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Copyright © 2012 Certification Partners, LLC -- All Rights Reserved
Network Technology Associate v2.0
Copyright © 2012 Certification Partners, LLC -- All Rights Reserved
Lesson 1:Introduction to Networking
Copyright © 2012 Certification Partners, LLC -- All Rights Reserved
Lesson 1 Objectives
• Define telephony and convergence networking• Identify network topologies• Describe the OSI/RM and the packet-creation process• Define the nature and purpose of TCP/IP• Define LANs and WANs• Describe server-based and peer-to-peer networks• Describe a Network Operations Center (NOC)• Describe peer-to-peer and server-based networks• Distinguish between distributed architectures and
database models
Copyright © 2012 Certification Partners, LLC -- All Rights Reserved
Telephony and Convergence Networking
• PSTN – still an integral part of the Internet infrastructure because it furnishes most of the long-distance connections
• Voice over IP (VoIP) – voice transmissions are delivered in digital form as packets of data using an Internet connection and hardware or software installed on personal computers
• Unified communications enable voice to be converted into text, and vice versa
• Presencing – the ability for devices to automatically track and report your location and availability
Copyright © 2012 Certification Partners, LLC -- All Rights Reserved
Mainframes
• Mainframe (centralized) computing provided the first practical network solution– Retrieving information from mainframes– Mainframe liabilities– The future of mainframes– Mainframes and cloud computing / Software as
a Service (SaaS)
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Client/Server Model
• Client/server model (distributed computing) divides processing tasks between the client and the server
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Client/Server Model (cont'd)
• Client/server model databases and SQL• Hadoop • Client/server advantages• Two-tier, three-tier and n-tier computing
Copyright © 2012 Certification Partners, LLC -- All Rights Reserved
Network Operations Center (NOC)
• A specific location from which a network is managed, monitored and maintained
• Central point for network maintenance and troubleshooting
• Generally includes multiple, redundant network connections and redundant power supplies
• Many have dedicated phone lines from a separate provider and mobile phones to ensure communication in an emergency
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Networking Categories
• Peer-to-peer– Microsoft peer-to-peer– P2P– Centralized or decentralized
• Server-based– UNIX/Linux– Microsoft Windows Server
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Network Topologies
• Bus• Star• Ring• Hybrid• Mesh
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Network Operating Systems
• Operating systems that manage network resources
• Interoperability• Microsoft Windows• UNIX/Linux
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OSI Reference Model
• Defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1983
• Gives developers universal concepts so they can develop and perfect protocols that can work with operating system and network products developed by other vendors
• Explains the framework used to connect heterogeneous systems
• Describes the process of packet creation (how the layers communicate)
Copyright © 2012 Certification Partners, LLC -- All Rights Reserved
Packets
• Packets consist of:– Header (OSI/RM
layer information)– Actual data– Trailer (information
that validates the packet)
• CRCTrailer
Data
Header
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Packet Creation (Adding Headers)
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OSI/RM Protocol Examples
• Application layer– SMTP, DNS, FTP, HTTP, SMB, NFS
• Transport layer– TCP
• Network layer– IP
• Data link layer– Ethernet, Token Ring
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MajorNetworking Protocols
• Connection-oriented (stateful)• Connectionless (stateless)• Routable• Non-routable
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Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP / IP)
• Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol• A collection of protocols
– TCP– IP– User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
• An open standard
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Binding Protocols
• Binding protocols– You must attach, or bind, protocols to your NIC
• Protocols and binding order
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Local AreaNetworks (LANs)
• A group of computers connected within a confined geographic area
• Commonly used for intra-office communication
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Wide AreaNetworks (WANs)
• A group of computers connected over an expansive geographic area
Copyright © 2012 Certification Partners, LLC -- All Rights Reserved
Internet Exchange Point (IXP)
• Internet backbones• Segments
Copyright © 2012 Certification Partners, LLC -- All Rights Reserved
Lesson 1 Summary
Define telephony and convergence networking Identify network topologies Describe the OSI/RM and the packet-creation process Define the nature and purpose of TCP/IP Define LANs and WANs Describe server-based and peer-to-peer networks Describe a Network Operations Center (NOC) Describe peer-to-peer and server-based networks Distinguish between distributed architectures and
database models