Human Development

Group Members

• Abdus Samad • Haseeb Tanveer • Syed Abdul Rehman• Muqaddsa Qureshi • Ayman Tariq• Noor Zainab

Developmental Psychology

“The study of patterns of growth and change that occurs throughout life”

Nature and Nurture

• This debate is concerned with the extent to which particular aspects of behavior are a product of either inherited(genetic) or acquired(learned) characteristics

Nature:• It refers to all of the genes and hereditary

factors that influence who we are –from our physical appearance to our personality characteristics.

Nature and Nurture

Physical characteristics• Height• Weight • Obesity • Tone of voice• Age of deathIntellectual characteristics• Memory• Intelligence• Reading disability• Mental retardationEmotional characteristics• Shyness• Extra version• Emotionality • Anxiety• Alcoholism

Nature and Nurture

• Nature is pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors.

Nurture:• It refers to all the environmental variables that

impact who we are ,including our early childhood experiences, how we were raised, our social relationships and our surrounding culture.

Nature and Nurture

Natural characteristics:• Certain physical characteristics are determined by

genetic inheritance i.e. color of eyes straight or curly hair, skin color and certain diseases.

• Height, weight, hair loss, life expectancy are positively correlated between genetically related individuals.

Nature and Nurture

Nurtured characteristics• The basic assumption of environmentalist is that

at birth human mind is a tabula rasa (a blank slate) and that this is gradually filled as a result of experience

• How a person behaves can be linked to influences such as parenting styles and learned experiences

Nature and Nurture

• Language comes from imitating the speech of others and cognitive development depends on the civilization within which the child is reared.

How nature and nurture interact?

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Infancy through childhood

Human development can be classified into four categorizes• Physical development• Personal development• Social development• Cognitive development

Development of social behavior:

• It is a process to attain maturity in social relationship

• A process in which new type of behavior is learnt

www.simplypsychology.org

Attachment

“Attachment is a positive emotional bond that develops between child and particular individual”

The understanding of attachment progressed when psychologist Harry Harlow investigated the response of infant monkey separated from their biological mother and two surrogate mothers introduce in their cage

Attachment • One the wire mother consisted of a round wooden head,

a mesh of cold metal wires, and a bottle of milk from which the baby monkey could drink

• Second mother— consisted of a foam-rubber form wrapped in a heated terry-cloth blanket

Attachment The Harlow’s found that, although the infant monkeys

went to the wire mother for food, they overwhelmingly preferred and spent significantly more time with the warm terry-cloth mother that provided no food but did provide comfort

The Harlow’s studies confirmed that babies have social as well as physical needs. Both monkeys and human babies need a secure base that allows them to feel safe.

http://www.saylor.org/books/

Assessing Attachment Developmental psychologist devised a quick way to measure

attachment. The M.Ainsworth organized a strange situation

Strange situation— consists of a sequence of events involving a child and his mother

During the procedure, the mother and the infant are first left alone, while the infant explores the room full of toys. Then a stranger enters the room and , after which the mother leaves. The mother returns and the stranger leaves. The mother once again leaves the room and the stranger returns. Finally, the stranger leaves, and the mother return

Assessing Attachment

During the entire session a video camera records the child behavior. On the basis of their attachments, the children are categorized into four groups

1. Securely attached children

2. Avoidant children

3. Ambivalent children

4. Disorganized children

http://www.saylor.org/books/

Father’s Role • Although Early developmental researches focused on

mother-child relationship, more recent research has highlighted the father-child relationship

• Almost 13% of the families in which father stays at home for child care. The behavioral difference between father-child relationship and mother-child relationship is father engage in more physical , rough and tumble sorts of activities ,whereas mother plays more traditional and verbal games.

• Nature of attachment can be similar

Social relationship with peers

• By the time pass, children become less dependent on their parents, more self reliant and prefer to play with friends

• Through play they learn to take the perspective of other people and to infer others thoughts and feeling even when those thoughts and feelings are not directly expressed

• Children learn physical and emotional self control. For example avoid to hitting a playmate who beat them in game

Consequences of child care outside the homeDo child care arrangement outside the home benefit children

development?

if the program of high quality, they can. Children who attend High-quality child care centers may not only do as well as children who stay at home with their parents. but in some respects they may do actually better

Especially it is beneficial for children who belongs to poor family . In enriched environment —many toys, books, variety of children, high quality providers —often proves to be more better than home environment

Consequences of child care outside the home However child care outside the home does not

have universally positive outcomes because if they went poor quality child care center they loose their confidence and feel insecure

In short, high quality child care produce benefits and low quality child care provides little and may even hinder children’s development

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Parenting style and social development According to classic research by developmental psychologist Diana

Baumrind, four main categorize describe different parenting styles:

1. Authoritarian parents➢ Parents who are rigid and punitive and value unquestioning

obedience from their children

➢ They have strict rules and expectations

➢ Utilize punishments with little or no explanation

➢ Don’t give choices or options to children

2. Permissive parents

➢ Parents who give their children relaxed or inconsistent

direction and, although they are warm, required little of them

➢ Permissive parents are more responsive

➢ They are loving towards their kids

➢ Often seen like a friend, rather a parent

Parenting style and social development

Parenting style and social development 3. Authoritative Parents➢ Parents who are firm, set clear limits, reason with their

children and explain things to them

➢ These parents closely interact with their children while

maintaining high expectations for behavior and as well as their

performance

➢ Encourage children to discuss options

➢ Listen to their children

Parenting style and social development4. Uninvolved parents➢ Parents who show little interest in their children and are

emotionally detached

➢ Show little love towards their children

➢ Have few or no expectations for behavior

➢ Don’t attend school events and parent-teacher conference

Erikson theory of psychosocial development

➢ Four stages of Psychosocial Development are following:

1. Trust-versus-mistrust stage

2. Autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage

3. Initiative-versus-guilt stage

4. Industry-versus-inferiority stage

Erikson theory of psychosocial development

1. Trust-versus-mistrust stage➢ According to Erikson, the first stage of psychosocial

development occurring from birth to age 1.5 years, during

which time infants develop feelings of trust or lack of trust

2. Autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt

➢ According to Erikson, the period during which toddlers (ages

1.5 to 3 years) develop independence freedom are encouraged

or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and

overprotected

Erikson theory of psychosocial development

3. Initiative-versus-guilt stage➢ According to Erikson, the period during which children ages 3

to 6 years experience conflict between independence of action

and the sometimes negative result of that action

4. Industry-versus-inferiority stage

➢ According to Erikson, the last stage of childhood during which

children age 6 to 12 years may develop positive social

interactions with others or may feel inadequate and become

less sociable

Piaget’s theory of development

➢ No theory of cognitive development has had more impact than

that of Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget

➢ Piaget (1970) suggested that children around the world

proceed through a series of four stages in a fixed order

➢ Piaget proposed four stages:

1. Sensorimotor stage

2. Preoperational stage

Cognitive theory of development3. Concrete operational stage

4. Formal operational stage

5. Sensorimotor stage➢ According to Piaget’s the stage from birth to 2 years, during

which a child has little competence in representing the

environment by using images, languages or other symbols

a. Object permanence ➢ The awareness that objects and people continue to exist if they

are out of sight

Cognitive theory of development2. Preoperational stage➢ According to Piaget’s the period from 2 to 7 year of age that is

characterized by language development

a. Egocentric thought➢ A way of thinking in which a child views the world entirely

from his or her own perspective

b. Principle of conservation ➢ The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement

and physical appearance of object

Cognitive theory of development

3. Concrete operational stage➢ According to Piaget, the period from 7 to 12 years of age that

is characterized by logic thoughts and a loss of egocentrism

4. Formal operational stage➢ According to Piaget, the period from age 12 to adulthood that

is characterized by abstract thought

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George Herbert MeadSocial Self

The part of an individual’s personality composed of self-awareness and self-image

1. Self is not there at birth it develops from social interaction

2. Social experience is the exchange of symbols3. Understanding intention requires imagining the

situation from the other’s point of view4. By taking the role of the other, we become self-

aware

Looking Glass Self

Charles Horton Cooley (1902):• A self-image based on how we think others see

us.1. We imagine how others see us.2. We imagine the judgments others make about

us.3. We create our self-image according to the

comments of others.

The “I” and the “Me”

George Herbert Mead:• The self has two parts.– Active side of the self is “I”– Objective side of the self is “Me”Me : socialized aspects of individualI : response to the “me”

Development of Self

• Imitation– Infants mimic behavior without understanding intentions.

• Play– Taking the roles of significant others

• Games– Taking the roles of several others at once

• Generalized other– Widespread cultural norms and values we use as a

reference in evaluating ourselves

Fig. Building on Social ExperienceGeorge Herbert Mead described the development of the self as a process of gaining social experience. That

is, the self develops as we expand our capacity to take the role of the other.

Importance of Self Development

• It makes you understand yourself better• It helps you to find your life’s purpose• It assists you in creating your goals• It makes you more motivated• It creates greater resilience• It guides you in managing your time effectively• It enhances your ability to handle stress• It teaches you to build better relationships• It allows you to live a balanced lifestyle