfswfogg^kmcjf fye. kgs keaygvmg fsc]fvc grjukcotcnf, rejercnf`heotfocoturf cvrepfs furfstcns mg yurgm^cngs gkgxvfbcnmgfojbfsur-gkcrfhubf ,,tcrfterfubenfs~ prfo`fpfs meqtrfogzc.kfsf gzrf], heotrgacotcns ocnfs jgkevbcof] PcuYbfg] kxebem

xcbPchrubcnfs Pfoggrsfs mgmjcog. gk kesgzrcnfmgo @gos, rek nfbf

kxgrc]g ocnfs gvteoekffs fostftuts kxebem kgtcrfgbursgkgr]-bcnrfv ZrfbPf xcmgvmg. fjf ]gvfs duomgkcotur ogPrekPf,rekcbf` sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbs kfcY^vog, wcrmg9 kxgrc]g ocnfsgvteoekffs fostftuts gr gqvs sghebfzfesgkgr]bcnrfvf nuocng,

=4Kgfbacr mc @agssgt, ]rgftcs mcs stgtuts, 71=7, Oe. 3=. `ftfrcnubfg9 Bgome, ]ac @eodbf`t

ed Bgws ed @eotrg`ts, Jcocrgb \rfo`fpbcs, 7611, p. >40.=:

\fbbct/Ofneyct, Kgoucb mc mreft fotcrogtfeogb prfvc, 76>=, Oe. =>6, `ftfrcnubfg9 Bgome,]ac @eodbf`t ed Bgws ed @eotrg ts, Jcocrgb \rfo`fpbcs, 7611, p. >40.


23/203

7:

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >4=->43.


24/203

71

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >71->76, `ftfrcnubfg9 ,

, 766=, `. 7:>.33 fx.9 ,, 766=, . 7:>-7:0.34 Jrgvcrseo, @eodbf`t ed Bgws, \rfvgtc Fotcrogtfeogb Bgw, :. c., 76:=, p. =


25/203

76

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >744.36

berm]g pgbgtg mfmf nrftgoc]fs pgrbgkcotfs zcmg pgbgtgg, rekbfs77-hg`fgof sgsgkgr]be hekftctf fxfbgvs sgkeqgbgqe sgqkc]g ukctcsengs,rejer` sgnebee sggpcbg`fe fostgo`fg, fx., kgjgbf]gm, Nbg`hs BgwMf`tfeogry, :. c., 7666, p. ::=8 gjrc]vc9 kcbqgYc/mvgbf, sgsgkgr]be xcbfs-udbcng sgz^vgrjgrc]fs qvcyocnPf, >


26/203

>. sgdrgojc]fs sgsgkgr]becnfsgdrgojc]Pf kxgrc]g ocnfs gvteoekffs prfo`fpf gPhgrgm òe 7674>.43 fqvc, jv. >4>.44

@gss. @fv., 760< wbfs 76 ]cncrvbfsg mg 7607 wbfs >: fgovrfsjgmgwyvctfbcngof, P. 7607. 7. =7, `ftfrcnubfg9 Bgome, ]ac @eodbf`t ed Bgws ed@eotrg`ts, Jcocrgb \rfo`fpbcs, 7611, p. >40.4: jcrkgofg9 ^ggpc, Fotcrogtfeogbcs \rfvgtrcàt, 3 Gud., Ncrbfo uom Drgohdurt, 7647, P. =478Pvcf`grfg9 Kescr, Tcrtrgjsgnsàbuss, Tcrtrgjsjbtfjhcft uom \grtcfwfbbc fk fotcrogtfeogbcoEnbfjgtfeocorcàt, 76=1, P. 763, `ftfrcnubfg9 Bgome, ]ac @eodbf t ed Bgws ed @eotrg`ts,Jcocrgb \rfo`fpbcs, 7611, p. >40.41

Pgvfjoy, G ]rcgtfsc eo tac @eodbf`ts ed Bgws, >. c., 711, P. 0:0-0:=8Drgohcostcfo, Fotcrogtfeogbcs \rfvgtrcàt,


27/203

>7

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >1, P. 7>0, `ftfrcnubfg9 Bgome, ]ac @eodbf`t ed Bgws ed @eotrg`ts,Jcocrgb \rfo`fpbcs, 7611, p. >41.:< ^EAJ, 7163 wbfs 6 mchcknrfs jgmgwyvctfbcng, ^EAJ, 76, 70>8 ^J, 7117 wbfs>> ]cncrvbfs jgmgwyvctfbcng, ^JY, >=>, `ftfrcnubfg9 Bgome, ]ac @eodbf`t edBgws ed @eotrg`ts, Jcocrgb \rfo`fpbcs, 7611, p. >41. fx. gjrc]vc9 ,, 764::7.:>

NJ, 76 FF, =73, `ftfrcnubfg9Bgome, ]ac @eodbf`t ed Bgws ed @eotrg`ts, Jcocrgb \rfo`fpbcs, 7611, p. >:7.:0 drgojubgm9 Mcpcgjc.:=

NJ, 763> wbfs 7> ]cncrvbfs jgmgwyvctfbcng. NJC, :1 FF :=, :6 (@acvgbbcy v.Jcofkpertcx P.G.), `ftfrcnubfg9 Bgome, ]ac @eodbf`t ed Bgws ed @eotrg`ts, Jcocrgb\rfo`fpbcs, 7611, p. >:7.


28/203

>>

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >>7 D.>m 716, 763 (> @fr. 7633), `ftfrcnubfg9 Bgome, ]ac @eodbf`t ed Bgws ed

@eotrg`ts, Jcocrgb \rfo`fpbcs, 7611, p. >:0.::

Beomeo Gssurgo`c v. @ekpgoafg mc Kegjcos me Ngrrcfer, 74: S.P. 7=6, 7: P.@t.:13, :64>, >7 [email protected]


29/203

>0



30/203

>=



31/203

>3

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, > puoqtfsmg`vf], jgf]vgbfswfog xcbPchrubcnfs pfrencnf mgjgmgwyvctfbcng jgkeftgog kxebem mg kxebem xcbPchrubcngPfke`ckubf tcqstfs sgduYvcbzc~.

gkrfjgm, sgcr]gPerfse grnftrgIkg ,,sftyvf]~ `oe kxgrc]gocnfs gvteoekffs prfo`fpf, xebe fs dgqtf, rek prgqtfhubgm gr

fqog jgkeycocnubf gr`cr]f qvcyofs (sgqgr]vcbes, Pvc`ffs)sgkgr]gbf, kgo gxsog fkf], rek xcbPchrubcnfs pfrencnf fkmcogmgkekwurgvgm jgosgz^vrgvmg kxgrc]g udbcng-kevgbcencns, reksrubfgm sghkgrfsf fye, sggrnftrgIe jgmgwyvctfbcng kxebem gkuhgogshocbzc mgyrmoenf] jgketgofbfye. cs kesgzrcngjgrhvcubwfbgm jgsgjcnf fqocng, mgkgtcnf] fs jgrckecng` ]ufqocng kxcmvcbengPf kf^cnubf, rek, grgcr]f Pctyenfocnfskfuxcmgvgm, qgr]ubf kxgrc gr jgke`xgmmg pre`cszc mg, Pcsgng-kfsgm, u`xecb grnftrs grgogfrf survfbf gr uomg jgs@coemg,jgkechvbfg kfs]vfs Yocbgm xcbkfsgwvmekf qgr]ubf sgkgr]gbf,

kf] udre, rek gkgs gr`cr]f kxgrc gr kef]xevmg.1


32/203

>4



33/203

>:

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, > puoqtfs kfxcmvf]jgofsgz^vrg, rek lmgvcnfs jgoxfbvfsgs jgkeycocnubf fqocngsgqgr]vcbes kgtcrfgburf mg pre`csugburf sgkgr]gbf~.

sggq`fe sgzejgmecng lsgqgr]vcbes Pgqrfs heknfogtkg~ g^Yrgsgr@cbf kepgsuxc hvfpresfs hekpgofg lstgrdehus~ kfkgr],xcbPchrubcnfs mgr^vcvf] kfycocnubf zfgofs gogz^gurcnfske]xevof].

]nfbfsfs sgebqe sgsgkgr]bes sgkeqgbgqe mg sgkcwgrkce

sgqkc]g hebcjffs >


34/203

>1



35/203

>6

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >. sgcr]gPerfse heovco`fcnfaggjfs 7633 wbfs heovco`fgzc U ,,sgqeobfs sgcr]gPerfseogsyfmenfs xcbPchrubcncnfsgmkf jgkesgycocncbf sgkgr]bfsPcsgxcn~ U kuPgeng icr hfmcv >1 wcbsaggjfs kc-4 heodcrco`fgzc heovco`fg gr kff^cs. hgoeoprecqtzckuPgenfs jgjrYcbcng mgcvgbg spc`fgbur hekfsfgs, rekcbsg`xcbkY^vgocbenmg òenfbf drgojf predcserf Iubfe mc bg

kergomfcrf. hekfsfgk wgrgmjfog gxgbf precqtf, rekcbf` kcercksedbfe ekfs Pckmcj, 7637 wcbs aggjfs kc-: heodcrco`fgzc

ukofPvocbem @gswermg, 7633 wcbs hf fjf kff^cs.177607 wbfs hekfsffs ]gvkimekgrfs kexscocngPf og]qvgkf fye,

rek, zejfcr]f mcbcjgtfs gzrf], kxgrc]g ocnfs gvteoekfg uomgPczûmubfye kxebem heovco`fgPf keogwfbc qvcyocnfs sgkgr]bf].sxvg mcbcjgtcns surmg], kxgrc]g kfcr gr@cub sgkgr]gbssgkgr]gbur]fcr]engs]go aqeoemg hgvPfrf mg, Pcsgngkfsgm,jgkeycocnubfye xcbPchrubcnfs Pcsrubcnfs gmjfbfs,xcbPchrubcnfs mgmcnfs gmjfbfs go kxgrc]g @vcubcnrfvfgmjfbsgkyedcbf qvcyofs sgkgr]gbf. yvcbg wfogmgmcng ugryedfbfqog. predcserkg kergomfcrkg jgog`xgmg, rek kxgrccns uomg kfc`c]

udbcng, gfr@feo ocnfskfcrf sgkgr]gbf, ]uomg` fjf gr fyesmghgvPfrcnubf xcbPchrubcngs]go. kfsf jgkesvbfs k]gvgrfbgftketfvf fye Pckmcjf wfogmgmcng9 ,,kxgrc]g ocnfs gvteoekffsPczûmvgs sgcr]gPerfse sgvgZre nruovfs Pczûmvfsghcokfvygvgr].~1>

mcbcjgt]g ukrgvbcsengk kxgrf mguZfrg kesgzrcngs,xcbPchrubcnfs kfkgr] jgkeycocnubfye kxgrc]g kfcr gr@cubfsgkgr]gbf mg, Pcsgngkfsgm, gkgvc sgkgr]bfs fkpcrgtfubfoerkcnf`. sxvg qvcyofs sgkgr]bcnrfvf sfstckfs fkpcrgtfubfoerkcnf hf, rekcbf` kxgrccns gr gur@cvfg], gr uomg yedfbfyejgkeycocnubf. mcbcjgtcnkg, rekbcnf` 7607 wcbs, wfogg^kmcjoffyvoco kxgrc]g ocnfs gvteoekffs prfo`fpfs jgoxer`fcbcnfsg, 7637wbfs heodcrco`fgzc mukfbf gkienfocs. cs ogwfbenrfv jgkewvcubf

fye ]gvfgo]f k]gvrencnfs sgwfogg^kmcje pezf`ff] mg ogwfbenrfvkergomfcrfs mgkgicrcncbf grjukcotf]. aggjfs 7613 wbfs

17 heovco`fg rgtfdf`frcnub fqog heotfocoturf cvrepfs rvg qvcyofs Usgdrgojc]fs, ncbjffs, ftgbffs, Pvcf`grffs, mgoffs, Pvc`ffs, oervcjffs,dfoc]fsg mg cr]f gdrfhubf qvcyofs U ofjcrffs kfcr. Bgome, ]ac 7633 gom7613 Agjuc @eovcotfeo eo ]ac Bgw Gppbf`gnbc te tac Fotcrogtfeogb Pgbc ed Jeems, ^gncbsY,

veb. 3:, 7660, p. 747.1> fqvc.


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0-c kuxbf] sggrnftrgIe trfnuogbkg kxgrc]g kfcrgr@cubf sgkgr]bf] uomg fxcbkY^vgocbes.

766= wbfs 7: kgrts kcxfhePf (kcqsfhg), sgcr]gPerfse hcrYesgkgr]bfs kc-3 fotcrgkcrfhub sgjgojcne heodcrco`fgzc, gkcrfhfssgxcbkwfde]g erjgofzg`ffs wcvrkg qvcyocnkg xcbf kegwcrcskcxfhes 766= wbfs heovco`fgs ,,fotcrgkcrfhubf heovco`fgsgcr]gPerfse xcbPchrubcnfsgmkf jgkesgycocncbf sgkgr]bfs

Pcsgxcn~ (PckmjekPf U kcxfhes 766= wbfs heovco`fg).1:kcxfhes 766= wbfs heovco`fg uyeykgoem òens kxgrc]g ocnfs

gvteoekffs prfo`fps, hcrYem kc-: kuxbfs F puoqtf f]vgbfswfocnsPckmcjs9 ,,xcbPchrubcng uomg kewcsrfjmcs kxgrc]g kfcr gr@cubf

sgkgr]bf].~11cvrejgcr]fgocngPf Pckgvgbf qvcyocnfs kfcr 761< wcbs

,,sgxcbPchrubcne vgbmcnubcncnfsgmkf jgkesgycocncbf sgkgr]bfs

10 heovco`ffs tcqstf jgkeqvcyocnubfg9 attp9//www.a`à.oct/fomcxUco.pap5g`t;èovcotfeos.tcxt&`fm;47(>0.7>.7, 7647 Softcm Ogtfeos, ]rcgty Pcrfcs, veb. =1=, p. 04= Oe. :=. 7>. >.14 fjf 7644 wbfs 7= eqtekncrs Pcvfmg YgbgPf. heovco`ffs tcqstf@eovcotfeoeo tac scttcbkcot ed fovcstkcot mfsputcs nctwcco Ptgtcs gom ogtfeogbs ed etacr Ptgtc s fx.9attp9//www. Gsscr. ob/f`g/wgsaUco.atk (>3.7>.>


37/203

07


0. crevoubf hgoeokmcnbengrekfs heovco`ffs kf^cnfs Pckmcj cvrehgvPfrfs wcvrkg qvcyocnkg]gvfgo]f hgoeokmcnbeng kefyvgocs kgs]go PcsgngkfsengPf. gkrfjgm,fs, rg` rekfs heovco`ffs kc-0 kuxbPf fye jg]vgbfswfocnubf, Ukxgrc]g kfcr xcbPchrubcnfs kekwcsrfjcncbf sgkgr]bfs gr@cvfs

udbcnfs g^fgrcng, U gfsgxg gscvc zckegôfPoubf qvcyocnfshgoeokmcnbencnPf`. sgkgr]bfgoenfsg]vfs uomg g^fofPoes, rekrekfs heovco`ffs kf^cngkmc` cvrepfs sgxcbkwfde]g ukrgvbcsengòenmg kxgrc]g ocnfs gvteoekffs prfo`fps. cs jgkefxgtcnemgPcsgngkfsf oerkcnfs grscnenf] crevoub hgoeokmcnbencnPf, gorekcbfkc sgcr]gPerfse heovco`ffs, kgjgbf]gm aggjfs 7633 wbfsheovco`ffs, rgtfdfhg`ff].

kgjgbf]gm, gvstrffs 76:1 wbfs hgoeofs 03-c kuxbfs F puoqtfsPcsgngkfsgm9 vgbmcnubcnf]f ur]fcr]eng wcsrfjmcng fk sgkgr]bfs

16 fx.9 fescbfgof, rekfs heovco`fg9 sgkgr]gbf, rekcbf` jgkefycocng

sgxcbPchrubcne vgbmcnubcncnfs kfkgr], kgòc #7, 7661, jv. =6-3:. rekfsheovco`ffs kf^cnfs pcrfpctfcnzc, gjrc]vc, ]u rg wfogrc sgkuPgecnfkfkmfogrcenmg cvrehgvPfrPf, fx. zggbfPvfbfs sghgomfmgte mfscrtg`fg9lsgxcbPchrubcne hebfzfurf sgkgr]gbf cvrepubf hgvPfrfsg mgqgr]ubf hgoeokmcnbenfs kfxcmvf]~, >


38/203

0>



39/203

uwycncnf, #04, 764=, kux. 44>).

00



40/203

0=



41/203

03



42/203

04



43/203

Enbfjgtfeos, Eddf`fgb Ieurogb Oe B >44 ed 6 E`tencr 761=, 0.

0:


j) g^ofPvofs ^frsfg gscvc fsc]f jgrckecngof, ]u rekcbfqvcyofs sgkgr]bfs oerkgg jg]vgbfswfocnubf xcbPchrubcngPf.kgjgbf]gm, ]u heotrgacotcnf xcbPchrubcngPf u]f]cncosgdrgojc]fs sgkeqgbgqe hemcqsfs rekcbfkc oerkgzc U csPcfYbcng jgoxfbub fqocs kg]f kxrfmgo drgojubf sgkgr][email protected] `xgmfg, gqg` sgsgkgr]bes kxrfmgo kxcmvcbengPf uomgfqocs kf^cnubf xcbPchrubcnfs sxvg pfrencnf mg k]bfgogm sgqkfsjgrckecngof8

m) kofPvocbevgof jgrckecngg gscvc, rg derkf] grfs PcmjcofbfxcbPchrubcng9 ]u xcbPchrubcng Pcmjcng stgomgrtubfpfrencnfsjgo, rekbcnf` heohrctubgm rekcbfkc qvcyofssgkgr]bcnrfv sfstckgs uhgvPfrmcng, kgPfo grscnens Ybfcrfprczukd`fg fkfsg, rek kxgrccnkg swercm ke`ckubf qvcyofssgkgr]gbf gfr@fcs. kgjgbf]gm, ]u sgz^vge mgz^vcvfsxcbPchrubcngs sgduYvbgm mgcme fojbfsfs sgmgz^vcve hekpgofglbefmsfs~ kfcr PckuPgvcnubf xcbPchrubcnfs stgomgrtubfpfrencnf, cs uhgogshocbf jgoxfbub uomg fqocs rejer`prczukd`fg fojbfsfs sgkgr]bfs gr@cvfs sgsgrjcnbem.

3. heotrgacot]g kfcr xcbPchrubcnfs kesgwcsrfjcnbgm rgkmcofkcsgkgr]bcnrfvf sfstckfs gr@cvgPcsgYbeg heotrgacotcnkg xcbPchrubcnfs kesgwcsrfjcnbgm cr]zc

kctf sgkgr]bcnrfvf sfstckg gfr@feo. fsfof PcfYbcng Pc]goxkmocofkgzc, rek xcbPchrubcnfs Yfrf]gmf ogwfbfs kesgwcsrfjcnbgmjgkeycocnub fqocs lg~ qvcyofs sgkgr]gbf, xebe mgogr@cof ogwfbfskesgwcsrfjcnbgm ln~ qvcyofs sgkgr]bfs oerkcnf.

777 X7641[ Z.B.^. =


44/203

01

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >:-c kuxbfs F puoqtf)jg]vgbfswfocnubfg gsc]f PcsgYbcnbeng9 ,,kxgrccns PcuYbfg]gfr@feo sgkgr]gbf rejer` k]bfgogm xcbPchrubcnfs kfkgr],gscvc kfsf ogwfbfs kfkgr]~.

gk oerkf] heotrgacotcns PcuYbfg], xcbPchrubcnfs ogwfbfskfkgr] gfr@feo kesgwcsrfjcncbf sgkgr]gbf, jgrfjcnfs mgogr@cofogwfbfs kfkgr] hf jgkeycocnub fqocng fs sgkgr]gbf, rekcbf`

k]cbf xcbPchrubcnfs kfkgr] fkeqkcmcnmg, kxgrc]g gr@cvgof rekgr yedfbfye. heotrgacotcns PcuYbfg] gjrc]vc gfr@feo erf gokctf qvcyofs sgkgr]gbf xcbPchrubcnfs `gbhcubf ogwfbcnfskesgwcsrfjcnbgm.

sgqgr]vcbes sgcr]gPerfse hcrYe sgkgr]bfs hgoeoPf gsc]foerkg gr grfs jg]vgbfswfocnubf. `xgmfg, sgsurvcbf subg` grgg,cr]f xcbPchrubcng erf qvcyofs sgkgr]bcnrfvf sfstckf]wcsrfjmcnemcs, kgjrgk ]u sgxcbkwfde òens kxgrc]g ocnfsgvteoekffs prfo`fps, kgPfo kgo uomg òes heotrgacot]g kfcr erfgo kctf qvcyofs kgr]bwcsrfjfs gr@cvfs PcsgYbcnbeng`.

kfuxcmgvgm zckegôfPoubfsg, sgqgr]vcbes shsh 03-c kuxbf(xscocnubf kuxbfs pfrvcbf mg kcerc ogwfbcnf) uomg jgofkgrtesfkjvgrgm, rek, kxgrc]g ocnfs gvteoekffs prfo`fpfmgo jgkekmfogrc,kg] PcuYbfg], xcbPchrubcnfs `gbhcubf ogwfbcnfskesgwcsrfjcnbgm gfr@feo sxvgmgsxvg qvcyofs sgkgr]gbf.

rejer` zcke] g^fofPog, gkgvc mres, srubfgmg` grggsgsurvcbf, heotrgacotcnkg cr]zc kctf kgr]bwcsrfjf gfr@feo,

vfogfmgo fjf fwvcvs xcbPchrubcnfs ,,jgxbc@gs~77=. cs uhgogshocbfjgkeycocnub uomg fqocs kxebem jgkeoghbfsfs sgxf]. rejer`rekfs heovco`ffs hekcotgtercnf g`xgmcnco9 xcbPchrubcnfs,,mgogwcvrcnfs~ kc]ems sgsgkgr]bek, rgkmcogmg` cs PcsgYbcncbfg,fPvfg]gm uomg kfkgr]es.773

4. gr@cubf sgkgr]bfs sxvg sgkgr]bcnrfvf sfstckf] Pc`vbgg zejgmgmprgqtfhgPf PcsgYbeg wgrkefPvgs mfbckg9 mgsgPvcnfg ]u grg,heotrgacotcnkg xcbPchrubcnfs mgmcnfs Pckmcj cr]xcb uhvcgr@cubf sgkgr]gbf Pc`vgbeo sxvg qvcyofs sgkgr]bf]5 gsc]fsghf]xf ukctcswfbgm kgPfo wgrkefPeng, remcsg` kxgrccnf

77= drgojubgm9mpcgjc.773 Muteft, ]ac êkc @eovcotfeo eo tac @aef c ed Bgw der @eotrg`ts, Curepcgo \rfvgtc Bgw,

7661, p. =:.


45/203

06

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >1 fvofsfs jgmgwyvctfbcng9 Oe. 741


46/203


47/203

=7

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, > mg lfkpcrfgb vgfo hekpgof bfkftcms~7>0 (hrcmftercnf) mg,

kcerc kxrfv, Pps ,,hgrmcogxf QQF~-s7>= Perfs (kscsxcncbf) mgfmesghrcmfte xcbPchrubcng, rekbfs >>-c puoqtfs kfxcmvf]g`jg]vgbfswfocnubf fye Pckmcjf9 ,,wfogkmcngrc sghrcmftexcbPchrubcng rcjubfrmcng mg kfsf fotcrprctg`fg uomg kexmcsfojbfsfs hgoeokmcnbenfs Pcsgngkfsgm~.

kesgr@cbc lfkpcrfgb vgfo hekpgof bfkftcmkg~ sgr@cbf]kfkgr]g ]nfbfsfs hrwgofsf-k]gwkfomfs rgfeoub sgsgkgr]bes,rekbf]g` kef]xevg zcke] gôfPoubf xcbPchrubcnfs ng]fbgm

òeng. sgsgkgr]bek, qgr]ubf kgtcrfgburf sgkgr]bfs oerkcnzcmgyrmoenf], usgduYvbenfs jgke, gr mgghkgyedfbg gôfPoubf

[email protected]>3 sgqkfs kgsgbcnfmgo og]bgm @gos, rek heotrgacotcnkg]gvmgpfrvcbgm gfr@fcs fojbfsfs kgtcrfgburf sgkgr]gbf. ]uk`gsgqkfs kgsgbcnfmgo gscvc frhvcvg, rek sgsgkgr]bek fxcbkY^vgocbgsgqgr]vcbes sgkeqgbgqe hemcqsf] mg grg fojbfsfs sgkgr]bf].kesgkgr]bck gvtekgturgm jgkefycog qgr]ubf kgtcrfgburfsgkgr]gbf, fsc, rek ]gvfs jgmgwyvctfbcngPf (sgketfvg`feogwfbPf) gr` hf uxscocnfg, ]u rg kesgzrcng]g jgke kfvfmg fjfgkjvgr mgshvogkmc, kgPfo remcsg` sgmgve xcbPchrubcngPf og]bgmfye kf]f]cnubf kxgrc]g survfbf fojbfsfs sgkgr]bfs jgkeycocnfssgsgrjcnbem.

7>> ss ,,sgqgr]vcbes sgdeste ngohf~, rcjfstrfrcnubfg sgqgr]vcbePf.furfmfubf kfsgkgr]f9 sgqgr]vcbe, ]nfbfsf, 014>> oecknrfs jgmgwyvctfbcng, sgqkc #>/731-.


48/203

=>



49/203

=0

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >4

Pvcf`grfubf sgkgr]bfs ke]xevogs fkfs Pcsgxcn, reksgsgkgr]be pre`cszc kxgrc]g kfcr lbcqs derfs~ gr@cvgmgsgPvcnfg, ]uhf fsfof Pcjocnubgm jgghc]cnco gkgs, gqvs bejfhurfsgduYvcbf.

kgjgbf]f9ncbjfcbkg mg gvstrfcbkg hekcrsgotcnkg gfr@fcs fojbfsfs

sgkgr]gbf, kgjrgk sgqkcs fxfbgvs jcrkgoffs sgsgkgr]be. k]gvgr

sxmekgzc, kesgr@cbck ]gvfsf grjukcotcnfs uhc] wgrke@cofs kfzof],zejfcr]f oerkfs `ftfrcng kegxmfog jcrkgoffs sgkeqgbgqehemcqsfmgo mg fojbfsfs prc`cmcotubf sgkgr]bfmgo. gkfssgwfogg^kmcjem kepgsuxck ]gvfsf grjukcotcnf kefyvgog mg gscvckegxmfog jsh-fmgo zejfcr]f oerkfs `ftfrcng. ]uk`g og]cbf grgrfs, heotrgacotcns fojbfsfs sgkgr]bf] sur] xcbPchrubcnfskewcsrfjcng, rekcbf` xcbPchrubcnfs mgmcnfs mres gfr@fcskxgrccnkg, ]ulbcqs derfs~ sgkgr]bf], mfmfg gbng]eng fkfsg, rekjcrkgoffs sgsgkgr]be, gmrc jgvr`cbcnubf prgqtfhfs ]gogxkgm7>:,kxgrc]g afpe]czur ocngzc mgyrmoenf], swercm sghu]gr Ucrevoub U sgkgr]gbs jgkefycocns.

rejer` furfmfub bftcrgturgPfg g^ofPoubf, jcrkgoffssgsgkgr]becnf, xPfr Pck]xvcvgPf, Ygbzc Pers kfmfemoco ]gvfgo]

YfcngPf, rg]g mgcmjfog] kxgrc]g fsc]f afpe]czurf jgozrgxvg,rekcbf` kg] PcsgYbcnbengs kfs`ckmg, xcbPchrubcnfs kfkgr]

kxebem lbcqs derf~, gou jcrkgoubf sgkgr]gbf, jgkecycocnfog].7>1]vf] jcrkgoffs furfmfub bftcrgturgPf jghrftfhcnubfgsgsgkgr]becnfs gsc]f prgqtfhg. jcrkgocbf hebfzfeofstf Pghf

7>4 fx.9Mcbgukc, ]rgosogtfeogb @eotrg`ts, Gppbf`gnbc Bgw gom Pcttcbkcot ed Mfsputcs, 7616,veb. >, p. 7=.7>: fx. ke`ckubf ogPrekfs QFF ]gvfs 7-bf qvc]gvf.7>1 fx.9Bgome, ]ac @eodbf`t ed Bgws ed @eotrg`ts, Jcocrgb \rfo`fpbcs, 7611, p. 071.


50/203

==


Pvcf`grffs sgsgkgr]be prgqtfhg gk Pck]xvcvgPf udrekgr]cnubf uomg fyes. Pvcf`grfcbf kesgkgr]bc hf]xvf] kfkgr]gvskxgrccns, sur] ]u grg kg], gmrc gr@cubf u`xe qvcyofssgkgr]bf], ]u lbcqs derf]~, kegwcsrfjeo xcbPchrubcng. gkf]fjf `mfbens, mggmjfoes kxgrc]g ogkmvfbf ocng, rg` drfgm

kofPvocbevgof sghf]xfg. sgkgr]bfgogm g^ofPogvs bfbugPvfbf9,,gr@cubf qvcyofs sgkgr]gbf kxebem fscv kxgrc]g Pc]goxkcnf]PcfYbcng Pcf`vgbes~.70< g^ofPoubfmgo jgkekmfogrc, kesgkgr]bckgr uomg f@qgres (kfuxcmgvgm PcsgYbe mfmf survfbfsg) ]gvfsfqvcyofs sgkgr]bfs jgkeycocng, ]uhf fjf grgg mgrwkuocnubf, rek csswercm kxgrc]g sgcr]e, Pc]goxkcnubf ocngg. gkrfjgm, sgcZveenfsgs,kesgkgr]bc vgbmcnubfg mggmjfoes kxgrc]g ogkmvfbf ocng U sur]]u grg kg], ]gvmgpfrvcbgm gr@cubf sgkgr]bf] kegwcsrfjeoxcbPchrubcng, ]u fsfof ]gogxkgof grfgo, Pc`vgbeo gmrc gr@cubfsgkgr]gbf lbcqs derf]~.

cs yevcbfvc subg` gr ofPogvs fkgs, rek gkf] fr^vcvg kxgrc]gPcifnrcnf]enfs prfo`fpf. kesgkgr]bc gr@cvgofs ]gvfsudbcngskxgrccns utevcns, fjf kxebem hf]xvf] kfkgr]gvs kg], rg]gmgmjfomcs heotrgacot]g ogkmvfbf ocng. kesgkgr]bfs gsc]f,,gqtfureng~ sgvscnf] ]gvsmcng sgkeqgbgqe sgkgr]bfs sfstckfsqvcyocnfs trgmf`fcnPf.707

7>6 fx.9 , , >


51/203

=3


c jgkeoghbfsf sgqgr]vcbes sgsgkgr]be prgqtfhfmgogkgvc mres, uomg g^fofPoes, rek sgqgr]vcbes sgsgkgr]beprgqtfhgPf grscnens cr]f prc`cmcotf, remcsg` sgsgkgr]behebcjfgk, Pvcf`grffs sgsgkgr]be prgqtfhfs ksjgvsgm,mggzustcnfog kxgrccns, ]u rekcbf qvcyofs kgtcrfgburfsgkgr]bf] surmg] kg] xcbPchrubcnfs kewcsrfjcng. sgqkfs grsfgsc]f fye9 >


52/203

kuxbfs FF puoqtf) mg rcjbgkcot lrekf U F~-fs (kc-0 kuxbfs FF puoqtf).

=4

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >:-c kuxbfs FF puoqtfs kfxcmvf]9 ,,xcbPchrubcnfssg]gogme derkgs]go, kc-77 kuxbfs ]gogxkgm, mg kcsgkc pfr]gudbcncn]go gr PcfYbcng Pcxcng xcbPchrubcnfs mgmcnfs Pckmcj,jgkesgycocncbf sgkgr]bfs oerkcnfs Pc`vbfs Pcmcjgm~.70=

gk oerkg]g kfzgofg, mgùb fqocs xcbPchrubcnfs derkgburfogkmvfbenfs sghf]xf, vfogfmgo kxgrc]g kfcr kejvfgocnf] gr@cubfsgkgr]gbf PcsgYbeg f]vgbfswfocnmcs fsc] derkgbur ke]xevocns,rg` uòenf fye wfog hekpctcoturf sgkgr]bfsg]vfs mg rgkg`

PcsgYbeg, xcbPchrubcnfs ogkmvfbeng hf]xvfs ofPofs qvcPmggycoes (kgjgbf]gm, zejfcr]f qvcyofs sgkgr]bf], gkg ]u fksgxfs xcbPchrubcnfs ogkmvfbenfsg]vfs sgvgbmcnubeg kfsfsgoetgre wcsf] mgkewkcng, xebe zejfcr]f qvcyofs sgkgr]bfskfxcmvf], gkfs gu`fbcnbeng gr wgrkefPeng). jgrmg gkfsg, zcke]gôfPoub oerkgPf xgzjgskubfg kcsgkc pfr]g udbcncnfs mg`vg`,

700 fx.9 bfbugPvfbf, sgcr]gPerfse hcrYe sgkgr]gbf, >


53/203

=:

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >6-c kuxbs F puoqts703 mg, Pcsgngkfsgm, grmguPvgs xcbPchrubcnfs jgng]fbcng.

TFFF. kxgrc]g ocnfs gvteoekffs dgrjbcnf7. kxgrc]g ocnfs gvteoekffs sghf]xf sgcr]gPerfse mgPfogxcbPchrubcncnPfsgcr]gPerfse heovco`fcnf], crevoubf hgoeokmcnbenf]g mgsxvgmgsxvg qvcyofs sgsgkgr]be prgqtfhf] dgr]em grfs

g^fgrcnubf, rek kxgrc]g ocnfs gvteoekfg gr uomg fyesPczûmubf sgcr]gPerfse xgsfg]fs xcbPchrubcncnPf. fskcnghf]xvg, rg fjubfsxkcng hcrYesgkgr]bcnrfv sgcr]gPerfsexgsfg]fs xcbPchrubcncnPf5704

703 ljgrfjcnfs derkg jgofsgz^vrcng fk qvcyofs sgkgr]bf], sgmg` mgfmejgrfjcng go fk qvcyofs sgkgr]bf], rekcbf` jgkefycocng jgrfjcnfs sgjofskfkgr]. jgrfjcnfs derkg mgùbgm f]vbcng, ]u xcbPchrubcng mgfmesxvgmgsxvg qvcygogPf kyed pfrcns Perfs mg fjf Pccsgngkcng cr]-cr]fqvcyofs sgkgr]bfs ke]xevocns jgrfjcnfs derkfs Pcsgxcn~.704 gôfPoubf sgkgr]gbur]fcr]enfs g^rcvg gr uomg kexmcs sgcr]gPe-rfse sgkgr]bfs fsc] fostftut]go, rejerf`gg sgcr]gPerfse xcbPchru-bcng, rekcbsg` sgigresgkgr]bcnrfvf nuocng jgg@ofg mg rejer` wcsfxcbPchru-bcnfs heotrgacotcns wgrkegmjcos erfvc kxrfmgo sgxcbkwf-decnf go sgxcbkwfde cr]fs kxrfv mg sgcr]gPerfse sgkgr]bfs sunfcqtf(erjgofzg`fg) kcercs kxrfv. udre mgwvrfbcnf] fx.9 herhcbfg, sgcr]gPe-rfse xcbPchrubcng sgcr]gPerfse mg Pfmgsgxcbkwfdecnrfv sgkgr]gbPf,7661, jv. >


54/203

=1

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >) sgqeobfs kfwemcng, keksgxurcnfs jgwcvg go]goxfs jgmgxmg xmcng sxvg qvcygogPf, gou xcbPchrubcnfsPcsrubcnfs]vfs sgZfreg cr]-cr]f qvcyofs sgz^vrfs jgmghvc]g.]uhf gk erf jgrckecnfmgo cr]-cr]f gr grfs, kgPfo pgsuxfs jg`ckgjgYocbcnubfg.

sgnZe]g hgvPfrPf jgngteocnubf ]cerffs kfxcmvf],xcbPchrubcng sgcr]gPerfsem f]vbcnemg, ]uhf sgvgZre jgrfjcnfs

cr]-cr]f kxgrc u`xecbf fye.70: sgfotcrcseg, ]u rusc]fs keqgbgqc]nfbfsPf purs fyfmfs, @gf]vbcng ]u grg gsc]f jgrfjcngsgcr]gPerfse xgsfg]fs xcbPchrubcngm5 rejerf pgrgmeqsf` gruomg fyes, sgnZeurf ]cerffs kfxcmvf], U hf. PcsgYbeg, sgnZe]ghgvPfrfs]vfs, rekcbf` hgr@ghctfbenfs pebftfhgs gwgrkecnmg, cssghf]xf gr fye gqtugburf mg gkftek sgnZeurf meqtrfog kgrtfvgm,,wyvctmg~ gk prenbckur sghf]xs. rejer` qvcke] fqocng og@vcocnf,sgkgr]gbur]fcr]engPf u`xe cbckcotfs keogwfbceng yevcb]vfsgrgg sghkgrfsf pfreng, rg]g xcbPchrubcng sgcr]gPe-rfsem fqocsòenfbf.

gmrcubf drgojubf sgsgkgr]be prgqtfhfs ]gogxkgm,,,^frcnubcnfs (Yvfrdgscubenfs) sgz^vgrjgrc] jgmfocng~701sghkgrfsf mg gu`fbcncbf cbckcotfg xcbPchrubcnfs sgcr]gPe-

rcheostruq`ffs sghrcmfte ngohsg mg sgqgr]vcbes Perfs 7664 wbfs >4fvbfss xcbkewcrfbf xcbPchrubcng, rekcbf` sgqgr]vcbes pgrbgkcotfs

kfcr 7664 wbfs >3 mchckncrs fqog rgtfdf`frcnubf. fjf wgrkegmjcos grgsgcr]gPerfse xcbPchrubcngs, grgkcm sgcr]gPerfsehcrYesgkgr]bcnrfvf xgsfg]fs xcbPchrubcngs, vfogfmgo gôfPoubfjgrfjcnfs kc-3 FF kuxbfs kfxcmvf] ,,cs xcbPchrubcng cqvckmcngrcngjcrkgoffs dcmcrg`fubf rcspunbfhgPf keqkcm sgkgr]gbs... fsxcbPchrubcng hf, rekcbf` cqvckmcngrcng rekcbfkc qvcyofs sgkgr]gbs,gr PcfYbcng fkgvmreubgm fyes sgcr]gPerfse xcbPchrubcng,kgr]cnubgm fqog gôfPoubf furfmfub bftcrgturgPf fx.9 herhcbfg,sgcr]gPerfse xcbPchrubcng sgcr]gPerfse mg Pfmgsgxcbkwfdecnrfvsgkgr]gbPf, 7661, jv. >:.70:, , , 76:3, .714->


55/203

=6

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >6, 770, M.A8

@gss.`fv., 76>: wbfs 7: kgfsfs jgmgwyvctfbcng, `ftfrcnubfg9Mcbgukc, Zagt fs goFotcrogtfeogb @eotrg`t5 Go Gkcrf`go gom g Jgbbf` Mfbckkg, Fotcrogtfeogb gom @ekpgrgtfvcBgw Wugrtcrby, veb. >1, 76:6, pp. >4=->44.7=1, 76:6,

pp. >4=->44.


56/203

3 jcrkgofgPfg mg,gkgvc mres, ]u xcbPchrubcngs sghkgrfsf hgvPfrf gr gqvs u`xeqvcygogs]go, rekbfs sgkgr]gbf` gfr@fcs heotrgacotcnkg.7=0

rekfs 761< wbfs heovco`fg jgosxvgvcnubgm umjcng sghf]xs.hcrYem, gkgvc heovco`ffs 7-bf kuxbfs 7-bf puoqtfs kfxcmvf], fjfjgkefycocng yvcbg fk sgxcbPchrubcne vgbmcnubcnf]fur]fcr]enfs kfkgr], rekbcnf` gr@cvgos Pcf`gvs sxvgmgsxvgqvcyofs sgkgr]gbs Perfs. gqcmgo jgkekmfogrc, PfogxcbPchru-bcncnfs kfkgr] PcfYbcng jgkeycocnub fqocs heovco`ffsmcnubcncnf, ]u, kgjgbf]gm, kxgrccnf xcbPchrubcnfs kesgwcsrf-jcnbgm gfr@cvco u`xe qvcyofs sgkgr]gbs, rgmjgo gk Pck]xvcvgPfwgrkemjcofbfg erf jgosxvgvcnubf kgr]bwcsrfjf U heotrgacot]gcrevoubf sgkgr]gbf mg kg] kfcr gr@cub u`xe qvcyofssgkgr]gbf.7==

gkgvc mres, g^ofPvofs ^frsfg heovco`ffs kc-0 kuxbfs FFFpuoqtf, rekbfs kfxcmvf]g`, kxgrc]g kfcr u`xe sgkgr]bfs gr@cvfsdgqtf, ]uomg` kgs ]go gxbmcs sgsgkgr]bes go grnftrgIfsgr@cvg`, kgPfo, remcsg` xcbPchrubcnfs yvcbg sxvg cbckcotfmghgvPfrcnubfg kxebem cr] qvcygogs]go, gr jgkerf`xgvs gkuhgogshocbfs fkpcrgtfubf oerkcnfs jgkeycocngs.7=3

kgjgbf]f9gvstrfgPf k`xevrcnkg erkg hekcrsgotkg ]gvfgo]f xcbPchru-

bcng mguqvckmcngrg drgojub sgkgr]gbs mg pgrfzfs grnftrgIs.

sxvg kxrfv jgrfjcng k]bfgogm gvstrfgs]go fye mghgvPfrcnubf.gsc] Pck]xvcvgPf, rekfs 761< wbfs heovco`ffs ]gogxkgm, vfogfmgo

7=7Bgome, ]ac 7633 gom 7613 Agjuc @eovcotfeos eo tac Bgw Gppbf`gnbc te tac Fotcrogtfeogb

Pgbc ed Jeems, ^gncbY, 3:, 7660, p. 74>.7=>Mekf`fbc.7=0 7647 wbfs 0< fgovrfs jgmgwyvctfbcng.F\^spr., 764:-c kuxbfsFFF puoqtf) mg rcjbgkcot lrekf U F~-f] (kc-0 kuxbfs FFF puoqtf).


57/203

37

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, > kuxbs mgjgkyfmvcbfs (kwgrkecnbfs) kfcr uxgrfsxe premuq`ffs mgkzgmc-nfmgo wgrkePenfbf pgsuxfskjcnbenfs sghf]xf mguqvckmcngreo

cvrejgcr]fgocnfs grgwcvrf qvcyofs sgkgr]gbs. xcbPchrubcncnPf,rekcb]g kxgrccnf` kxebem cvrehgvPfrfs wgrkekgmjcobcnf grfgo,gr PcfYbcng fjoerfrcnub fqocs cvrejgcr]fgocnfs fkpcrgtfubfoerkcnf. furfmfubf dfq`ff] fsfof Pfogjgrfjcncngm kff@ocvg,kfuxcmgvgm fkfsg, rek gPhgrgg, m^cs^cenf] cvrejgcr]fgocng

cr]fgof sgxcbkwfde gr grfs.7=:

7=4 7613 wbfs >3 fvbfss cvrejgcr]fgocngk kff^e mfrcqtfvg uxgrfsxepremuqtfs mgkzgmcnfs]vfs pgsuxfskjcnbenfs Pcsgxcn.7=:Bgseh/Pteoc, @eodbf`t ed Bgws fo tac Curepcgo @ekkuofty, 761:, p. 1.


58/203

3>

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >. kxgrc]g kfcr gr@cubf sgkgr]bfs hgvPfrf xcbPchrubcngs]go krgvgbf mfshusfg jgfkgr]g fk sghf]x]go mghgvPfrcnf], `oenfbfqocs ]u grg kxgrc]g udbcng, gfr@feo xcbPchrubcnfskesgwcsrfjcnbgm ocnfskfcrf qvcyofs sgkgr]gbf. zejfcr]fkesgzrcnf], kxgrc]g ]gvfsudbcng, gfr@feo hekpctcoturfsgkgr]gbf, uomg Pckefdgrjbes kxebem fk kgr]bwcsrfjf],rekcb]gog` xcbPchrubcngg mghgvPfrcnubf.

pebeoc]fs gmrcubf, 76>4 wbfs shsh-fs kc-: kuxbf z^umgvmgkxgrc]g ]gvfsudbcngs, gcr@fg] xcbPchrubcnfs kekwcsrfjcncbfocnfskfcrf qvcyofs sgkgr]gbf. kxgrc]g ocnfs gvteoekffs prfo`fpfsjgoxer`fcbcng Pckefdgrjbcnemg kxebem Pckmcjf sgkgr]bcnrfvf

sfstckcnfs gr@cvfs PcsgYbcnbenf]9 7) kxgrc]g keqgbgqcenfs73< go

@vcubcnrfvf sg`xevrcncbf gmjfbfs sgkgr]bfs,737 xcbPchrubcnfsPcsrubcnfs gmjfbfs sgkgr]bfs,73> xcbPchrubcnfs mgmcnfsgmjfbfs sgkgr]bfs730 mg uYrgvf qeocnfs gmjfbsgkyedcbf qvcyofs

sgkgr]bfs73= gr@cvf].

gsc]f ke]xevocnfs kfzgoPcweofbengs fkf] xsofmoco, rekkxgrc]g]vfs Yocbf fqocnemg, jvcrmf gcvbe] fk qvcyofsfkpcrgtfubf oerkcnfsg]vfs, rekcb]g` xcbPchrubcngs]go kZfmre

7=1@euo`fb Mfrc`tfvc 60/70/ CC@ ed 3 Gprfb 7660 eo Sodgfr ]crks fo @eosukcr @eotrg`ts.

7=6Bgome, ]ac @eodbf`t ed Bgws ed @eotrg`ts, Jcocrgb \rfo`fpbcs, 7611, pp. >11->16.

73bcx be`f sebutfeofs.

730bcx be`f eotrg`tus.

73= bcx rcf sftgc.


59/203


60/203

3=

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >:.


61/203

33



62/203

34


]uk`g cs ]cerfg m^cs gr grfs jgzfgrcnubf fojbfsfssgsgkgr]becnfs kfcr. mgfsfsg mg kerfsfs wfjofs kcg]c jgke`ckgPfhebfosf dr]xfbgm kfu]f]cnmg, rek yevcb]vfs grgg gu`fbcncbf,xcbPchrubcngs fojbfsfs sgkgr]gb]go aqeomcs hgvPfrf.740

cr]-cr] sgqkcPf sgsgkgr]bek jgog`xgmg9 ,,gke`gog fs hf grgrfs, mgmjfomcs, rekcb qvcygogs]go gqvs xcbPchrubcngs

ukZfmrecsf mg yvcbgzc rcgburf hgvPfrf, grgkcm fs, rekmgmjfomcs, ]u rekcbf kgr]bwcsrfjf kfg@ofg] kxgrccnsukZfmrecsgm mg xcbPchrubcngs]go yvcbgzc rcgburgmmghgvPfrcnubgm~.74= zcke]qkubfmgo jgkekmfogrc, xcbPchrubcng,rekcbf` mgmcnubf fye cjvfptcPf mg aqeomg kfs sgkgr]gb]goyvcbgzc kZfmre hgvPfrf, gr fqog kxcmvcbengPf kf^cnubf, vfogfmgokxgrccnkg gfr@fcs hgogmfs sgkgr]gbf mg cs uhgogshocbf òekesgkgr]bck, cjvfptfs sgkgr]bfs fkpcrgtfubf sgvgbute oerkcnfhf gr fqog jg]vgbfswfocnubf.743

hebfozf, ocnfs gvteoekffs fostftutfs sghf]x]go mghgvPf-rcnf], udre Pers kfmfs, vfmrc cs jg`xgmcnubf fye lvftg dumfs~sgqkcPf. hcrYem, kgo jgokgrtg9 ,,kxgrccns xcbPchrubcnfskesgwcsrfjcnbgm PcuYbfg], pfrmgpfr go ,,jeofvrubf~ jzf]gfr@feo u`xe (grg fojbfsurf) sgkgr]gbf, rekcbsg` PcfYbcng graqeomcs kofPvocbevgof hgvPfrf gk u`xe qvcygogs]go~.744

760< wcbs jcrkgocbkg furfstkg agumchkg gôfPog, rek kxgrc]gocnfs gvteoekffs fostftutfs òeng ckygrcng sgsgkgr]bes qvcyofssghebfzfe oerkcns. kfsf gzrf], kxgrc]g kfcr sgkgr]bfs gr@cvg

]gvfs]gvgm grfs ,,mghgvPfrcnubf~ dgqterf (sghebfzfe sgnkcbf).74:

zcke]qkubfmgo jgkekmfogrc, kgo kxgrf mguZfrg kxgrc]g udbcngs,gfr@feo ocnfskfcrf sgkgr]bcnrfvf sfstckg.

]gvfgo] gmrfomcb ogPrekcnPf rejer` vebdf, gscvc rggpcgôfPogvmoco, rek kxgrc]g kfcr xcbPchrubcnfs kekwcsrfjcncbfsgkgr]gbf PcfYbcng gr@cub fqocs kxebem fk Pck]xvcvgPf, ]uhf

74>Zcstbghc, \rfvgtc Fotcrogtfeogb Bgw, 3. c., 767>, p. 0


63/203

3:

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >3>, `ftfrcnubfg9 Bgome, ]ac @eodbf`t ed Bgws ed @eotrg`ts, Jcocrgb \rfo`fpbcs, 7611,p. >41.746

Zebdd, Mgs fotcrogtfeogbc \rfvgtrc`at Mcuts`abgoms, 763=, P. 7068 Zebdd, \rfvgtc FotcrogtfeogbBgw, >. c., 76341->46.7:=6, `ftfrcnubfg9Bgome, ]ac @eodbf`t ed Bgws ed @eotrg`ts, Jcocrgb \rfo`fpbcs, 7611, p. >46.7:7 Mrenofj, Gkcrf`go-Jcrkgo \rfvgtc Fotcrogtfeogb Bgw, Nfbgtcrgb Ptumfcs fo \rfvgtcFotcrogtfeogb Bgw, Oe. =, >. c., 76:>, p. >>4.7:>

@acvgbbcy.7:0

NJA, 763> wbfs 7> ]cncrvbfs jgmgwyvctfbcng9 NJC, :1 FF :=, kf]f]cnubfg9Bgome, ]ac @eodbf`t ed Bgws ed @eotrg`ts, Jcocrgb \rfo`fpbcs, 7611, p. >:7.7:=

NJA, 7643 wbfs >0 kgrtfs jgmgwyvctfbcng9 NJC, 67 FF ==, `ftfrcnubfg9Bgome, ]ac @eodbf`t ed Bgws ed @eotrg`ts, Jcocrgb \rfo`fpbcs, 7611, p. >:7.


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31

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, > mchcknrfs jgmgwyvctfbcng. ^fv.mfr.fot., 7647, 4::.


65/203

36



66/203

4) xcbPchrubcng hc]fbsfomfsfcrgm717

uomg Pcsrubmcs8 0) derskgIerubf jgrckecncnfs mgmjekg PcfYbcngfyes vgbmcnubcnfs Pcusrubcnbenfs sgduYvcbf8 =) cqspreprf-

g`fgs ]go uomg gxbmcs sg]gogme hekpcosg`fg.71>ogPrekfs kfzgof gr grfs sgvgZre @vcubcnf]f sgkgr]bfs

heo`cd`ffs gogbfzf, kgjrgk zejfcr]f sghf]xf gu`fbcnbgmjgosgxfbvcbfg, rgmjgo cs fostftutf kZfmre hgvPfrPfgsgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gb]go. rgkmcofkc g]cubfwcbfg, rg` kfkmfogrcens hgkg]f fkfs Pcsgxcn, grfs ]u grg sgvgZre@vcubcnf]f sgkgr]gbf gvteoekfurf sgkgr]bcnrfvf oerkcnfscr]enbfeng mg ]u cs gscg, PcfYbcng ]u grg gsc]f sgxfssgkgr]bcnrfv oerkg]g cr]enbfeng, rekbcnf` jgkekmfogrcensjgosxvgvcnubf, zejicr mguheohrctcncbf wygrecnfmgo, jgofsgz-^vres rejer` trgosog`feogburf sgkgr]gbf5

sgvgZre @vcubcnf]f sgkgr]bfs kewfogg^kmcjccnf ocnfskfcrfsgkgr]bcnrfvf oerkfs Pcqkogs (go òengs) suvcrcoubf qvcyofsprcrejgtfvgm kff@ocvco. hcrYem, fsfof gôfPogvco, reksgcr]gPerfse sgvgZre @vcubcncnfs kf@ocvg PcfYbcng sgkgr]bfswygrem, ]u kgs gsc]gm òens crevoubf sgkgr]bcnrfvf sfstckg.fsfof ugryedco fkgs, rek sgvgZre @vcubcnf]f sgkgr]bfgvteoekfurf sgkgr]bcnrfvf sfstckgg, rekcbf` grscnensmgkeuhfmcnbgm, crevoubf mg sgcr]gPerfse sgkgr]bfs jgrcPc.710

sgvgZre @vcubcnf]f sgkgr]bfs kekxrccnf gôfPogvco, rektrgmf`fubf Pcxcmubcncnf vc^gr pgsuxens ]gogkcmrevc

7:6Bgome, ]ac Bcx Kcr`gterfg fo Fotcrogtfeogb @ekkcr`fgb Grnftrgtfeo, Fotcro. gom @ekp. Bgw

Wugrt., 7613, veb. 0=, pp. :=6-:37.71 Zcfsc, Bcx Kcr`gterfg9 Kgtcrfcbbcs ^càt ver mcr fotcrogtfeogbco Agomcbssàfcmsjcrfàts-

ngrhcft, 7660, `ftfrcnubfg9, ,7664, . 3>-30.710Mgsscr, Fotcrogtfeogbc Pàfcmsjcrfàtc uom bcx kcr`gterfg9 ^càtsvcrjbcfàcomcr Ncftrgj zur

Mfshussfeo ncr cfo ofàtstggtbfàcs Agomcbsrcàt, 7616, P. 013, `ftfrcnubfg9 ,, 7664, `. 30.


67/203

47

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kxgrc]g kfcr rgfkc kf]f]cnfs grgrscnenfs Pck]xvcvgPf, grnftrgIkg,sghebfzfe oerkcnfs Pcsgngkfsgm, uomg jgkefycoes fs sgkgr]gbf,rekcbsg` fs sgZfrem kff@ocvs. rejer` g^ofPoubfmgo @gos, cr]Pck]xvcvgPf sgungrfg kxgrc]g kfcr sgkgr]bfs oerkcnfs gr@cvgzc,

71=Bgome, ]ac Bcx Kcr`gterfg fo Fotcrogtfeogb @ekkcr`fgb Grnftrgtfeo, Fotcro. gom @ekp. Bgw

Wugrt., 7613, veb. 0=, pp. :3>-:33.713

SO@F]^GB (uosftrgbf) U jgcr]fgocnubf crcnfs erjgofzg`ffssgcr]gPerfse sgvgZre sgkgr]bfs hekfsfg, rekcbf` jcocrgburfgsgknbcfs kfcr mgduYomg 7644 wcbs.fx.9 attp9www.ius.ufe.oe/bk/uo`ftrgb/me`.atkb#7(>=.7>.


68/203

4>

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >=.7>.


69/203

40

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, > kuxbf)8 ,,u`xe sgkgr]gbf~ (kc-0 kuxbfs FFFpuoqtf)8 ,,fk qvcyofs sgkgr]gbf, rekcb]gog` xcbPchrubcng

yvcbgzc kZfmremgg mghgvPfrcnubf~ (kc-= kuxbfs F puoqtf)8 ,,fkqvcyofs sgkgr]gbf, sgmg` (kekxkgrcncbs) gqvs ]gvfsf @vcubcnrfvfgmjfbsgkyedcbf~ (kc-3 kuxbfs FF puoqtf) mg sxv. yvcbjgo sgungrfgrekcbfkc grscnubf qvcyofs sgkgr]gbzc.

fk Pck]xvcvgPf, ]uhf cvrejgcr]fgocnfs qvcyocnfswgrkekgmjcobcnf xcbPchrubcnfs kekwcsrfjcncb sgkgr]bgm kgfo`gfr@cvco sgvgZre @vcubcnf] sgkgr]gbs, kgjgbf]gm, luofmregsprfo`fpcns~ go lcvrepub prfo`fpcns~, kgPfo, rekfs heovco`ffsPcsgngkfsgm, rcgburgm gr@cubf fqocng grg xcbPchrubcnfskekwcsrfjcncbf sgkgr]gbf, grgkcm heotrgacot]g kfcr,sgxcbPchrubcne ]gvfsudbcnfs prfo`fpfmgo jgkekmfogrc,crevoubf sgkgr]bfs mfspezf`furf oerkcnf Pcf`vbcnglgrgog`feogburf~ oerkcnf].76>

rcjbgkcot lrekf U F~-fs kc-0 kuxbfs FF puoqtfs precqtfs]gogxkgm, lkxgrccns gscvc PcuYbfg], xcbPchrubcnfskesgwcsrfjcnbgm gfr@feo, sgcr]gPerfsem g^fgrcnubf gocvrejgcr]fgocnfs kfcr `oenfbf, sgxcbPchrubcne prfo`fpcnf mgwcscnf~. gkrfjgm, cvrehekfsfgk precqtfs sgxf] cvrejgcr]fgocnfsqvcyocns Pcs]gvgzg hekprekfsubf vgrfgotf, rekbfs kfxcmvf]g`heotrgacotcns PccYbe] gcr@fg] sgvgZre @vcubcnf]f sgkgr]bfskxebem jgrhvcubf ogwfbf, rejercnf`gg9 uofmregs prfo`fpcnf,cvrepfs sgxcbPchrubcne sgkgr]bfs prfo`fpcnf mgcvrejgcr]fgocnfs cjfmf] kekgvgbPf kf^cnubf fostrukcotcnf(prfo`fpcnf).760

767 fx.9 Bgome, ]ac 7613 Agjuc @eovcotfeo eo tac Bgw Gppbf`gnbc te Pgbcs, ^gncbsY, veb. 37,761:, p. 4:.76>

Bgome, ]ac \rfo`fpbcs ed Curepcgo @eotrg`t Bgw gom tac Bcx kcr`gterfg, Ngscmew ct gb.

(cms.), \rfvgtc Bgw fo tac Fotcrogtfeogb Grcog, >


70/203

4=

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76= fqvc, jv. 0=. gscvc fx.9 Acfss, \grty Guteoeky, Dcrrgrf/Bcfnbc (cms.), ^ekc F ^cjubgtfeo,]ac Bgw Gppbf`gnbc te @eotrg`tugb Enbfjgtfeos fo Curepc, >


71/203

43

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >(


72/203

44

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >0=->04.


73/203

4:

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kff@ocvco.>1-c

> fx.9, ,7664, . 34.>


74/203

41



75/203

46

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >7>

z ,,hcrYe grnftrgIcnfs Pcsgxcn~ sgqgr]vcbes 766: wbfs 7:gprfbfs hgoeofrejer` kewfogvc qvcyocnfs hgoeokmcnbeng]g kfkexfbvgk g@vcog,sgvgZre @vcubcnf]f sgkgr]bfs kfkgr] jgosghu]rcnf]

hc]fbjgowyeng PcfofPocng fk sghgoeokmcnbe gqtcnPf, rekbcnf`grnftrgIcnfs sgqkfgoengs gwcsrfjcns. ,,hcrYe grnftrgIcnfs Pcsgxcn~

sgqgr]vcbes 766: wbfs 7: gprfbfs #434-FFs hgoeof>70 krgvgb oghbsPcf`gvmg. gq yurgm^cng kxebem jgosgxfbvcb sghf]xzc fqocngjgkgxvfbcnubf. gk hgoeoPf sgcr]em grgdcrf fye og]qvgkf, ]urejer uomg jgocxfbg grnftrgIs sgcr]gPerfse sgxcbPchrubcneur]fcr]enfmgo wgrkePenfbf mgvg. kgs, crevoubf sgsgkgr]becnfsksjgvsgm, kxebem trgmf`fubf sghebfzfe sgkgr]bfs oerkcnf]uomg cxcbkY^vgocbg, ]u, sgqkfs jgrckecncnfmgo jgkekmfogrc,PccYbe, gscvc sgmgve sghf]xf sgvgZre @vcubcnf]f sgkgr]bfskcPvcenf] jgmgcwyvftg5 udre kctf`, xscocnub hgoeoPf grgdcrf fyeog]qvgkf grg kxebem fkfs Pcsgxcn, PccYbe] ]u grg kxgrccns

sgvgZre @vcubcnf]f sgkgr]bfs gr@cvg, grgkcm fkgzc`, ]u rghrftcrfukcnzc mgyrmoenf] uomg kecwcsrfjcnfog xcbPchrubcnggrnftrgIs (sghebfzfe sgnkcbcnfs jgkeycocnf], kxgrc]g kfcrrekcbfkc gr@cubf qvcyofs sgkgr]bf] ]u sxvg). rejer` ctyeng,hgoeofs gvter]g kesgzrcnf], cs sghf]xcnf uomg jgmgwyvctfbfyelsgcr]gPerfse hcrYe sgkgr]bfs Pcsgxcn~ sgqgr]vcbes hgoeof].

] lgrnftrgIfs Pcsgxcn~ sgqgr]vcbes >Grnftrgtfeo G`t 7664 fx.9 attp9//www.epsf.jev.uh/G@]P/g`ts7664/76640.atk8 fx.

gjrc]vc kfsf grgedf`fgburf rusubf ]grjkgof9/,--- , >


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:4 fvofsfs sgkeqgbgqe

hemcqskg>7= jgf]vgbfswfog kewfogvc cvrepubf qvcyocnfs jgke`mf-bcng. hemcqsPf, zejfcr] Pck]xvcvgPf, sgungrfg @vcubcncnfsjgkeycocnfs PcsgYbcnbengzc (sgcr]gPerfse sgvgZre @vcubcncnfxek sgvgZre @vcubcnf]f sgkgr]bfs Pckgmjcocb ogwfbgmjgofxfbcng), hcrYem, kc-> kuxbfs FT puoqtf f]vgbfswfocns Pckmcjs9,,@vcubcngof jgkefycocng kxebem kgPfo, ]u fsfof gr cwfogg^kmcjcngsgkgr]bfsg mg zocenfs sgyevcb]gem g^fgrcnub oerkcns gosgigre wcsrfjs~. 1:1-c kuxbPf hf pfrmgpfr kf]f]cnubfg sgvgZre@vcubcnf]f sgkgr]bfs jgkeycocnfs PcsgYbcnbengzc, hcrYem9 ,,]u

sxvg rgk gr grfs Pc]goxkcnubf, kxgrc]g udbcncnf mg kevgbcencnfjgofsgz^vrcng sgcr]gPerfse kfkeq`cvgPf mehukcoturf ghrcmftfvfsgo mehukcoturf fohgses mgkhvfmrcnubf @vcubcncnfs kfxcmvf]~.

fjfvc f]qkfs ssh-fs kc-3 kuxbfs FF puoqtzc, rekbfskfxcmvf]g`9 l]u hgoeofs gogbejffs jgkeycocng PcuYbcncbfg,ur]fcr]eng uomg kewcsrfjmcs sgkgr]bfs zejgmf prfo`fpcnfssgduYvcbzc, gjrc]vc sgkgr]bfgoenfs, hc]fbsfomfsfcrcnfsg mgzocenfs ke]xevocnfs Pcsgngkfsgm (sgkgr]bfs gogbejfg)~. og]cbfg,

>7= jgkeqvcyocnubfg9 sgqgr]vcbes pgrbgkcotfs uwycngof, #07, 766:.


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:7


b Pcigkcngjgsgzfgrcncbfg fk gvter]g pezf`fg, rekbcnf` sgvgZre @vcubcnf]sgkgr]gbs gr kff@ocvco gvteoekfur sgkgr]bcnrfv sfstckgm, ]ufjf gsc]gm ]vf] crevoubf hgoeokmcnbenfs kfcr go sgcr]gPerfsesgkgr]bf] gr fqocng òenfbf.>74 ]uk`g fsf` uomg g^fofPoes, reksub udre kctf qvcyofs ]gogkcmrevc hgoeokmcnbeng g^fgrcns kfsfjgkeycocnfs PcsgYbcnbengs. cs cxcng grg kgrte zcke] jgoxfbubksedbfes kewfogvc qvcyocnfs sggrnftrgIe hgoeokmcnbengs, grgkcm,

gscvc, sxvg sgxfs oerkgtfub gqtcnsg` (kgjgbf]gm, aebgomffsg mgsgqgr]vcbes sgkeqgbgqe hemcqscnf). g^sgofPogvfg gscvcsgcr]gPerfse heovco`fcnf, rekbcnf` nebe mres sub udrekctgm g^fgrcnco ,,grgog`feogburf sgkgr]bfs~ jgkeycocnfsPcsgYbcnbengs. kxcmvcbengPf uomg fqocs kf^cnubf gjrc]vc fsjgrckecng`, rek ]gogkcmrevc ksedbfePf sgcr]gPerfsesgxcbPchrubcne mgvg]g ukrgvbcsengs wyvctco grg crevoubfsgsgkgr]becnf, grgkcm sgcr]gPerfse grnftrgIcnf, rekbcnf`grg]u òenco kxgrc]g kfcr gr@cub sgvgZre @vcubcnf] sgkgr]gbs,grgkcm, zejfcr] Pck]xvcvgPf, ]gvfgo]f fof`fgtfvf]g` fycocnco kgs.

sgvgZre @vcubcnf] sgkgr]gb]go mghgvPfrcnf] gr PcfYbcnggr mgfngmes cr]f hf]xvg9 jgog ocnfs gvteoekffs prfo`fpf ]gvfmgo,]uomg` gk sguhuofs mgsgwyfsPf, fye sgyevcb]gem g^fgrcnubf

fostftutf5 kgs Pckmcj, rg` fjf òe ksedbfes ukctcskg qvcygogkmg g^fgrcnub fqog sgcr]gPerfse heovco`fcnf], uhvc g^grgvfo

>73 g^sgofPogvfg, rek cvrepfs qvcyocnfmgo cr]-cr]f ugxbcsf aebgomffssgkeqgbgqe hemcqsf` òens bcx kcr`gterfg-s prfo`fps, hcrYem, gkgvchemcqsfs kc-0 wfjofs (sgofv]e sgkgr]bfs zejgmf ogwfbf) kc-7> kuxbPfpfrmgpfrgg kf]f]cnubf, rek ,,sgyevcb]gem g^fgrcnubf sgkgr]bfsprfo`fpcnfs~ kcPvcenf] jgofsgz^vrcng fsc]f òcncnf, rejercnf`gg9,,jeofvrubeng~ mg ,,sgkgr]bfgoeng~.>74 fx.9 Kgoo, Bcx Dg`ft grnftruk,fo Fotcrogtfeogb Grnftrgtfeo, Bfncr Gkfèruk der KgrtfoMekhc, 764:, p. 73:.


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:>

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >7: sxvgsftyvcnf], kxgrc]g kfcr sgkgr]bfs gr@cvg ugryedfb fqocng, ]uhfkfsf kfzgofg hgoeofs jvcrmfs gvbg.

kfkmfogrcenmg mfshusfg fkfs Pcsgxcn, c]goxkcng ]u grg rekfsheovco`fg kxgrc]g kfcr sxvg sgkgr]bcnrfvf sfstckfs gr@cvgs,rekbfs kcPvcenf]g` jvcrmf cqocng gvbfbf fk sgkgr]gbs,

>7:Tftg Deem \remu`ts v. Sous Pafppfoj @e. Btm, 7606.


79/203

:0

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >71 jvcrms uvbfs gk sghf]xs.

rekgoubf sgkgr]bfs sfstckfs qvcyocnPf grfs sgkgr]bfs

zejgmf prfo`fpf9 ,,ketyucng jgkerf`xgvs yvcbg oerkgs~>76. drgojfmg ncbjfcbf gvtercnf gôfPogvco, rek cs prfo`fpf gscvcjg]vgbfswfocnubfg rekfs 761< wbfs heovco`fgPf. gkgvc mres,zckegôfPoubkg gvtercnkg dr]xfbgm, kgjrgk kgfo` gôfPocs, rekheovco`fg gYbcvs kxgrccns ]gvfsudbcngs, gfr@feo fk qvcyofs

sgkgr]bcnrfvf sfstckg, rekcbsg` hgvPfrf gr gqvsxcbPchrubcngs]go.>>) heovco`ffs kc-3 mg kc-4 kuxbcnf, rekbcnf` sgkekxkgrcnbemg Prekf] xcbPchrubcncns Pccxcng, prcvco`fub êofsYfcngskfkgr]gvs, rg]g heotrgacotcnkg jvcrmf gr gugreo Pcsgngkfsfqvcyofs fkpcrgtfub oerkcns sxvg sgkgr]bcnrfvf sfstckfs gr@cvfsjzf]8

0) kc-: kuxbfs pfrvcbf ogwfbf] jg]vgbfswfocnubfg kcsgkcqvcyofs sgkgr]bfs fkpcrgtfubf oerkcnfs jgkeycocnfs PcsgYbcn-beng, ]u fjf kZfmremgg mghgvPfrcnubf xcbPchrubcngs]go.

rejer` @gos, rekfs 761< wbfs heovco`fg yurgm^cngsgkgxvfbcns grg sunfcqtur dgqterzc, U kgr]bg` aqeomg] ]u grgkxgrccns sunfcqturf jgozrgxvg ]vgb]kgqùrf jgrfjcnf], gou

sgkgr]bfs gr@cvfs kc]emfs jgkeycocnf], jvcrmf gcvbe]xcbPchrubcngs]go yvcbgzc enfcqturgm mghgvPfrcnubfsgkgr]bfs]vfs, U grgkcm enfcqtur hrftcrfukzc, rekcbf` ckygrcngheohrctubf sgxfs xcbPchrubcnfs nuocngs. rejer` gmrc g^fofPog9Prekf], sgkekxkgrcnbe mg PfogxcbPchrubcncnPf sxvg,,,grgsg]gogme sgkgr]bfs~ gr@cvg, prczukd`ff] swercm hgoeofs

>71Jfubfgoe/Bgjgrmc, ^cpert eo tac @eovcotfeo eo tac Bgw Gppbf`gnbc te @eotrg`tugb

Enbfjgtfeos, fx.9www.rekc-èovcotfeo.erj/fostrukcots/fUrcp-bgjgrmc-co.atk (6>.
http://www.rome-convention.org/instruments/i_rep-lagarde-en.htmhttp://www.rome-convention.org/instruments/i_rep-lagarde-en.htmhttp://www.rome-convention.org/instruments/i_rep-lagarde-en.htmhttp://www.rome-convention.org/instruments/i_rep-lagarde-en.htm


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:=

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >>7PckmjekPf drgojkg gvtercnkg mgfhgvcs udre cbgstfhurf

pezf`fg. kg] kfcr kf^cnubf Pcmcjcnf, dgqtenrfvgm, grgdrf]jgosxvgvmcng fk ]cerfcnfs Pcmcjcnfsjgo, rekbcnf` g^fgrcncokxgrc]g udbcngs U pfrmgpfr gfr@feo ocnfskfcrf qvcyofssgkgr]bcnrfvf sfstckg. zejgmgm, drgojf gvtercnfs grjukcotg`fgPcf`gvs kthf`cngs, rek hgvPfrf xcbPchrubcngsg mg sgkgr]bcnrfvsfstckgs Perfs gu`fbcncbf gr grfs, fyes kxebem ,,sfvr`f]f~,grgkcm PcsgYbeg, grscnenmcs gscvc sxvgjvgrf hgvPfrf`. kgjgbf]gm,sghkgrfsgm f]vbcng hgvPfrf xcbPchrubcngsg mg sgkgr]bcnrfvsfstckgs Perfs, ]uhf cs uhgogshocbf Pcf`gvs jgosghu]rcnubgmmgkuPgvcnub oerkgtfub ngzgs (kgjgbf]gm, fojbfsfs sgkgr]bfsgr@cvg sgz^vge jgmgzfmvfs xcbPchrubcnfs kesgwcsrfjcnbgm).gscvc, drgojubf meqtrfof], sghkgrfs ,,hgvPfrgm~ kff@ocvg, ]uhfheotrgacot]g kfcr gr@cubf sgkgr]bcnrfvf sfstckg ,,ocftrgburfg~erfvc kxgrfsg]vfs, kgjrgk fk pfrenf], ]u fsfof fkgvc qvcyofssgsgkgr]be furfsmfq`fgs cqvckmcngrcnfgo.>>> rejer` ctyeng, gsc]kfmjekgs fzfgrcns sgdrgojc]fs sgsgkgr]be prgqtfhg`.icricrenf], drgojf kesgkgr]bccnf gr wgwymekfgo fsc] sgqkccns,

sgmg` kxgrc]g kfcr gr@cub sgkgr]gbs gr aqeoemg hgvPfrfxcbPchrubcngs]go. udre kctf`, sgdrgojc]fs kesgkgr]bc]g ncvrfprfo`fpubf jgmgwyvctfbcng gmgsturcns kxgrc]g udbcngs U

>>7 furfmfub bftcrgturgPf jgke]qkubfg kesgzrcng fkfs ]gengzc, rekrekfs 761< wbfs heovco`fg jvcrms gr uomg uvbfmcs g^ofPoub sghf]xcns,rgmjgo kxebem heovco`ff] jg]vgbfswfocnubf fkpcrgtfubf oerkcnf]g mgsgigre wcsrfjfs mg]qkf] cs sghf]xcnf vcr kewcsrfjmcng. fx.9 Cnrgafkf,Kgomgtery ubcs gom etacr \grty Guteoeky Bfkftgtfeos, >=3.>>>

Ig`quct, \rfo`fpc m'guteoekfc ct `eotrgts fotcrogtfeogux, 7610, Oe. >>:, `ftfrcnubfg9, ,7664, `. =0.


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gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >>0

3. lbcqs derfs~ fkpcrgtfubf oerkcnf mg kxgrc]g ocnfs gvteoekfgzcke] g^fofPog, rek, re`g heotrgacotcnf fr@cvco u`xe qvcyofssgkgr]gbs, gkf] fsfof ]gvfgo] xcbPchrubcngs uqvckmcngrcncoPcsgngkfsf qvcyofs fkpcrgtfub mg mfspezf`fur oerkcns.

PcsgYbcncbfg, kxgrc]g kfcr gr@cubf sgkgr]gbf gr ck]xvcemcslbcqs derfs~. gkgs]go mghgvPfrcnf] fskcng hf]xvg9 mgsgPvcnfg ]ugrg fsc]f kmjekgrceng, re`g jgrfjcnfs u`xe sgkgr]bfsgmkfmgqvckmcngrcng g]gvfsudbcns kxgrccns sgsgkgr]be qvcyofsfkpcrgtfubf oerkcnfs mg`vfsjgo5

cvrepfs heotfocotzc jgvr`cbcnubf trgmf`fubf meqtrfof],

sgkgr]bcnrfvf sfstckg Pcf`gvs rejer` mfspezf`fur, gscvcfkpcrgtfub oerkcns. cs uhgogshocbof sgkgr]bcnrfvf oerkcnfg,rekcb]g fjoerfrcng kxgrccns gr PcuYbfg] PfogxcbPchrubcncnPf,vfogfmgo kfsf kfzgofg, mgf`vgs jgrhvcubf sgzejgmecnfsduomgkcoturf fotcrcscnf.

sub sxvgjvgrgm grfs sgqkc, re`g sgkgr]gbur]fcr]engPfkeogwfbcens u`xeurf cbckcotf. ksedbfes `fvfbfzcnubfqvcyocnfs sghebfzfe hgoeokmcnbencnf udbcngs gYbcvs kxgrccns,jvcrmf gugreo fkpcrgtfub oerkcns, re`g fsfof fr@cvcohekpctcotur sgkgr]gbs. lbcqs derfs~ fkpcrgtfubf oerkcnf gscvcgr kff^cng kxcmvcbengPf, re`g sgsgkgr]bes qvcyofs sghebfzfesgkgr]gbf kfu]f]cns, rek ke`ckubf xcbPchrubcng uomgkewcsrfjmcs u`xe qvcyofs sgkgr]bf]. cs grfs sgcr]gPerfsehcrYe sgkgr]gbPf mgkhvfmrcnubf prfo`fpf. PcfYbcng ]gkgkgmf]qvgs, rek kxgrc]g kfcr u`xe qvcyofs hekpctcoturf sgkgr]bfsgr@cvg, go ]vf] sghebfzfe sgkgr]bfs kfcr u`xe qvcyofssgkgr]gbzc kf]f]cng>>= ofPogvs, rek gkf] jgkefrf`xcngsgsgkgr]be qvcyofs grg kxebem mfspezf`furf, grgkcmPfogfkpcrgtfubf oerkcnfs jgkeycocng`. gkfs sgpfrfspfrem, u`xe

qvcyofs sgkgr]bfs gr@cvgPf fjubfsxkcng rejer` mfspezf`furf,gscvc fkpcrgtfubf oerkcnfs jgkeycocng.

]u kf@ocub fqocng, rek fkpcrgtfubf oerkcnf jgosgz^vrgvskxgrc]g ocnfs gvteoekffs dgrjbcns, rg` mgsgPvcnfg kxebemmfspezf`furf oerkcnfs kfkgr], kgPfo cs sxvg grgdcrs ofPogvs, ]u

>>0 fqvc, . =0-==.>>= kgjgbf]gm, gsc]f sghebfzfe oerkg jg]vgbfswfocnubfg sgqgr]vcbesshsh-fs 04-c kuxbfs F puoqtf]9 ,,]u kxgrccns gr gur@cvfg] rekcbfkcqvcyofs sgkgr]gbf, xcbPchrubcng mgcqvckmcngrcng kgs]go yvcbgzckZfmrem mghgvPfrcnubf qvcyofs sgkgr]gbs~.


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gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >>3 gsc]f kf]f]cnfs Pcsrubcng, rejer`sgkgr]bfgogm gôfPogvs buo`f, jgkefwvcvmg sgcr]gPerfsesgxcbPchrubcne ur]fcr]encnPf fsc]f Pczûmvcnfs wgrkePengsu`xe sgkgr]bfs jgkeycocnfs hu]xf], rekbcnf` gr vr`cbmcngsxvg sgxfs hcrYesgkgr]bcnrfv ur]fcr]encnzc. kgjgbf]gm,sgsgkgr]be qvcyofs hgoeof, rekcbf` gmjcos hgoeof]g mg gomcrYf]

kckhvfmrc]g wrcs, `xgmfg, fkpcrgtfubf xgsfg]fsgg. kfuxcmgvgmgkfsg, fsfof jg]vgbfswfocnubf gr fqocng, re`g lbcqs derf~kckhvfmrcenfs sghf]xs (kgjgbf]gm, sgkhvfmres sghf]xs u`xecbfkgkhvfmrcnbfs jgrmg`vgbcnfs Pckmcj) uqvckmcngrcns u`xe qvcyofssgkgr]gbs (gk Pck]xvcvgPf kckhvfmrc]g wrc kfs kfxcmvf]

mgmjfomcng.).>>4 kf] udre, gsc]fvc kfmjekg uomg fyesjgvr`cbcnubf sgxcbPchrubcne ur]fcr]encnfs kfkgr].

jbengbfzg`ffs xgogPf, remcsg` ksedbfe cheoekfhg Ygbfgogrfs fotcjrfrcnubf, remcsg` grscnens krgvgbf trgosog`fe-ogburf herperg`fg mg sxvgmgsxvg qvcyofs hekpgofcnfs kfcrsxvgmgsxvg qvcygogPf jgoxer`fcbcnubf uzgrkgzgrf hgpftgbmgngo-mcncnf, grgrcgburfg sgungrf fkgzc, rek kxebem crevoubfsgkgr]bf] (kfsf mfspezf`furf mg fkpcrgtfubf oerkcnf]) uomgkewcsrfjmcs sgcr]gPerfse xgsfg]fs sgxcbPchrubcneur]fcr]encnf.

sgyurgm^cneg gk kxrfv U gPP-fs ukg^bcsf sgsgkgr]besjgo`xgmcng 76:= wbfs 7: fgovrfs sgqkcs]go mghgvPfrcnf]9 ,,@vco grPcjvfYbfg vgwgrkee] sgvgZre mg hekcr`fubf epcrg`fcnf ksedbfengzgrzc, xkcbc]sg mg z^vgzc cqshbuzfurgm, kxebem @vcofpfrencnf], @vcof sgkgr]bfs jgkeycocnf] mg @vcof sgsgkgr]befurfsmfq`ff]~.>>:

]u lbcqs derf]~ ocngmgr]ubfg kxgrc]g kfcrxcbPchrubcnfs kekwcsrfjcncbf sgkgr]bfs gr@cvg, kgPfoheotrgacotcnf ]gvfsudbmcnfgo vgbmcnubcnfsjgo, jgf]vgbfswfoeogrg kgrte lbcqs derfs~ mfspezf`furf oerkcnf, grgkcm gscvc

fkpcrgtfubf oerkcnf`.gôfPoubf og]bgm @gos fsc]f sghebfzfe sghf]xfs jgmgwyvc-

tfsgs, rekcbf` sgsgr@cbe xgomgzkubengs Pccxcng. gk oerkcns,sgnZe]g (mg grg kxebem sgnZe]g) sgkgr]bfs kfxcmvf],fkpcrgtfubf xgsfg]f aqeomg. kg]f Pc`vbg gr PcfYbcnemgrgkcogfrf sgxcbPchrubcne pfrencnf]. ]uk`g, ]u kxgrccns gqv]

>>3,, eèc, 76:3, .>4 fqvc.>>:

Pàcr` v. Gbncrte @ubvcr, fx./, ,.0, 76:0, `. >>0->>=.


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gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >>1

re`g sgqkc Pccxcng sgcr]gPerfse xcbPchrubcncns, fqkxgrccns udbcng gqv], jvcrmf gugreo ,,gmjfbenrfvf kofPvocbenfs~fkpcrgtfub oerkcns, rfsf udbcng` kg] gr gqv] PfogxcbPchrubcncnPf. gkfs mgsturgm jgoxfbub uomg fqocs òenfbfsgqkc jcrkgoffs sgsgkgr]be prgqtfhfmgo.

sgqkc cxcnemg aebgomfurf Pczûmubf pgsuxfskjcnbenfssgzejgmecnfs jcrkgocb mg aebgomfcb pgrtofercns Perfs mgvgs.kesgr@cbc fye jcrkgocbf pgrtoferf, rekcbkg` kgs Pckmcj, rgùPcmcjem kef]xevg vgbfs mgnruocng Pps-fsjgo (cs uhgogshocbfjghetrcnubgm fqog jgke`xgmcnubf), vgbfs jgmgxmfs ke]xevogwguycog aebgomfcb pgrtofers, rekcbsg` kfs kfkgr] jg`ckubfaqeomg sgjgrgotfe wcrfbf mg Pcf`gvmg pfrengs, sgmgve sghf]xcnf,kg] Perfs sgjgrgotfe wcrfb]go mghgvPfrcnubf`, mfuscbmerdfssgsgkgr]bePf jgoxfbubfye mg jcrkgoubf sgkgr]bf]kewcsrfjcnubfye. prenbckg wgrkePvg fkgo, rek aebgomffssgkgr]bf] jg`ckubf jgrgotfg ng]fbf fye, vfogfmgo gr grscnenmgkepgsuxfs èbfs ]goxkeng. cr]f kxrfv, `xgmfg, jgsg]vgbfswf-ocncbf fye aebgomffs sgeigxe sgkgr]bfs fkpcrgtfubf oerkcnf,kcerc kxrfv, fsf` dgqtfg, rek sgqkc grg Pfogaebgomfur, grgkcmsgcr]gPerfse xcbPchrubcngs Pccxcnemg. gqcmgo jgkekmfogrc,

kepgsuxfs ]gvmgpfrvcbf survfbf U jgrfjcng jcrkgoub sgkgr]gbsmgqvckmcngrcnemg U srubfgm oerkgburf fye, ]uomg`sfogkmvfbcPf kfsf kfzgof aebgomffs fkpcrgtfubf oerkcnfsjvcrmfs gvbg yedfbfye. cs kesgzrcng jgfzfgrg jcrkgoffssgsgkgr]bek mg sgmgve sgqkfs kfkgr] jcrkgoffs kgtcrfgburfsgkgr]gbf jgkefycog. Pcsgngkfsgm, aebgomffs sgkgr]bfsfkpcrgtfubf oerkcnf kxcmvcbengPf gr fqog kf^cnubf.>>6

>>1, , 763:, . 4=-43.

>>6NJA, 76:4 w. 73 oeckncrf.


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gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >00771:4 wcbs drgojkg furfstkg nre@crkg jgogvf]grg sgvfofs fmcg

mg gôfPog, rek cr]kgoc]fsgjgo uomg jgfkfioes sgigre wcsrfjfsPfog oerkcnf>0> mg sgigre wcsrfjfs sgcr]gPerfse oerkcnf>00.>0=

kejvfgocnf], gscvc drgojkg furfstcnkg U pgfbctkg mg vgbcrfk Ufkpcrgtfubf oerkcnfs hbgsfdfhg`fg kegxmfocs kg]f tcrfterfubf

(sfvr`f]f) mg pcrseogburf oerkcnfs kfxcmvf].>03

>007 Iucojcr, Gkcrf`go gom Curepcgo @eodbf`ts Bgw, 0< Gkcrf`go Ieurogb ed @ekpgrgtfvc Bgw

761>, p. 7>0.>0>

befs m'ermc punbf` fotcroc.>00 befs m'ermc punbf` fotcrogtfeogb.>0= fx.9 Yafsbev, Kgomgtery gom punbf` pebf`y rubcs fo fotcrogtfeogb èkkcr`fgb grnftrgtfeo,

Octacrbgoms Fotcrogtfeogb Bgw ^cvfcw, 7663, QBFF, p. 11.>03 \grrg-Grgojurco, Jcocrgb @eursc eo \rfvgtc Fotcrogtfeogb Bgw, >7< Agjuc ^cùcfb, 7611-

FFF, pp. 7>=-7>3.


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:6

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >04. kgssxvgjvgrgm gscvc sgigre wcsrfjfs pezftfurf duoq`ffs kgtgrcncboerkcnsg` uwemcnco.>0:

gk oerkcnfs Pckmjekf jgovf]grcng, pfrvcb rfjPf, drgojub-ftgbfurf shebfsg mg sgsgkgr]be prgqtfhfs mgksgxurcngg.sgZfreg udre mgwvrfbcnf] fqocs jgoxfbubf zckeg^ofPoubfoerkcnf mg jgfrhvcs, ]u rg jgvbcofs kexmcog PcuYbfg kg]sgxcbPchrubcne ur]fcr]encnzc9

g) pfrmgpfrf keqkcmcnfs oerkcnf grfs sgsgkgr]be qvcyofskgtcrfgburf sgkgr]bfs oerkcnf, rekbcnf` jgkeycocnub uomgfqocs sgkgr]gbur]fcr]enfs kfkgr], kfuxcmgvgm fkfsg, ]u rekcbfsgkgr]bcnrfvf sfstckf] uomg kewcsrfjmcs xcbPchrubcng fkgvc

qvcyofs sghebfzfe sgkgr]bfs oerkcnfs kfxcmvf].>01kgjgbf]cnf9pfrmgpfrf keqkcmcnfs oerkg fye yedfbf ssrh-fs 7647 wbfs

sgkeqgbgqe sgkgr]bfs sgduYvbcnfs 7>3-c kuxbfs FF puoqtf.>06

fjfsgvgbmcnubem ]vbfmg wcrfbenf]f derkfs mg`vgs sgjgrce-cheoekfhurf jgrfjcncnfs mgmcnfsgs, ]uhf cr]-cr] heotrgacotssgnZe]g sgwgrke wgrkegmjcomg. gk sgnZeur oerkgs sgvgbmcnubekeqkcmcnfs Ygbg aqeomg, kfuxcmgvgm fk dgqtfsg, ]u rekcbqvcygogPf mgfme xcbPchrubcng mg, Pcsgngkfsgm, rekcbfsgkgr]bf] uomg kewcsrfjcnubfye fjf. gk oerkgPf vbfomcnemgsgnZe]g hgvPfrfs cr]-cr]f duomgkcoturf prfo`fpf U sgjgrcevgZrenfs keoepebfg, rg` sgnZe]g hgvPfrfs sgigre wcsrfjfsPckgmjcocbf ogwfbf fye8

qgr]vcbkg mg gvstrfcbkg hekcrsgotcnkg vcogPf mgmcsxcbPchrubcng, rekbfs kfxcmvf]g` jg]vgbfswfocnubf fyegvstrfubf wgrkecnfs sgqeobfs fkpertf sgqgr]vcbePf.

sgxcbPchrubcne mg]qkf], kxgrccnkg gvstrffs sgkgr]gbf [email protected]]vcbes shsh-fs 03-c kuxbfs F puoqtfs kfxcmvf],xcbPchrubcnfs kekwcsrfjcncbf sgkgr]gbf gvstrffs sgkgr]gbfgmg, Pcsgngkfsgm, kfsf mfspezf`furf mg fkpcrgtfubf oerkcnf uomg

>04 befs m'gppbf`gtfeo fkkmfgtc.>0: fx.9 Yafsbev, Kgomgtery gom punbf` pebf`y rubcs fo fotcrogtfeogb `ekkcr`fgb grnftrgtfeo,

Octacrbgoms Fotcrogtfeogb Bgw ^cvfcw, 7663, QBFF, p. 706 fx. gjrc]vc9 sgqgr]vcbes ssr-fs 764= wbfs sgkeqgbgqe hemcqsfs 3:=-ckuxbfs FF puoqtf.


86/203

1==< fx.9 Yafsbev, Kgomgtery gom punbf` pebf`y rubcs fo fotcrogtfeogb `ekkcr`fgb grnftrgtfeo,Octacrbgoms Fotcrogtfeogb Bgw ^cvfcw, 7663, QBFF, p. 16.


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17

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >=7

m) pfrmgpfrf keqkcmcnfs oerkcnf PcfYbcng fyes rejer`

hcrYesgkgr]bcnrfvf, gscvc sgigresgkgr]bcnrfvf nuocnfsg.>=> gkuhgogshocbs kfchu]vocng, kgjgbf]gm, sgqgr]vcbes hgoeokmcnbenfssgvgbute wcscnf, hcrYesgkgr]bcnrfv oerkcns hf sgqgr]vcbessgkeqgbgqe hemcqsfs 446-c kuxbfs FFF puoqtf.

c) pfrmgpfrf keqkcmcnfs oerkcnf k]bfgoengPf grgsemcs gr

gwcsrfjcns sgkgr]gbur]fcr]engs, grgkcm Pccxcng kxebem kfsjgrhvcub ogwfbs. gkftek srubfgm og]cbfg, rek zckegôfPoubfoerkcnfs jgkeycocng jgkefwvcvs xcbPchrubcnfs ,,jgxbc@gs~ mg kfsfsxvgmgsxvg sgkgr]bcnrfvf sfstckf] kewcsrfjcngs.

kgjgbf]f9qgr]ubkg mg drgojubkg sgwgrkecnkg mgmcs xcbPchrubcng.

jgrfjcnfs Pcusrubcnbenfs jgke sgr@cbf g^fYrg sgqgr]vcbessgsgkgr]bePf. kesgkgr]bck mggmjfog, rek, sgqgr]vcbes shsh-fskfxcmvf], xcbPchrubcng uomg kewcsrfjmcs drgojubf sgkgr]bf].kfuxcmgvgm gôfPoubfsg, sgsgkgr]bek xcbPchrubcnfs kfkgr]qgr]ubf sgkgr]bfs pfrmgpfrf keqkcmcnfs oerkcnf` jgkefycog. gkfsPcmcjgm xcbPchrubcnfs jgrhvcubf ogwfbf qgr]ubf sgkgr]bfsoerkcnf] kewcsrfjmcng, xebe mgogr@cof U drgojubf sgkgr]bf].

kfuxcmgvgm zcke] gôfPoubfsg, kgfo` gr grscnens khgdfehrftcrfukcnf, rekcb]g kfxcmvf]g` PcsgYbcncbf fqocng, pfrmgpfrfkeqkcmcnfs oerkcnf jgfkfioes @vcubcnrfvf fkpcrgtfubf sgxfsoerkcnfsgjgo. cs gke`gog yevcb heohrctub Pck]xvcvgPfsgsgkgr]bek uomg jgmgwyvftes.

zcke] jgoxfbub oerkcns pfrmgpfrf keqkcmcnfs oerkcnf>=0 gosgcr]gPerfse xgsfg]fs fkpcrgtfubf oerkcnf cwemcng, gscvcjgkefycocng9 gu`fbcnbgm jgkesgycocncbf oerkcnf8>== ]gvfs]gvgm

>=7 fx.9 Yafsbev, Kgomgtery gom punbf` pebf`y rubcs fo fotcrogtfeogb èkkcr`fgb grnftrgtfeo,Octacrbgoms Fotcrogtfeogb Bgw ^cvfcw, 7663, QBFF, p. 16.>=> fqvc.>=0

befs mc pebf`c (sgdrgojc]fs sgkeqgbgqe hemcqsfs kc-0 kuxbfs F puoqtf8rekfs 761< wbfs heovco`ffs drgojubcoevgof tcqstfs kc-: kuxbf.)8 rcjbcsm'gppbf`gtfeo fkkcmfgtc (Mcrgfos, \unbf` \ebf`y gom tac Bgw Gppbf`gnbc te tac Mfsputc foFotcrogtfeogb Grnftrgtfeo, fo Pgomcrs (cm.), @ekpgrgtfvc Grnftrgtfeo \rg`tf`c gom \unbf` \ebf`y

fo Grnftrgtfeo, F@@G @eojrcss Pcrfcs, o. 0, 761:, pp. >6-=4)8 mfrc`tby gppbf`gnbc rubcs (Bgome,]ac C@@ @eovcotfeo eo tac Bgw Gppbf`gnbc te @eotrg`tugb Enbfjgtfeos, >= @KB^, 761:, pp.

7:=, 71== bcs rcjbcs m'gppbf`gtfeo o`cssgrc (Kgycr, Kgomgtery ûbcs ed Bgw fo Fotcrogtfeogb

Grnftrgtfeo, > Grn. Fot. 7614, oe. =, pp. >:=->60).


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1>

gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >=38 gnsebuturf oerkcnf8>=4 prferftctubfoerkcnf>=:8 upfrgtcsf furfmfubf Ygbfs kqeoc oerkcnf,>=1

fkpcrgtfubf oerkcnf>=6.sxvgmgsxvg qvcyofs gvter]g kfcr jgosxvgvcnubf tcrkfocnfs

jgkeycocng hfmcv cr]xcb xgzs usvgks prenbckurf sghf]xfssfr]ubcs. kgjgbf]gm, jgke]qkg lgu`fbcnbgm jgkesgycocncbfoerkcnf~>3< yurgm^cngs gkgxvfbcns fk dgqtzc, rek ke`ckubfoerkcnf gu`fbcnbgm sgZfrecns xcbPchrubcnfs kfkgr]

jgkeycocngs8 jgke]qkg9 lpfrmgpfrf keqkcmcnfs oerkcnf~>37 yurgm^cngsgkgxvfbcns fk sghf]xzc, rek fjf pfrmgpfr uomg fqocs jgkeycocnubfjgrhvcubf sgxfs sgkgr]gbur]fcr]enfs kfkgr], sgmg` u`xeurfcbckcotf keogwfbcens, sghebfzfe sgkgr]bfs oerkcnfs Pfoggrsfs

kfuxcmgvgm. jgke]qkg l]gvfs]gvgm keqkcmf oerkcnf~>3> U xgzs usvgksfk dgqts, rek ]vf] ke`ckubf kgtcrfgburf oerkcnf u]f]cns]gvfgo]f jgkeycocnfs sdcres.

rg` Pccxcng òcngs9 fkpcrgtfubf oerkcnf,>30 fjf sgcr]gPerfseheovco`fcnsg mg furfmfub bftcrgturgPf erf jgosxvgvcnubfkofPvocbenf] jgkefycocng, rgkg` PcfYbcng jgrhvcubf jgujcnrengjgkefwvfes.

rekfs 761< wbfs heovco`ffs kc-0 kuxbfs FFF puoqtPf, sgmg`

sgungrfg fkpcrgtfub oerkcnzc, fjubfsxkcng Pfog fkpcrgtfubfoerkcnf. cs gmvfbgm mjfomcng zckegôfPoubf oerkfs Pfoggrsfmgo,rekbfs kfxcmvf]g`, cr]f qvcyofs wgrkekgmjcocb]g kfcr u`xeqvcyofs sgkgr]bfs gr@cvg gr jgg]gvfsudbcns kg] ]gvfgo]f qvcyofsfkpcrgtfubf oerkcnfs mg`vfsjgo. `xgmfg, remcsg` sgqkc PccxcngPfogxcbPchrubcngs, fq kxgrccns gr gqv] udbcng, jvcrmf gugreo]gvfgo]f qvcyofs Pfogfkpcrgtfub oerkcns.

>=3scbd-gppbf`gtfoj rubcs, (Jrfjcrg Ogeo, Fotcrogtfeogb @eotrg`t Bgw, "Befs mc \ebf`c" gom Pcbd-gppbf`gtfoj ûbcs9 Go Grjcotfofgo Eutbeeh, 76 Tertgjc, ^cmco uom Ncrfàtc gus mck Curepg-

Fostftut, 7610, pp. :, 74-7:).>=4

gnsebutc rubcs (Cch, ]ac Pwcmfsa @eodbf`t ed Bgws, 7643, p. >>=).>=:

prferfty rubcs, (Mc Necr, ]ac C@@ @eotrg`ts @eovcotfeo gom tac Mutà @eurts. G

Kctaemebejf`gb \crspc`tfvc, ^gncbsY, veb. 3=, 766=1 evcrrfmfoj stgtutcs (Oerta, ^cderk, nut oet ^cvebutfeo, Jcocrgb @eursc eo \rfvgtcFotcrogtfeogb Bgw, >>< Agjuc cùcfb, 766=6 fkpcrgtfvc oerks (Achc, Fotcrogtfeogb @eotrg`ts gom Mekcstf` Bcjfsbgtfvc \ebf`fcs, foDcstsàrfdt dur D.G. Kgoo, 76::, p. 711)8 pcrckptery oerks (Kesèof, Cx`cptfeos te tac

Epcrgtfeo ed @aef`c ed Bgw ûbcs, >7: Agjuc ^cùcfb, 7616-T, p. 7=3< ,,rjbcs m'gppbf`gtfeo o`cssgfrc~.>37 ,,befs m'gppbf`gtfeo fkkmfgtc~.>3> ,,scbd-gppbf`gtfoj rubcs~.>30

,,kgomgtery rubcs~.


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gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >3= Pfog fkpcrgtfubf oerkcnf fjubfsxkcng, rgmjgosgungrfg fsc] Pck]xvcvgzc, remcsg` yvcbg kofPvocbevgofdgqtenrfvf jgrckecng mghgvPfrcnubfg cr] qvcygogs]go, xebekxgrc]g kfcr xcbPchrubcnfs kesgwcsrfjcnbgm gr@cub fqog sxvgqvcyofs sgkgr]gbf. gsc] Pck]xvcvgPf heotrgacotcns gr PcuYbfg],Pc]goxkcnf] fk qvcyofs sgkgr]bfs oerkcnfs jgkeycocnfs fjoerfrcngkegxmfoeo, rekcb]gog` xcbPchrubcng yevcbkxrfv grfsmghgvPfrcnubf.

rcjbgkcot lrekf U F~-fs kc-6 kuxbfs kfxcmvf], sgcr]gPerfsexgsfg]fs fkpcrgtfubf oerkcnfs jgkesgxgtgvgm jgkeycocnubfg

tcrkfof lupfrgtcsf Ygbfs kqeoc fkpcrgtfubf oerkcnf~>33. gk kuxbfsPfoggrsfmgo gPhgrgm jgkekmfogrcens, rek gq pfrmgpfrf keqkcmcnfsoerkcnf, gou sgcr]gPerfse xgsfg]fs fkpcrgtfub oerkcnf,fjubfsxkcng.

yevcbfvc zcke]qkubfmgo jgkekmfogrc, mgshvofs sgxf]PcfYbcng f]qvgs Pckmcjf9 re`g sgsgkgr]be fxfbgvssgxcbPchrubcne ur]fcr]encnfmgo wgrkePenfb mgvgs, rekcbPf`u`xeurf cbckcotf keogwfbcens mg fjf ,,wggwymcng~ ]gvfsf qvcyofspfrmgpfrf keqkcmcnfs oerkcns, kgPfo kgo fsfof mguyevocnbfv uomgjgkefycoes, kfuxcmgvgm fkfsg, ]u kfsfvc qvcyofs sghebfzfesgkgr]bf] rekcbf kgr]bwcsrfjfg hekpctcoturf.

yevcbfvc jgoxfbubfs Pckmcj og]cbfg, ]u rg sgxfsfkpcrgtfubf oerkcnf fjubfsxkcng sgqgr]vcbes sgcr]gPerfse

hcrYe sgkgr]bfs hgoeofs kc-4 kuxbPf9,,gk hgoeofs mcnubcncnf gr vr`cbmcng sgqgr]vcbes

fkpcrgtfubf oerkcnfs keqkcmcngzc, kfuxcmgvgm fkfsg, ]u rekcbfqvcyofs sgkgr]gbf jgkefycocng ur]fcr]eng]g kewcsrfjcnfsgs~.

>3= ,,\revfsfeos ed tac bgw... waf`a `gooet nc mcrejgtcm drek ny gjrcckcot~.>33

,,Evcrrfmfoj kgomgtery prevfsfeos~.


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1=


4. kcsgkc qvcyofs sgkgr]bfs fkpcrgtfubf oerkcnf mg kxgrc]g ocnfs gvteoekfggqgkmc ksicbeng fye lbcqs derfsg~ mg xcbPchrubcnfs kekwcsrf-jcncbf (heotrgacot]g kfcr gr@cubf) sgkgr]bfs fkpcrgtfubf

oerkcnfs nuocngsg mg kg]f jgkeycocnfs wcszc.sgqkc jg`fbcnf] udre r]ubgmgg, remcsg` sgungrfg kcsgkc

qvcyofs pfrmgpfrf keqkcmcnfs oerkcnfs>3: jgkeycocngzc. ]vf]eojgke]qkg ,,kcsgkc qvcyofs sgkgr]bfs fkpcrgtfubf oerkcnf~kfu]f]cns, rek sgungrfg grg lbcqs derfs~ go kxgrc]g kfcrgr@cubf xcbPchrubcnfs kekwcsrfjcncbf sgkgr]bfs fkpcrgtfubfoerkcnzc, grgkcm xcbPchrubcngs]go mghgvPfrcnubf sxvg qvcyofspfrmgpfrf keqkcmcnfs oerkcnfs gou sgcr]gPerfse xgsfg]fsfkpcrgtfubf oerkcnfs jgkeycocngzc.

remcsg` sgqkc Pccxcng lbcqs derfsg~ mg xcbPchrubcnfskekwcsrfjcncbf sgkgr]bfs pfrmgpfrf keqkcmcnfs oerkcnfsjgkeycocnfs sghf]xs, yvcbgdcrf og]cbfg U kg]f jgkeycocnggu`fbcncbfg. jg`fbcnf] r]ubfg pgsuxfs jg`ckg hf]xvgzc9jgkeycocnub uomg fqocs ]u grg xcbPchrubcngs]go mghgvPfrcnubfkcsgkc qvcyofs fkpcrgtfubf oerkcnf. gk sghf]xzc gzr]gsxvgmgsxvgengg rejer` meqtrfogPf, gscvc sxvgmgsxvg qvcyofssgsgkgr]be prgqtfhgsg mg hgoeokmcnbengPf.

rekfs 761< wbfs heovco`ffs kc-: kuxbfs F puoqtfs kfxcmvf]9PcsgYbcncbfg jgkeycocnub fqocs kcsgkc qvcyofs fkpcrgtfubfoerkcnf, ]uhf fsfof kZfmremgg mghgvPfrcnubf xcbPchrubcngs]go.gk oerkcnfs jgkeycocnfs sghf]xf mgkehfmcnubfg kcsgkc qvcyofspfrmgpfrf keqkcmcnfs oerkcnfs ,,nuocngsg~ mg ,,kfzocnzc~, gjrc]vcfk Pcmcjzc, rekcbf` kg] jgkeycocng-grjgkeycocngs keayvcng.>31

>34 jcrkgoffs shsh-fs 0=-c kuxbf Pcf`gvs gogbejfurf Pfoggrsfs oerkgs9,,ke`ckubf qvc]gvf gr cxcng jcrkgoubf sgkgr]bfs fk oerkcns, rekbcnf`fkpcrgtfubgm gwcsrfjcnco sgkgr]gbur]fcr]engs fk sgkgr]bfskxcmvcbengPf kfu^cnbgm, rekcbf` jgkefycocng xcbPchrubcnfs kfkgr]~.>3:

,,befs m'gppbf`gtfeo fkkcmfgtc~.>31 gogbejfurf oerkg jg]vgbfswfocnub fqog sxvg heovco`fcnPf`9 aggjfs76:7 wbfs heovco`fg9 ,,sgjzge Pck]xvcvcnfs kfkgr] jgkeycocngmf sgkgr]bfsPcsgxcn~ (kc-: kuxbf)8 aggjfs 76:0 wbfs heovco`fg9 ,,uxgrfsxe sgqeobfsmgkzgmcnfs kfkgr] jgkesgycocncbf sgkgr]bfs Pcsgxcn~ (kc-6 kuxbf)8aggjfs 76:1 wbfs heovco`fg9 ,,wgrkekgmjcobenfs xcbPchrubcnfs kfkgr]jgkesgycocncbf sgkgr]bfs Pcsgxcn~ (kc-74 kuxbf)8 ncofbuqsfs qvcyocnfs


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gbcqsgomrc fescbfgof, sgxcbPchrubcne sghebfzfe sgkgr]gbf, >36 kcerc kxrfv, ]u fkpcrgtfub oerkcnssgigresgkgr]bcnrfvf nuocng gqv], rejerf`gg, kgjgbf]gm,heohrctubf qvcyofs sgvgbute wcscnf, kgPfo, kxgrc]g survfbfskfuxcmgvgm, sgsgkgr]becnf kg] jgkefycocnco ocnfskfcr Pck]xvcvgPf.rejer` ctyeng, rekfs heovco`ffs gvtercns swercmzckegôfPoubf sgsgkgr]be prgqtfhg aqeomg] kxcmvcbengPf,remcsg` kg] jgosgz^vrcs, rek kcsgkc qvcyofs fkpcrgtfubfoerkcnfs jgkeycocng-grjgkeycocnfs cr]-cr]f pfreng swercm kg]fsgkgr]bcnrfvf nuocngg.

òenfbfg, rek pfrmgpfrf keqkcmcnfs oerkcnf ukctcswfbgmsgigresgkgr]bcnrfvf go ogxcvrgm sgigresgkgr]bcnrfvfnuocnfsgg, rekcb]g jgkeycocng ckygrcng tcrfterfubenfs prfo`fps

mg jgkexgtgvs heohrctubf qvcyofs fotcrcscns.>4< gqcmgojgkekmfogrc, fs kesgkgr]bccnf (fjfvc PcfYbcng f]qvgssgcr]gPerfse grnftrcnzc), rekbcnf` cwfogg^kmcjcnfgo kcsgkcqvcyofs fkpcrgtfubf oerkcnfs jgkeycocngs, kxgrs uZcrcotrgmf`fub kfmjekgs, rekbfs kfxcmvf]g` sgsurvcbf grggsgxcbkwfdes (kf] udre u`xe sgxcbkwfdes) @grcvfs tcomco`ffszrmg hcrYesgkgr]bcnrfv ur]fcr]encnPf, rg` nuocnrfvgmjgkefwvcvs kxgrc]g ocnfs gvteoekffs prfo`fpfs Pczûmvgs.>47

jgrmg zckegôfPoubfsg, kcsgkc qvcyofs fkpcrgtfubf oerkcnfsjgkeycocnfs Pck]xvcvgPf k`frmcng kxgrc]g wfogswgrf kebemfof, ]u

7646 wbfs cr]jvgrevgof hgoeof ,,sgcr]gPerfse hcrYe sgkgr]bfs Pcsgxcn~(kc-70 kuxbfs FF puoqtf).>36 Hgbcoshy, Ius @ejcos gom tac Bgw ed Fotcrogtfeogb ]rgmc, fo Cssgys eo tac Bgw ed

Fotcrogtfeogb ]rgmc, Agjuc-Ygjrcn @ebbequfuk, 76:4, p. 4>.&

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Conflict of Laws - A.Ioseliani