Supporting Information for

Decoding the effect of socioeconomic transition on carbon dioxide emissions:

Analysis framework and application in megacity Chongqing from inland China

Xin Tian1,2*, Miao Chang3*, Feng Shi4, Hiroki Tanikawa5

1. School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

2. State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing

100875, China

3. School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China

4. Institute of Science and Technology for Development of Shandong, Shandong Academy of

Sciences, Jinan 250014, China

5. Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan

Corresponding author:

Xin Tian, tianx@bnu.edu.cn, +86-10-58800397, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875,

China

Miao Chang, changmiao@tsinghua.edu.cn, +86-10-62780478, Tsinghua University, Beijing

100086, China

Contents

1. Supplementary information for structural decomposition analysis

2. Socioeconomic transitions and associated CO2 emissions trends in provincial

regions of mainland China

3. Geographical features of Chongqing

4. Sectoral aggregation

5. Supplementary results

6. Socioeconomic transitions of Chongqing

1. Supplementary information for structural decomposition

analysis

With the aid of Structural decomposition analysis (SDA), changes in CO2 emissions

can be decomposed into diversified factors. According to equation (2), (3) and (4),

CO2 emissions variations come from two different sources: fossil fuel combustion and

production process, and changes in CO2 emissions from the two sources can be

further decomposed into the several key driving factors:

∆ffuel =ε∆EsEiLycylp +εEs∆EiLycylp +εEsEi∆Lycylp +εEsEiL∆ycylp +εEsEiLyc∆ylp

+εEsEiLycyl∆p (S1)

where the six factors indicate the contributions from changes in energy structure,

energy intensity of output, production structure, final demand structure, final demand

level and population on CO2 emissions variations, respectively.

And

∆fprocess = ∆FprocessLycylp + Fprocess∆Lycylp + FprocessL∆ycylp + FprocessLyc∆ylp +

FprocessLycyl∆p (S2)

where the five factors show the contributions from changes in production process CO2

intensity of output, production structure, final demand structure, final demand level

and population on CO2 emissions variations, respectively.

Combining the decomposition results based on equation (S1) and (S2), CO2

emissions variations can be divided into eight factors, including energy structure

change, energy intensity change, production process CO2 intensity change, production

structure change, final demand structure change, final demand level change and

population change. Results based on the above decomposition are shown in Fig. 3 in

the main text.

According to equation (5), changes in urban household consumption related CO2

emissions can be decomposed into six driving factors:

∆furb = ∆FLyurb,cyurb,lμp + F∆Lyurb,cyurb,lμp + FL∆yurb,cyurb,lμp + FLyurb,c∆yurb,lμp +

FLyurb,cyurb,l∆μp + FLyurb,cyurb,lμ∆p (S3)

where the six factors show the contributions from changes in CO2 intensity of output,

production structure, urban household consumption structure, urban household

consumption level, urbanization rate and population on urban household consumption

related CO2 emissions variations, respectively. Results based on equation (S3) are

shown in Fig. 6 in the main text.

2. Socioeconomic transitions and associated CO2 emissions

trends in provincial regions of mainland China

Table S1 Economic growth and socioeconomic transition in provincial regions of mainland

China (2012 constant price)

Average GDP

growth rate,

2006 ‒ 2012

Per capita GDP,

2012 (thousand

RMB /capita)

Industrial structure, 2012 Urbanization

rate, 2012Primary

industry

Secondary

industry

Tertiary

industry

Eas

tern

Reg

ion

Beijing 10% 86 1% 23% 76% 86%

Tianjin 16% 91 1% 52% 47% 82%

Hebei 11% 36 12% 53% 35% 47%

Liaoning 13% 57 9% 53% 38% 66%

Shanghai 10% 85 1% 39% 60% 89%

Jiangsu 12% 68 6% 50% 44% 63%

Zhejiang 10% 63 5% 50% 45% 63%

Fujian 13% 53 9% 52% 39% 60%

Shandong 12% 52 9% 51% 40% 52%

Guangdong 11% 54 5% 49% 46% 67%

Hainan 12% 32 25% 28% 47% 52%

EAST 11% 57 6% 48% 45% 62%

Cen

tral

Reg

ion

Shanxi 11% 34 6% 56% 39% 51%

Jilin 14% 43 12% 53% 35% 54%

Heilongjiang 11% 36 15% 44% 40% 57%

Anhui 13% 29 13% 55% 33% 47%

Jiangxi 12% 29 12% 54% 35% 48%

Henan 12% 31 13% 56% 31% 42%

Hubei 13% 39 13% 50% 37% 54%

Hunan 13% 33 14% 47% 39% 47%

CENTRAL 12% 33 12% 52% 36% 48%

Inner Mongolia 15% 64 9% 55% 35% 58%

Chongqing 15% 39 8% 52% 39% 57%

Sichuan 13% 30 14% 52% 35% 44%

Wes

tern

Reg

ion

Guizhou 13% 20 13% 39% 48% 36%

Yunnan 12% 22 16% 43% 41% 39%

Shaanxi 14% 39 9% 56% 35% 50%

Gansu 11% 22 14% 46% 40% 39%

Qinghai 13% 33 9% 58% 33% 47%

Ningxia 12% 36 9% 50% 42% 51%

Xinjiang 11% 34 18% 46% 36% 44%

Guangxi 13% 28 17% 48% 35% 44%

WEST 13% 31 13% 50% 37% 45%

Data source: China Statistical Year Book 2013, China Statistical Bureau.

Figure S1 Trends of CO2 emissions in East, Central and West China, 2003 ‒ 2012

Notes: As there’s lack of CO2 emission data for Ningxia over 2000 ‒ 2002 and Hainan in 2002, we only compared regional CO2 emissions since 2003

3. Geographical features of Chongqing

Figure S2 Geographical features of Chongqing City

Notes: the dark blue lines divide mainland China into eastern regions, central regions and western regions.

4. Sectoral aggregation

Table S2 Sectoral aggregation and main contents of sectors

Aggregated Sectors Main contentsAgriculture 1. AgricultureMining 2. Coal mining and processing

3. Crude petroleum products and Natural gas products

4. Metal ore mining5. Non-metal minerals and other mining

Light manufacturing 6. Food products and tobacco processing7. Textiles8. Wearing apparel, leather, fur, down and

related products9. Sawmills and furniture10. Paper, printing and record medium

reproductionResource related industry 11. Petroleum processing, coking and nuclear

fuel processing12. Nonmetallic minerals products13. Metal smelting and processing14. Electricity and steam production and

supply15. Gas production and supply16. Water production and supply

Chemical industry 17. Chemical industryMachinery manufacturing 18. Special and general industrial machineryTransport equipment manufacturing 19. Transport equipment manufacturingHigh-tech industry 20. Electronic equipment and appliance

manufacturing21. Communication equipment, computer and

other electric equipment manufacturingOther heavy manufacturing 22. Metal products

23. Measuring instruments, cultural and office equipment manufacturing

24. Artwork, other manufactureConstruction 25. ConstructionServices 26. Transport, storage and post

27. Wholesale and retail trade28. Hotels, eating and drinking places29. Finance30. Real estate31. Social services, technical services,

research and education, culture and arts, sports, health services, and social welfare

32. Public administration and social organization

5. Supplementary results

Figure S3 Export and Import related CO2 emissions in Chongqing, 2007 ‒ 2012

Table S3 Contributions of different driving factors on CO2 emissions in transport

equipment manufacturing and high-tech industry (Million tons)

Driving factors Transport equipment manufacturing

High-tech industry

CO2 intensity change -9.3 -2.2Production structure change -10.2 -2.1Final demand composition change 29.0 14.3Final demand level change 33.4 6.5Population change 0.9 0.3

Table S4 CO2 emissions embodied in intermediate products consumed by construction

sector in 1997 and 2012 (Million tons)

2012 1997Agriculture 0.4 0.0Mining 22.1 2.3Light manufacturing 0.5 0.2Machinery manufacturing 0.2 0.1Transport equipment manufacturing 0.0 0.0Resource related industry 114.9 13.6Chemical industry 4.0 1.6High-tech industry 0.0 0.0Other heavy manufacturing 0.3 0.3Construction 1.6 0.2

Services 7.4 0.6Total 151.4 18.8

Table S5 CO2 emissions embodied in intermediate products consumed by services sector in

2012 (Million tons)

2012Agriculture 1.0Mining 5.5Light manufacturing 1.5Machinery manufacturing 0.1Transport equipment manufacturing 0.0Resource related industry 20.5Chemical industry 2.7High-tech industry 0.0Other heavy manufacturing 0.1Construction 0.0Services 13.2Total 44.6

6. Socioeconomic transitions of Chongqing

Figure S4 Industrial structure change with industrialization in Chongqing, 1997 ‒ 2012

Figure S5 Increasing income and consumption level of urban and rural population in

Chongqing, 1997 ‒ 2012

Figure S6 Growing living space for urban and rural residents of Chongqing, 1997 ‒ 2012

Figure S7 Length of road in Chongqing, 1997 ‒ 2012