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Ecology
Define Ecology
Define Ecology
• study of the interactions that take place among organisms and their environment
Describe each of the following terms:
• Biosphere • Biotic • Abiotic
Describe each of the following terms:
• Biosphere - part of Earth that supports life, including the top portion of Earth's crust, the atmosphere, and all the water on Earth's surface
• Biotic - living • Abiotic – non-living
Describe each of the following terms:
• Biome
Describe each of the following terms:
• Biome - large geographic areas with similar climates and ecosystems
• Includes: – TUNDRA – TAIGA – DESERT – TROPICAL RAINFOREST – TEMPERATE RAINFOREST – DECIDUOUS FOREST – DESERT – GRASSLAND
Describe each of the following terms:
• Organism • Population • Community
Describe each of the following terms:
• Organism – one of any living thing • Population - all the organisms that belong
to the same species living in a community • Community - all the populations of
different species that live in an ecosystem
Describe each of the following terms:
• Ecosystem • Habitat • Niche
Describe each of the following terms:
• Ecosystem - all the living organisms that live in an area and the nonliving features of their environment
• Habitat - place where an organism lives and that provides the types of food, shelter, moisture, and temperature needed for survival
• Niche - in an ecosystem, refers to the unique ways an organism survives, obtains food and shelter, and avoids danger
Describe each of the following terms:
• Limiting factor • Carrying capacity
Describe each of the following terms:
• Limiting factor - anything that can restrict the size of a population, including living and nonliving features of an ecosystem, such as predators or drought
• Carrying capacity - largest number of individuals of a particular species that an ecosystem can support over time
Describe each of the following terms:
• Producer • Consumer • Decomposer
Describe each of the following terms:
• Producer - organism, such as a green plant or alga, that uses an outside source of energy like the Sun to create energy-rich food molecules
• Consumer - organism that cannot create energy-rich molecules but obtains its food by eating other organisms
• Decomposer – consume wastes and dead organisms
Describe each of the following terms:
• Predator • Prey
Describe each of the following terms:
• Predator – an animal that hunts and kills other animals for food. A predator is a consumer [carnivore or omnivore]
• Prey – an animal that is hunted and caught for food. Prey is a consumer; it may be a herbivore, omnivore, or carnivore.
Describe each of the following terms:
• Species • Carnivore • Herbivore • Omnivore
Describe each of the following terms:
• Species- a class of individuals having some common characteristics or qualities; related individuals that resemble one another, are able to breed among themselves, but are not able to breed with members of another species.
• Carnivore – eat omnivores or other carnivores [other consumers]
• Herbivore – eat producers • Omnivore – eat producers and consumers
Describe each of the following terms:
• Adaptations of consumers: – Carnivore - meat-eating animal with sharp
canine teeth specialized to rip and tear flesh – Herbivore - plant-eating mammal with incisors
specialized to cut vegetation and large, flat molars to grind it
– Omnivore - plant- and meat-eating animal with incisors specialized to cut vegetables, premolars to chew meat, and molars to grind food
Review food chains, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores,
decomposers http://www.planetpals.com/
foodchain.html
Describe each of the following terms:
• Energy flow through an ecosystem
Describe each of the following terms:
• Energy flow through an ecosystem - the movement of energy through an ecosystem through food webs. The transfer of energy from one organism to another.
Review the flow of energy through plants and animals here:
http://www.ftexploring.com/me/me2.html
Describe each of the following terms:
• Food chain • Food web
Describe each of the following terms:
• Food chain - chain of organisms along which energy , in the form of food passes. An organism feeds on the link before it and is in turn prey for the link after it.
• Food web - Complex network of many interconnected food chains and feeding relationships; a group of interconnecting food chains
Review food chains here:
http://www.vtaide.com/png/foodchains.htm
Describe each of the following terms:
• Energy pyramid
Describe each of the following terms:
• Energy pyramid – a way of showing energy flow. As the amount of available energy decreases, the pyramid gets smaller. Each layer on a pyramid is called a trophic level.
Describe each of the following terms:
Review energy pyramids here:
http://www.ftexploring.com/me/pyramid.html
Describe each of the following terms:
• Mutualism • Commensalism • Symbiosis • Parasitism
Describe each of the following terms:
• Mutualism - a type of symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit
• Commensalism - a type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is not affected
• Symbiosis - any close relationship between species, including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism
• Parasitism -a type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is harmed
Describe each of the following terms:
• Succession • Primary succession • Secondary succession
Describe each of the following terms:
• Succession - natural, gradual changes in the types of species that live in an area; can be primary or secondary
• Primary succession – takes where no soil exists
• Secondary succession – takes place where soil is already present
Describe each of the following terms:
• Pioneer species • Climax community
Describe each of the following terms:
• Pioneer species - a group of hardy organisms, such as lichens, found in the primary stage of succession and that begin an area's soil-building process
• Climax community - stable, end stage of ecological succession in which the plants and animals of a community use resources efficiently and balance is maintained by disturbances such as fire.
Review succession here:
http://library.thinkquest.org/17456/succession1.html
List the types of biomes:
List the types of biomes:
• Tundra • Taiga (Coniferous Forest) • Deciduous Forest • Desert • Tropical rain forest • Temperate rain forest • Grasslands
Describe each biome
• Tundra - cold, dry, treeless biome with less than 25 cm of precipitation each year, a short growing season, permafrost, and winters that can be six to nine months long
Tundra
Tundra
Tundra
Tundra
Describe each biome
• Taiga (Boreal or Coniferous Forest)- world's largest biome, located south of the tundra between 50° N and 60° N latitude; has long, cold winters, precipitation between 35 cm and 100 cm each year, cone-bearing evergreen trees, and dense forests
Taiga
Taiga
Taiga
Describe each biome
• Temperate rainforest - biome with 200 cm to 400 cm of precipitation each year, average temperatures between 9°C and 12°C, and forests dominated by trees with needlelike leaves. About 1/4 of all the medicines we use come from rainforest plants. Usually near the Ocean
Temperate Rainforest
Temperate Rainforest
Temperate Rainforest
Describe each biome
• Tropical rain forest - most biologically diverse biome; has an average temperature of 25°C and receives between 200 cm and 600 cm of precipitation each year. Usually near the equator. About 1/4 of all the medicines we use come from rainforest plants.
Tropical Rainforest
Tropical Rainforest
Tropical Rainforest
Describe each biome
• Grasslands - temperate and tropical regions with 25 cm to 75 cm of precipitation each year that are dominated by climax communities of grasses; ideal for growing crops and raising cattle and sheep
Grassland
Grassland
Describe each biome
• Desert - driest biome on Earth with less than 25 cm of rain each year; has dunes or thin soil with little organic matter and plants and animals specially adapted to survive extreme conditions
Desert
Desert
Desert
Describe each biome
• Deciduous forest - biome usually having four distinct seasons, annual precipitation between 75 cm and 150 cm, and climax communities of deciduous (Leafy) trees
Deciduous Forest
Deciduous Forest
Deciduous Forest
Biomes Chapparal
(scrub) dry summer, rainy winter
hot summer, cool winter poor
shrubs, some
woodland (like scrub
oak)
drought and fire-adapted
animals
Tundra dry cold permafrost (frozen soil)
lichens and mosses
migrating animals
Taiga (coniferous
forest) adequate cool year-
round poor, rocky
soil conifers
many mammals,
birds, insects,
arachnids, etc.
Temperate Deciduous
Forest adequate
cool season and warm
season fertile soil deciduous
trees
many mammals,
birds, reptiles, insects,
arachnids, etc.
Grassland wet season, dry season
warm to hot (often with a cold season)
fertile soil grasses (few or no trees)
many mammals,
birds, insects,
arachnids, etc.
Tropical very wet always warm poor, thin many plants many
Chapparal (scrub)
dry summer, rainy winter
hot summer, cool winter poor
shrubs, some
woodland (like scrub
oak)
drought and fire-adapted
animals
Tundra dry cold permafrost (frozen soil)
lichens and mosses
migrating animals
Taiga (coniferous
forest) adequate cool year-
round poor, rocky
soil conifers
many mammals,
birds, insects,
arachnids, etc.
Temperate Deciduous
Forest adequate
cool season and warm
season fertile soil deciduous
trees
many mammals,
birds, reptiles, insects,
arachnids, etc.
Grassland wet season, dry season
warm to hot (often with a cold season)
fertile soil grasses (few or no trees)
many mammals,
birds, insects,
arachnids, etc.
Tropical very wet always warm poor, thin many plants many
Describe each biome
• Freshwater - flowing water such as rivers and streams and standing water such as lakes, ponds, and wetlands
Describe each biome
• Saltwater - oceans, seas, a few inland lakes, such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah, coastal inlets and estuaries
Review biomes here:
http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/biomes.html
More information on biomes can be found here: http://mbgnet.mobot.org/