EFFORT AND POLICY OF GOVERMENT INDONESIAFOR REDUCTION BY-CATCH

Ir. Endroyono, SE, MM

Presented on: Coral Triangle Fishers Forum (CTFF)Sanur Paradise Plaza Hotel – Bali, 15 June 2010

CONTENT

1. BY-CATCH DEFINITIONS2. BY-CATH ISSUE3. GOVERNMENT EFFORTS

AND POLICIES4. STRATEGY

BY-CATCH DEFINITIONS 11

BY-CATCH DEFINITIONS :

All animal not main target catch and other material catch in fishing operation or anything non target of fishermen such as turtle, crabs, sharks, rays, corals, seaweeds and garbage from seabed. Sometime define to incident catch.

All animal not main target catch and other material catch in fishing operation or anything non target of fishermen such as turtle, crabs, sharks, rays, corals, seaweeds and garbage from seabed. Sometime define to incident catch.

Steve Eayrs

“By-catch” Anything that a fisher does not intend to catch, including juveniles of commercially-valuable species and biologically-important species.“Discards”: the part of the by-catch that is returned to the sea, either dead or alive.

“By-catch” Anything that a fisher does not intend to catch, including juveniles of commercially-valuable species and biologically-important species.“Discards”: the part of the by-catch that is returned to the sea, either dead or alive.

FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 339

Beberapa Pengertian BY-CATCH :Target Catch The catch of a species or species assemblage which is primarily sought in a

fishery, such as shrimp, flounders, cods.By-catch Discarded catch plus incidental catch.Discarded Catch That portion of the catch returned to the sea as a result

of economic, legal, or personal considerations.

Incidental Catch -- Retained catch of non-targeted speciesIncidental Catch Rate -- The Proportion of total catch which is incidental catch.Discard Rate -- The proportion of total catch which is discarded. Rates may be computed for

individual species or combined groups of species (Units of Measure--UM: kg/mt, numbers/mt, numbers/number, etc).

Discard Mortality Rate -- The proportion of the discarded catch that dies as a result of catching or handling processes.

Discard Mortality -- Discard mortality rate multiplied by discarded catch.Prohibited species -- Any species which must, by law, be returned to the sea.Unobserved Fishing Mortality -- Mortality imposed on a species by the encounter with fishing

gear that does not result in capture.High-Grading -- The discard of a marketable species in order to retain the same species at a

larger size and price. The discard of a marketable species in order to retain another species of higher value. The retention of only those species or individuals within a species complex having the greatest market value; less valuable species or individuals are discarded.

Target Catch The catch of a species or species assemblage which is primarily sought in a fishery, such as shrimp, flounders, cods.

By-catch Discarded catch plus incidental catch.Discarded Catch That portion of the catch returned to the sea as a result

of economic, legal, or personal considerations.

Incidental Catch -- Retained catch of non-targeted speciesIncidental Catch Rate -- The Proportion of total catch which is incidental catch.Discard Rate -- The proportion of total catch which is discarded. Rates may be computed for

individual species or combined groups of species (Units of Measure--UM: kg/mt, numbers/mt, numbers/number, etc).

Discard Mortality Rate -- The proportion of the discarded catch that dies as a result of catching or handling processes.

Discard Mortality -- Discard mortality rate multiplied by discarded catch.Prohibited species -- Any species which must, by law, be returned to the sea.Unobserved Fishing Mortality -- Mortality imposed on a species by the encounter with fishing

gear that does not result in capture.High-Grading -- The discard of a marketable species in order to retain the same species at a

larger size and price. The discard of a marketable species in order to retain another species of higher value. The retention of only those species or individuals within a species complex having the greatest market value; less valuable species or individuals are discarded.

Operational Definitions

Beberapa Pengertian BY-CATCH :Individuals Discard Quota (IDO) -- A quantity of prohibited species which is initially apportioned amongst individuals or groups of individuals to allow effective harvest of non-prohibited species. The IDQ may or may not be traded/sold within this group or between this group and other groups.Discard Quota -- An amount of a prohibited species allowed to be caught by a particular gear type before constraining a fishery. It may be the sum of all IDQs if such a system were in place.Discard Mortality Quota -- The discard quota multiplied by the discard mortality rate.It should be noted that the definitions adopted for bycatch and discards are consistent with those used by Saila (1983). To the above list the authors have added the following operational definitions for terms used in this paper:Discard ratio -- The ratio of discard to actual retained catch (e.g., discard/retained catch frequency given as a percentage).Unobserved fishery mortality -- Death resulting from fishing that cannot be documented from observations of the on-board catch (e.g., deaths resulting from fish passing through webbing, freeing themselves from hooks, ghost fishing,etc.).Black fish -- Non-reported catch.Grey fish -- Catch which is misreported as to area or species

Individuals Discard Quota (IDO) -- A quantity of prohibited species which is initially apportioned amongst individuals or groups of individuals to allow effective harvest of non-prohibited species. The IDQ may or may not be traded/sold within this group or between this group and other groups.Discard Quota -- An amount of a prohibited species allowed to be caught by a particular gear type before constraining a fishery. It may be the sum of all IDQs if such a system were in place.Discard Mortality Quota -- The discard quota multiplied by the discard mortality rate.It should be noted that the definitions adopted for bycatch and discards are consistent with those used by Saila (1983). To the above list the authors have added the following operational definitions for terms used in this paper:Discard ratio -- The ratio of discard to actual retained catch (e.g., discard/retained catch frequency given as a percentage).Unobserved fishery mortality -- Death resulting from fishing that cannot be documented from observations of the on-board catch (e.g., deaths resulting from fish passing through webbing, freeing themselves from hooks, ghost fishing,etc.).Black fish -- Non-reported catch.Grey fish -- Catch which is misreported as to area or species

Operational Definitions

BY-CATCH ISSUE 22

Import Export

DemandHuman food – populations increasing

Aquaculture/livestock feed

Reduced use in aquaculture/livestock feeds

Better utilization

Reduced quantityIncresed price

Incresed fishing

Reduced trawling effortIncrease gear selectivity

Responsible fishing methods

By-catch International Issue

Source: APFIC Regional workshop on Low value and trash fish” in the Asia-Pacific region, 2005

By-catch Issue In Indonesia

1.Major by-catch issue in Indonesia is endangerous species Turtle, sharks & rays.

2. Issue turtle and TED impact for shrimp trawl ban in US market until 2005.

3.For small fisheries All by-catch utilized & sold.4.For industrial scale

by-catch release and discard in the sea cause of limited space of fish hold.

5.Difficulty to instal and operate BRDs (TED) in shrimp trawl fisheries.

GOVERNMENT EFFORTS AND POLICIES 33

Economic fish

Juvenile &Less economic

Incidental catchEndangerous Sp.

Small Scale Utilized Utilized Utilized

Industrial scale Utilized Discard Discard

Regulation

Shrimp trawl President Decree No. 85 Year 1982

Fish trawl Ministry Decree No. 11 Year 2009Cod end > 50 mm

Purse seineMinistry Decree No. 392 Year 1999

Small pelagic bunt > 25 mmLarge pelagic bunt > 75 mm

GillnetMinistry Decree No. 08 Year 2008

Mesh size drift GN > 100 mmMesh size set GN > 200 mm

Long line No regulation

CatchTarget Catch

By-catchGov. Policies

Economic fish

Juvenile &Less economic

Incidental catchEndangerous Sp.

Efforts

Collaboration with FAO (REBYC Project)

& SEAFDEC

Industrial Trawl JTED, Fish Eye & Square Mesh TED

Sorong, Ambon, Sibolga, Tual, Merauke

Small TrawlTED

Makasar strait

Collaboration with WWF and SEAFDEC

Long line Circle hook

Benoa - Bali

CatchTarget Catch

By-catchGov. Efforts

a) Result demonstration TED (Turtle Excluder Device) in Tual used Double Rig Trawl KM. Surya 88 & KM. Surya 8 on 13 June 2004

b) Result demonstration JTED (Juvenile and Trash Excluder Devices) in Sibolga used KM. Sinar Cahaya Baru on 4 October 2004

  TED (%) WITHOUT-TED (%)

By-catch 83.59 86.25Shrimp 16.41 13.75Total 100 100Total Catch (Kg) 148,31 206,87

Using TED reduction target catch

Result from Demonstration

Using JTED release juvenile & small fish

Research and Engineering the Appropriate BRD for Eco-friendly Trawl in Indonesia

Using KM. Laut Arafura (166 GT, 402 HP) milik PT Sinar Abadi Cemerlang

Operation in Arafura Sea (Dolak) on 29 November – 9 December 2007

1) Average Catch (Main Target Shrimp)BRDs With BRD Without Decreasing

Kg Kg %US - TED 1,01 + 0,17 1,50 + 0,21 32,67 Fish Eye 2,10 + 0,51 2,60 + 0,26 19,23 Square Mesh 0,62 + 0,20 1,80 + 0,15 22,50

2) Average Target VS By-catchBRDs Main Target By-catch

Shrimp Utilized Discard

US - TED 4,55 Kg(0,3%)

204,70 Kg(13,34 %)

1325 Kg(86,36 %)

Fish Eye 15,71 Kg(0,69 %)

88,05 Kg(3,38 %)

2184, 45 Kg(95,74 %)

Square Mesh 4,75 Kg(0,15 %)

143,60 Kg(4,42 %)

3100 Kg(95,43%)

Using BRD not significan for catch composition. US –TED not significant for reduction catch. Fish Eye reduction catch 13,63 % and Square Mesh reduction cacth 5,96 %

Result from BRDs Development Study

Fishery Description Kg Discard per Kg LandedTrinidadian Shrimp Trawl 14.71Indonesian Shrimp Trawl 12.01Australian Northern Prawn Trawl 11.10Sri Lankan Shrimp Trawl 10.96Shrimp Trawl 10.30Shrimp Trawl 9.70Brazilian Shrimp Trawl 9.30West Indian Shrimp Trawl 8.52Southeast Shrimp Trawl 8.00Fish Trawl 5.28Shrimp Trawl 4.17Shrimp Trawl 4.10East Indian Shrimp Trawl 3.79Sablefish Pot 3.51Malaysian Shrimp Trawl 3.03Senegalese Shrimp Trawl 2.72Rock Sole Trawl 2.61Cod Trawl 2.21Flatfish Trawl 2.08Dab Trawl 2.01

Top twenty fisheries with the highest recorded discard ratios by weight (discard weight per landed target catch weight).

Source: FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 339.

STRATEGY 44

Existing Name & Scale of Trawl in IndonesiaMALLACCA STRAIT

a. Pukat Apolo X

b. Pukat layang X

c. Mini Trawl X

d. Lampara dasar X

e. Dogol berpalang/ berpapan X

f. Cantrang berpalang/ berpapan X

g. Fish net X

KARIMATA STRAIT AND SOUTH CHINA SEA

a. Pukat Ikan X

b. Pukat Udang X

c. Lampara Dasar X X

d. Dogol berpapan X X

e. Lampara dasar berpapan X

MAKASAR STRAIT AND FLORES SEA, TIWORO STRAIT

a. Lampara dasar (Kaltim) X

b. Katrol/ Rengreng X

c. Mini Trawl X

d. Paddenreng X

e. Dogol berpapan (S. Tiworo) X

f. Dogol berpalang X

SERAM SEA, TOMINI BAY, SULAWESI SEA AND PASIFIK

OCEAN, BINTUNI BAY

a. Pukat Udang X

b. Pukat Ikan X

c. Dogol X

d. Lampara X

HINDIAN OCEAN

a. Pukek Osoh (Padang) X

b. Pukat Ular (Sibolga) X

c. Pukat Ikan (Sibolga) X

d. Lampara Dasar (Sibolga X X

JAVA SEA

a. Arad X

b. Jaring WCW X

c. dogol berpapan (DKI) X

d. cotok X

e. Garuk kerang X

f. Payang Alit (Jatim) X

g. Krakat X

h. Mini Beam Trawl X

i. Arad berpalang X

j. Arad berpapan X

k. Cantrang berpalang X

l. Lampara dasar berpapan X

m. Lampara dasar berpalang X

n. Mini Trawl (Jatim) X

o. Andu (DKI)

ARAFURA, ARU AND BANDA SEA

a. Pukat Udang X

b. Pukat Ikan X

Legends

X Small Scale (<5 GT)

X Industrial Scale (>5 GT)Source: Symposium on Present Status of Trawl in Indonesia Waters, Jakarta April 2005

RESPONSIBLE FISHERIES

BioDiversity

Marine Protected Area

Sustainable Stock

Fisheries REFUGIAfor Fish Life Cycle

Sustainable Fisheries

Eco-Friendly Fishing

Fishing Gear Impact

Decreasing Sea Bed Destruction

Decreasing By -catch & Mammals

Selected Fishing GearBaseline Data Existing Fishing Gear

Selective & Productive Fishing Gear

New Improvement Eco-Friendly Fishing Gear

Strategy for Implementing Eco-friendly Fishing

Oceanography• Bathymetry• Current• Wave, Salinity & • Temperature• Seas bed pattern

Biology Sampling• Weight-Length Ratio• 2nd Maturity• Chlorophyll• Endengerous Species• Bio diversity

Descriptive Evaluation from Logbook & Statistic

• Fishing season• Species dominant• By Catch• Economic species

Consider :• Physic condition• Biology condition

Map of Fishing Zone:

• Fishing Ground• Nursery Ground• Feeding Groung• Spawning Groung• Marine Protected

Area• Coral Reef dll

Consider :• Allowable Minimum

Size Landing at 2nd

Maturity• Optimum Growth• Gear Type on specific

sea bed Condition• Fish Target • Season & time fishing

Selected Gear Type• Actif• Pasif• Static

Consider :• Fishing Capacity• Fairness Small vs Large

ScaleNumber of License

in WPP

• Per Gear Type• Max Vessels

Tonnage• Total in Fishing

Zone

Indonesia Regulation related on fisheries:• Fisheries Act No.31/2004• Ministry Decree about Fishing gear Group &

Operation in coastal Line zone• Ministry Decree about Marine Protected Area &

Endengerous Species

Economic Regulation :• License & Gov Income Tax• Vessels Productivity• Small Scale Fisheries• Empowering of fishermen

1 2 3

START

By Endroyono

Law No. 45 Year 2009 about Revice Law No. 31 Year 2004 About FisheriesArticle 9 (1) Everyone prohibited use and install fishing gear and FAD in fishing vessel that can disturb and destruction sustainable fisheries resources in each WPP (regional fishing zone).

Law No. 45 Year 2009 about Revice Law No. 31 Year 2004 About FisheriesArticle 9 (1) Everyone prohibited use and install fishing gear and FAD in fishing vessel that can disturb and destruction sustainable fisheries resources in each WPP (regional fishing zone).

Mandatory for using eco-friendly of fishing gear

1.Disturb

2. Destruction

Sustainable Stock

Recruitment stock(quick recovery /long

live cycle)

Sustainable Stock

Recruitment stock(quick recovery /long

live cycle)

Habitat & EnvirontmentHabitat & Environtment

JuvenilJuvenil

Over capacityOver capacity

Selectivity Fishing GearSelectivity Fishing Gear

Fishingcapacity

Fishingcapacity

Biodiversity &Endangerous Sp.

Biodiversity &Endangerous Sp.

Sea Bed CharacteristicSea Bed Characteristic

Plan of Action for Implementing Eco-friendly Fishing

1) Continuing collaboration with international institution for implementing eco-friendly fishing REBYC 2.

2) Set Up MGT Scheme Fishing Gear Management & Controla) Conduct biological and habitat studies for developing effective fishing area management;b) Consultations with fishermen on mapping (fishing activities, resource distribution and seabed

habitats); c) Set up appropriate fishing zones, refugias, MPAs;d) Conduct studies on selective fishing gears, by-catch reduction devices (BRDs) and alternative

gears in collaboration with fishing sector.

3) Public Awareness for Best Fishing Practisesa) Demonstration of appropriate selective trawl gears and best practices;b) Training on fish handling and on board preservation including processing for value-adding of

trawl catches;c) Provide evidence on economic benefit of reducing by-catch and discards;d) Examine and develop incentives that promote more responsible fishing practices;e) Examine market-based measure (eco-labelling, etc) for better fisheries practices;f) Analysis of incentives for fishermen to adopt more responsible fishing practices and

management;g) Stakeholder consultations, training and capacity development on best practices/responsible

fisheries for specific area fisheries co-management arrangements.

4) Review existing legislation and amend where necessary.