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CHAPTER 7: Design Focus Designing an Intelligent

Building: Responsive Smart Environments

This chapter aims to discuss the various applications of building and

design innovations intended for the architecture of the project proponent. The

focus aims at creating an intelligent building by incorporating responsive

smart environments with the use of new innovative building technologies.

These technologies are called smart materials and would be on a micro scale

handled by a single IP network for efficient distribution of tasks carefully

responding to specific user needs within various building environments which

would then create an overall intelligent building. Each corresponding building

technology will be discussed in detail to address its applicability to the overall

building design.

7.1 Intelligent Building

An intelligent building is the integration of technology, building, and

energy management systems. An intelligent building takes a number of

building systems and brings them together to reduce energy consumption and

make the building as efficient as possible. It mainly consists of smart

technologies or smart materials to respond to various needs of the building

and integrating building automation into the design for it to run efficiently given

time, temperature and other various factors that may affect the building

environment. Intelligent buildings usually have one main control system which

governs all other aspects of the building such as safety, security, accessibility,

lighting, energy management, round the clock monitoring, HVAC systems,


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and communications for a more efficient response of the smart technology to

these building aspects rather than the traditional multi-control environments,

an intelligent building will have one central hub and a back-up hub just in case

of emergencies. Overall an intelligent building is made up of different smart

technologies which operate within the building infrastructure.

Characteristics of an Intelligent Building:

Integrate disparate building systems so they can be controlled by a

centralized common user interface.

Use a shared network for all building-system communications.

Are high-performance buildings that provide significant benefits to

building owners, property/facility management professionals, and end-

users.

Maximize building performance and efficiency by integrating building

systems such as lighting, HVAC, safety, power management, security

(access control, video surveillance, and visitor management), etc.

Use technology and strategies that add long-term, sustainable value to

the property.


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7.1.1 Benefits and Capabilities of an Intelligent Building

Tenant Attraction and Retention - A significant benefit to the building

owner is the expectation that intelligent buildings will get above-market

rents, have lower vacancy rates, and reduce turnover.

Lower Operating Costs - Because integrated buildings are also efficient

buildings, operating costs are significantly lower. More accurate

monitoring and control of energy-intensive systems like HVAC and

lighting help keep costs in check.

Diverse Energy Flow New intelligent buildings due to demand in

building automation makes use of more energy hence to create a

stable system, building power generators are made being part of the


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building itself also giving it multi-uses for the building. Such energy

sources may come from solar cell films tinted on windows to maximize

energy gain during daytime and or other systems that lower energy

consumption such as passive geothermal heating and cooling systems

for intelligent buildings.

Energy Metering - This is an area where intelligent buildings show its

innovative side when it comes to utilities. Integrated systems can track

and automatically invoice tenants for their energy use. Intelligent-

building systems enable energy sub-metering, and tenants are re-billed

for the precise amount of energy they use - all without the need for the

power company to install and monitor individual meters.

Fast and Effective Service - Intelligent building technologies give

building management professionals the tools they need to better serve

tenants, occupants, and users. Accessing building systems via the

internet makes it easier for facilities professionals to answer questions

and monitor building performance off-site. Problems are identified early

and solved immediately.

Tenants Can File Work Orders On An Online Network An intelligent

building uses its building-owned wired and wireless network to better

service tenants. Engineers carry web tablets and pocket PCs to

eliminate much of the paperwork typically associated with work orders,

and to accelerate their response time.

Simplified Property Management In an intelligent building,

maintenance crews don't take pressure readings or adjust valves by

hand. Adjustments are made from the network operations center with a


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few simple keystrokes. The result is a leaner facility management

operation.

Life-Safety Enhancements During Fires - A fire situation is perhaps the

most commonly cited example of how integrated systems are

beneficial. The alarms sound and other building systems begin to react:

Exhaust dampers open, the IP paging and intercom system issues

instructions to occupants, the access-control system unlocks doors for

evacuation, and CCTV cameras provide emergency responders with a

view of the fire.

Life-Safety Enhancements During Earthquakes - An earthquake sensor

or signal from the national geological service can be connected with

building systems for facilities in seismic zones. In the event of an

earthquake, an integrated building can automatically shut off gas lines,

shut down computers, and automatically notify occupants of the

earthquake.

Security Becomes Mobile - Wireless surveillance cameras and a web-

enabled security system inside an intelligent building would allow

guards to view live video from a laptop or handheld devices.

Anticipation of Future Technology - While no one can foresee where

the future of technology is going, experts predict that a building with an

IP backbone will be ready to support almost anything that comes onto

the market. And, with tenant needs changing, it's important to have a

building flexible enough to adapt quickly. In an intelligent building,

adding services for a tenant is simple assuming that a space is already


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built out; a tenant can move into the building and have voice, data, and

communication systems up and running almost immediately.

Additional Revenue - Intelligent buildings can offer tenants wired and

wireless high-speed Internet, and other communications services that

will maximize the building's revenue per square foot.

Single Point of Contact for Requests - Since the technology and

systems engineering department at Ave Maria University handles both

IT and facility-related services, students and faculty aren't confused

about who addresses their problems.

Environmentally Friendly - Careful measurement and monitoring of

energy use for the purpose of reducing consumption is a hallmark of

green and intelligent buildings. While it's possible to have a green

building that isn't intelligent because of the efficiencies that smart

technologies provide, all intelligent buildings are some shade of green.

7.2.1 Smart Materials in an Intelligent Building

Smart materials are those objects that sense environmental events,

process that sensory information, and then act on the environment.

Fundamental characteristics, which distinguish Smart materials from most

traditional materials that use in architecture, are transiency, selectivity,

immediacy, self-actuation and directness. Smart materials are materials that

receive, transmit, or process a stimulus and respond by producing a useful

effect that may include a signal that the materials are acting upon it. The

effects can manifest themselves by a color change, a volume change, a


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change in the distribution of stresses and strains, or a change in index of

refraction. This ability to producing a useful effect to respond the stimuli has

rendered smart materials a considerable materials to the architectural design

since buildings are always confronted with changing conditions.

7.2.2 Types of Smart Materials

Type 1: Smart materials that undergo changes in one or more of their

properties whether chemical, mechanical, electrical, magnetic or thermal in

direct response to a change in the external stimuli associated with the

environment surrounding the material. Changes are direct and reversible

there is no need for an external control system to cause these changes to

occur.

Thermochromic an input of thermal change mainly heat would

change the molecular composition of the material thereby creating a

different color change and likewise different composition output in

response to the stimulus the material was exposed to.

Magnetorheological the application of a magnetic field (or for

electrorheological an electrical field) causes a change in micro-

structural orientation, resulting in a change in viscosity of the fluid.

Thermotropic an input of thermal energy (or radiation for a

phototropic, electricity for electrotropic and so on) to the material alters

its micro-structure through a phase change. In a different phase, most

materials demonstrate different properties, including conductivity,

transmissivity, volu-metric expansion, and solubility.


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Shape memory an input of thermal energy (which can also be

produced through resistance to an electrical current) alters the

microstructure through a crystalline phase change. This change

enables multiple shapes in relationship to the environmental stimulus.

Type 2: Smart materials that are comprised of those that transform energy

from one form to an output energy in another form, and again do so directly

and reversibly. Thus, an electro-restrictive material transforms electrical

energy into elastic mechanical energy which in turn results in a physical

shape change. Changes are again direct and reversible.

Photovoltaican input of radiation energy from the visible spectrum (or

the infrared spectrum for a thermo-photo-voltaic) produces an electrical

current (the term voltaic refers more to the material which must be able

to provide the voltage potential to sustain the current).

Thermoelectric an input of electrical current creates a temperature

differential on opposite sides of the material. This temperature

differential produces a heat engine, essentially a heat pump, allowing

thermal energy to be transferred from one junction to the other.

Piezoelectrican input of elastic energy (strain) produces an electrical

current. Most piezoelectrics are bi-directional in that the inputs can be

switched and an applied electrical current will produce a deformation

(strain).

Photoluminescent an input of radiation energy from the ultraviolet

spectrum (or electrical energy for an electro-luminescent, chemical


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reaction for a chemoluminescent) is converted to an output of radiation

energy in the visible spectrum.

Electrostrictive the application of a current (or a magnetic field for a

magnetostrictive) alters the inter-atomic distance through polarization.

A change in this distance changes the energy of the molecule, which in

this case produces elastic energy strain. This strain deforms or

changes the shape of the material.

7.3 Design Focus: Intelligent Building Design via Integrating Smart

Materials for a Responsive Environment

The use of new materials and the application of renewable energies

are considered as the most significant innovations in the building industry over

the last few years. The growing desire for comfort and functionality

simultaneously with the limited availability of resources and increasing energy

costs provide the basis for intelligent building control in modern constructions.

The combination of a responsive environment and smart materials make up

an intelligent building making it perform more efficiently than any other

conventional buildings.

7.3.1 Responsive Environment: Building Automation and Control

A building automation and control system interconnects all the

components in the electrical installation to form a networked system and thus

guarantees the transparency and utilization of information across the

installation. In this system, all users communicate via a single bus cable.

Thus it is possible to integrate all the different functional subsystems within


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the building into a seamless solution. Automation in buildings aims to combine

individual room functions with one another and to simplify the implementation

of individual customer preferences. This will be the core that controls most

architectural considerations within the built environment and moreover this

management feature will react according to changes in the building along with

other smart materials that would complement this feature.

Automation Features:

LightingLighting control and regulation.

Climate ControlHeating, air-conditioning systems and ventilation.

Sun Protection Shutter, electric phase change control for light and

heat control.

SecuritySecurity surveillance, access control.

Energy Management Energy and harvesting and consumption

management.

OperationDisplay, operation, monitoring and maintenance.

AutomationCentral automation and remote control technology.

CommunicationRemote access and communication gateways.


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Fig.1 The conventional solution: Many separate cables, separate functionality,

little flexibility.

Fig.2 Building Automation and Control System: a system, a standard, many

interoperable functions for maximum flexibility

7.3.1.1 Technical Specifications

The KNX bus system, all sensors (e.g. buttons or motion detectors) are

interconnected to the actuators (e.g. dimming actuators, roller shutter

actuators) via a data cable as opposed to directly wired switches and

consumers (conventional installation). The actuators control the power circuit

to the consumer. Communication for all devices is implemented using data

telegrams on the same bus cable. The sensors send commands, actuators

listen in and execute a defined function as soon as they are addressed.

The communication mediumthe KNX cable

In simple terms, the KNX bus consists of a pair of twisted-pair wires about 2 x

2 x 0.8 that connect the KNX devices. Over this cable, data telegrams are


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transmitted, and the electronics of the bus devices are supplied with energy.

The KNX system can also be extended over IP-Network.

The KNX structure

The KNX structure created is very flexible in its design due to the possible

connection of the devices: linear, tree and star wiring configurations are

allowed.

Sensors Sensors are responsible for detecting stimulus or changes

within the built environment and registering it into the management

system.

ActuatorsActuators are responsible for acting upon the changes that

occur and correspondingly responding to the needs of the users via the

management system.

Fig.1 Integration of all Functions


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7.3.1.2 Building Applications

7.3.1.2.1 Lighting

KNX ensures optimum lighting of industrial and office buildings as well as

private dwellings. The lighting requirement is monitored and controlled. In

addition, subsystems (such as for example 1 10 V lighting control, DALI)

and their interfaces are supported.

KNX is used in the following applications:

Switching

Dimming

Constant Lighting Control

Ambience Preference

Automatic Lighting

Lighting Scenes

1-10V Control

DALI Control (Digital Addressable Lighting Interface)

RGB Control (Color Light Control Red-Green-Blue)

Lighting Control:

1.) Presence Detector

2.) Light Sensor

3.) Lights

4.) Touch display


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7.3.1.2.2 Climate Control

KNX intelligent building control integrates the heating, air-conditioning and

ventilation to a coherent and efficient climate control. Measured temperature

values in the rooms are recorded and supplied to the heating and climate

control to generate the optimum temperature and air quality.


Individual Room Temperature Control

Heating

Air-Conditioning

Ventilation

Fan-Coil Control

Window Monitoring

Climate Control:

1.) Fan Coil Unit

2.) Window Contact


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3.) Valve Drive

4.) Radiator

5.) Room Thermostat

7.3.1.2.3 Sun Protection

Sensor controlled roller shutters, windows and blinds with sun position

controlled louvers allow for optimal lighting conditions and contribute to an

improved climate control in the room.


Roller shutter and window control

Blind control with louver adjustment

Sun shading control

Light regulation

Heat regulation

Curtain roller blind control

SMI interfaces (Standard Motor Interface)


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Blind Control Module:

1.) Presence detector

2.) Blind

3.) Manual blind control

7.3.1.2.4 Security and Safety

The combination of security technology components (e.g. smoke detectors,

window contacts) and the KNX devices (Security Terminals and Security

Module) provide optimum building monitoring and warning against

unauthorized entry. Furthermore, emergency call stations allow immediate

notification if help is required. Technical detection alarms (water, smoke, gas)

can also be integrated. Extended functions are realized in this way and serve

the room comfort as well as the safety and security of people and the

buildings they are in.


Personal and building protection

Door and window monitoring


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Fire and smoke alarms

Signaling of danger and unauthorized entry

Technical alarms

Emergency signals

Occupancy simulation

Panic lighting

Building Surveillance:

1.) Smoke detector

2.) Motion detector

3.) Window contacts

4.) Touch display

5.) Security lock

7.3.1.2.5 Energy Management

KNX is designed to reduce building operating costs and to employ the

required energy according to demand and as economically as possible. The


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diverse control and interface solutions of the KNX intelligent building control

system are particularly suited to this task.


Recording of consumption and metering functions

Demand controlled lighting

Energy-saving climate control

Harvesting of energy from various sources

Regulating energy consumption

Optimized use of energy

Diverse energy supply

Indirect energy savings

Energy Management:

1.) Visualization

2.) Energy consumption meter with meter interface

3.) Binary input

4.) Water meter


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7.3.1.2.6 Automation

Central access features are a necessary part of purpose-built buildings due to

the diverse control tasks as well as regular maintenance that is carried out. It

is useful to centrally manage consumers and operating functions and flexibly

adapt the building utilization. Consumption data can be read out for billing and

documentation purposes.


Central automation

Building management

Remote control systems and maintenance

Operating data logging

Data recording

Logic and timer functions

Fault processing

Monitoring and security

Interface solutions


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7.3.1.2.7 Communication

KNX provides interfaces to higher and lower level systems and thus enables

remote maintenance and operation via gateways and routers.


IP interconnection

Connection via telephone gateways

Control via remote desktops

Infra-red remote control

Implementation of scene functions

Audio / video functions

Interfaces to the OPC servers

7.3.1.2.8 Operation

Clear representation of the control processes in a building is a prerequisite for

comfortable and safe operation. States are visualized with the versatile


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control, signaling and operating devices. User entries are made using buttons,

on the touch panel or on a computer.


Display

Visualization

Operation

Signaling

Reporting

7.3.2 Integrated Smart Materials

The use of new materials and the application of renewable energies are

considered as the most significant innovations in the building industry over the

last few years. The growing desire for comfort and functionality

simultaneously with the limited availability of resources and increasing energy

costs provide the basis for intelligent building responses in modern

constructions.


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7.3.2.1 ReRev

Retrofits cardio equipment to reroute the energy that is being emitted as a

heat by-product. Instead of the equipment raising temperatures inside the

facility, causing the air conditioning units to work harder, the energy is

delivered to a central processing unit which converts the human power to

utility grade electricity. Each retrofit has a controller box which feeds back

through a processor and into a central-grid tied inverter, tapping directly into

the buildings electrical system -- creating free electricity with no maintenance

required.

An elliptical machine in regular use at a gym using ReRev technology will

generate one kilowatt-hour of electricity every two days. Thats the same

energy it takes to power a laptop for 24 hours or use a vacuum cleaner for 45

minutes!

7.3.4.1.1 Technical Data

The ReCardio system retrofits standard exercise equipment to capture energy

from the machine and send voltage directly back to the utility grid. Each

retrofitted machine has a controller box that feeds into the central ReCardio

processor and finally into an inverter that taps directly into the building's

electrical system. Any elliptical machine could create up to 300 watt-hours of

energy after a retrofitting that costs approximately $300 per machine (the cost

would decrease with big orders, and additionally would be offset by big tax

credits). At one dollar per watt-hour, that makes the system significantly


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cheaper than solar power, which can cost $10/watt-hour. For a given

machine, about 100 watts are generated for an average hour of usage

(depending on the specific machine and intensity). Ten hours of usage

creates enough power to charge your cell phone

397 times, or the equivalent of the battery of a

2004 Prius.

A solid candidate for harvesting electricity due to

its electronics and popularity is the Precor

Elliptical Trainer like the one shown to the

left. These machines have a power resistor in the

back and bleed off excess energy in the form of

heat through that resistor. ReRev removes the

resistor and puts their innovative circuitry in its

place. This facilitates the reclamation of fitness energy and also removes heat

that is typically dissipated by the resistor.

7.3.4.1.2 Application

Current installations are focused on elliptical, which Harr calls "low-lying fruit."

Because of their gear ratios and small amount of moving mass they offer the

best output, but ReRev.com also retrofits bikes, rowers, treadmills, and stair

climbers. While the technology is technically feasible for home use, Harr says,

for now a cluster of 10-15 machines is necessary to justify the required

infrastructure.


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If the machines run while not attached to the system, the excess energy

produced is burned off in the form of heat that requires air conditioning

systems to work overtime. Harr believes the financial advantages of

eliminating this are equally impressive, but has yet to crunch any numbers.

The power created by the machines is more consistent than solar or wind

power. While a cloudy day will limit what a set of panels can provide, gym rats

are nothing if not predictable.

HUMAN ENERGY

Kinetic energy from your

workout is converted to

DC (Direct Current) and

sent to the ReRev

System.

CURRENT CONVERTS

ReRev converts the DC

current into AC (Alternating

Current), the form of

electricity used by homes

and businesses.

RENEWABLE

ENERGY

The electricity

can then

be used to

power the

building.


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7.3.2.2 ASB GlassFloor

The ASB GlassFloor comes from Squash where All-Glass-Courts have

been used since 2006. Originally designed for the sport of squash where

portable All-Glass-Courts are erected in all types of locations, like city centers,

in front of the pyramids or in shopping centers. The floor is suitable for indoor

and outdoor use.

The one way translucence of the floor allows a whole new range of

possibilities. LED lines or screens can be seen through the floor but when but

when not illuminated, they are invisible. The floor is very long lasting and

sustainable.

Made from layers of toughened glass coated in an ultra-strong anti-skid

laminate, the smart floor lights up with different court markings at the touch of

a button.

A spokesperson for the company said: 'The floor is slightly sprung, which feels

great to walk on, and it even can be heated and lit from below. 'The floor can

even be used inside homes, as an alternative to traditional flooring methods,'

it claims.


Different lines for the following sports can be chosen: Tennis, handball,

volleyball, basketball and badminton.

Design: Aluminum support frame, fixed elastically on 2,830 supports which

are 17cm high.


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2. Not acted by humidity and heat.

3. Panels can easily be taken out and re-installed.

4. Athletes are full of enthusiasm about the unique elasticity/resilience.

5. The ceramic dots provide best slip resistance without any risk of injury

the ceramic dots are durable and resistant to wear and tear German

Workmanship. Size and density can be produced to our customers

requirements.

6. The etching of the surface prevents reflections of light etc. on the floors

surface.

7. Revolutionary advertising opportunities with full color prints from

underneath, which can be exchanged at any time. Very impressive with LED

lighting (i.e. illuminated logos or advertising). Also LED large LED screens are

possible. The floor can be enhanced through unique advertising opportunities.

8. Lines can be switched on individually, which is not possible with usual

sports floors. This prevents the possibility to carry out some individual

tournaments for many clubs so far.

9. This floors offers also the possibility to carry out parties and events. Neither

shoe marks, nor liquids nor the glowing end of cigarettes, nor any seating or

stages cause any problem for the glass floor.

10. Any color of the floor is possible.

11. The floor can be used outdoorsit is not harmed by rain, sun etc.


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12. LED marking lines are clearly visible with any source of illumination, also

under direct sun light

13. Easiest cleaning and maintenance of the floor. No experts required.

Around 50% less cleaning time and effort required under regular usage.

14. Reliable after Sales Service by ASB, a company that has been on the

market for more than 40 years and is known for quality and reliability Quality

and the best service have brought us to where we are.

15. The floor meets all required standards for sports floors, including EN 14

904:2006

16. The EN 14 904:2006 standard is the standard required by most

professionals associations.

17. The floor is visually attractive and offers futuristic and professional style.

The floor is stunning!

18. Possibility to carry out sports in the dark with UV illumination and neon

colors.

19. The GlassFloor can be used with roller skates and similar sports

equipment.

20. Sharp/pointed objects cannot harm the floor, as this list the case with PVC

or wooden floors.

21. 95% of the glass floor are recyclable. Due to its durability the floor is a

very sustainable and cost effective investment.


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Even if the ASB GlassFloor has been primarily designed for sports events, it

can be used for many further fields of application. It can be produced as huge,

homogeneous surface in a wide variety of colors, as the laminated security

glass is produced with a colored PVB foil between the glass layers. The LEDs

in the substructure can be chosen in any color. So the glass floor is suitable

for the use in many different areas, like e.g. event venues. With the ASB

GlassFloor the different functional areas can be elegantly designed. The LED

lines or differently colored glass panels can also be used to indicate escape

ways.

The sprung characteristics can also be used for discotheques, clubs etc.

where the floors elasticity cushions the knees and ankles of the dancers. VJs

will find completely new possibilities in these rooms, by integrating the floor

LEDs under the dancers in their video show.

Reception areas in prestigious buildings can show many different info with the


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respective LED netssuch as pictures and also videos. Logos projected from

underneath, changing artworks, simulation of different floor coverings,

symbols, architectural motifs, accessible artworks in museumsthere are no

limits to any ideas.

Fig.1 Diagram of installing an ASB GlassFloor

7.3.2.3 UrbanTiles

Zero-energy, flexible light displays that project the city of tomorrow as

being an array of buildings with a constantly changing, customizable display

arena, UrbanTiles is a concept created by Israeli industrial designer, Meidad

Marzan, for his graduation project at the Bezalel Academy of Art and Design.

The concept involves the use of a matrix of dual-sided linking tiles that wraps

around the exterior of a building. These reversible tiles would have organic

photovoltaic cells on one side to collect energy during the day, and OLED

(organic light emitting diodes) lighting panels on the other side to emit the

harvested energy at night.


Urban tiles combines photovoltaic and OLED technology in a unit that serves

to harness solar energy, provide lighting, function as an entertainment screen,

and create exterior light displays.

These are assembled together into rows, creating a kind of technological

system of window blinds. The system offers almost zero net consumption, as


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the light captured by the solar panels are used to power the already low-

energy OLEDs. in a programmable interface that Marzan hopes one day may

be intuitively controlled via touchscreen, an electric motor permits each panel

to be rotated on its axis so that the solar cell may be turned outwards and at

specific angles during the day to harvest energy and/or permit the entry of

natural light.

By night, the OLED screens can be used indoors for lighting, faced outdoors

to create building-scale display patterns, or utilized as a single collective

screen for media playback.

Fig. 1 Technical construction of each UrbanTiles units


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Fig. 2 Interior Installation as Lighting Fixture Fig. Conceptual installation on

a skyscraper

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