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Early European Exploration. The BIG Ideas… Why did the Iberians (Portuguese and Spanish nations on the Iberian Peninsula) begin exploring the Atlantic and Indian Oceans in the 1400s? What were the consequences of this exploration?. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Early European Exploration
The BIG Ideas…Why did the Iberians (Portuguese and Spanish nations on the Iberian Peninsula)
begin exploring the Atlantic and Indian Oceans in the 1400s?
What were the consequences of this exploration?
Reasons for European Exploration (especially by Spain and Portugal)
1. 1257/1492 C.E.Reconquista
Years that Muslims were defeated in Portugal and Spain
Wars create a sense of national identityNew Monarchs consolidated power and the
desire to convert people to Christianity was strong
2. Declining TradeAsian/North African cities were hit hard by
Plague – Trade routes disrupted
Luxury goods were scarce & expensive…a perfect time to make $$$ through trade!
Black Plague Buboe
3. Collapse of Pax MongolicaSilk Roads unsafe, so trade slows downDesire for Indian cotton, E. African gold, S.E.
Asian Spices, Chinese silks & porcelain remained strong
4. Fall of Constantinople1453 C.E.,
Ottoman Empire defeats the Byzantine Empire
Muslims in total control of trade routes
cuts off access to Slavs (slaves = cheap labor) from the Balkans
Jacked up prices on luxury goods
What Made European Exploration Possible?Improvements in maritime
and military technologies Compass, caravel ship,
astrolabe and sextant, gunpowder
Revival of urban life & tradeDesire for trade to acquire
Asian Luxury Products
Governments in Europe were willing to sponsor exploration with financial backing, in the hopes of making money
Portuguese ExplorationGeographically it was natural
to explore routes in the Atlantic Ocean
Henry the Navigator = opened a School of NavigationRepresents government support
of exploration to seek tradeStudy of navigation and
cartography (mapmaking) Improvements on magnetic
compass and astrolabeCreation of the caravel ship
1st Action of Portugal = Attack on Ceuta ( a rich North African city) in 1415
Interest in gold and slaves
Portuguese Exploration Portugal’s Goal = Go AROUND Africa to reach Asia As they moved down the Africa coast…
Portugal LEASED a West African trade port from Songhai and traded peacefully for gold, ivory, pepperWere NOT strong enough to dominate – had to pay for trading rightsExchanged guns, cannons, metal goods for African goldThey took over some tropical islands, where they began to grow sugar
1497-1498: Vasco da Gama sailed around Africa and reached India – he traded at the IOMS port of Calicut for spices (mostly pepper).
- This wide swing around West Africa to catch the current led to the discovery of South America (Brazil) in 1500
Changes in IOMS TradeBefore = no central control.Traders operated independently of governmentsPortuguese introduced use of organized gov’t
military force to the system Governments invested in the success of trading
operationsSugar was produced by slaves off the coast of
Europe/West Africa – slave trade from W. Africa picks up
A new “Atlantic System” of trade develops
Portuguese possessions at their height
Red = actual ownershipPink = areas of influenceBlue = area of first European Exploration
LESSON: EUROPEANS GAINED SMALL COASTAL ENCLAVES in the IOMS– THAT’S IT!
Spanish ExplorationSpain was worried about Portuguese successes
gaining trade through a route around Africa Spain’s monarchs purposefully sponsored
voyages by Christopher ColumbusThe Goal was NOT to find a “New World” or to
explore without purpose. The Goal was to get to Asia by going around the other wide of the globe.
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): Spain and Portugal drew an imaginary line down the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean – splitting the world’s territory in ½ between themselves. LOL (See “hubris” in the dictionary)
Spanish ConquestsChristopher Columbus’s discovery of the Caribbean allows Spain to being growing sugar
Spain also sent “conquistadors” to create colonies in the Americas
Aztecs – conquered in 1519Incas – conquered in 1532Mostly, diseases like smallpox helped the
small, weak government of Spain conquer these huge empires of millions of people
The Atlantic Trade SystemAfter Portugal and Spain’s explorations,
Europe FINALLY HAS A TRADING SYSTEM THEY CAN PARTICIPATE IN! WOOHOOOO!
Other European nations like the Netherlands, England, and France soon get in on the game.
Trade Develops/Atlantic Slave Trade Begins
West African Kingdoms = Empire BuildingKongo, Benin, AshantiW. African Empires begin using male POWs from
African wars to sell to European in the Atlantic System.
Europeans traded guns for slavesSlave trade was controlled by Africans at firstAfter about 100 years, slaves were the #1 export.
This disrupted population patterns, b/c so many men were taken into slavery.