Employment and Unemployment Situation in India 2009-10 · Employment and Unemployment Situation in India ... Unemployment are brought out by NSSO in a number of reports. The NSSO

... . 537(66/10/1)

NSS Report No. 537(66/10/1)

Employment and Unemployment Situation in India

2009-10

... 66 NSS 66th ROUND

( 2009 - 2010) (July 2009 June 2010)

National Sample Survey Office

National Statistical Organisation

Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation

Government of India

2011 November 2011

NSS Report No. 537(66/10/1)

Employment and Unemployment Situation in India

2009-10

NSS 66th ROUND(July 2009 June 2010)

National Sample Survey OfficeNational Statistical Organisation

Ministry of Statistics & Programme ImplementationGovernment of India

November 2011

PREFACE

--,

The Employment and Unemployment Surveys of National Sample Survey (NSS) are theprimary sources of data on various indicators of labour force at National and State levels. These areused for planning, policy formulation, decision support and as input for further statistical exercises byvarious Government organisations, academicians, researchers and scholars. NSS surveys onEmployment and Unemployment with large sample size of households have been conductedquinquennially from 27th round (October 1972 - September 1973) onwards. The NSS 66th roundcarried out during July 2009- June 2010 was the eighth quinquennial round in the series, coveringsubjects of (i) Household Consumer Expenditure and (ii) Employment and Unemployment. Fieldwork of this survey was carried out by the Field Operations Division (FOD) of National SampleSurvey Office (NSSO) in which the central samples were covered. -Most of the State Governmentsalso participated in the survey on matching sample size basis.

----

Based on the central sample, the results of quinquennial surveys of Employment andUnemployment are brought out by NSSO in a number of reports. The NSSO released the KeyIndicators of Employment and Unemployment in India, 2009-/0 in June 2011. Apart from this, eightdetailed reports are planned to be released on varied aspects of employment and unemployment basedon NSS 66thround data. The present report 'Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, 2009-10' is the first in the series of eight reports. It presents the estimates pertaining to various facets ofemployment-unemployment at National and State levels. This report contains eight Chapters and fourAppendices. The main findings relating to the estimates given in this report are presented in ChaptersThree to Eight. Since the report is voluminous, the Appendix Tables are given in a CD along with thereport.

As the maiden achievement, the NSSO brought out the Key results of the Survey within oneyear of completion of the Field work and released the unit level data for further analysis and researchwork by the economists, academia, scholars and all others who are interested in this subject. This waspossible because of the efforts made by the officials of different divisions of NSSO for meticulousplanning and execution of various activities involved and the hard work done by the supportingofficials and staff of NSSO. However, by looking at the highly aggregated macro level indicatorscertain apprehension was observed about slow employment growth in the quinquenium of 2004-05 to2009-10. Some people also expressed doubts about quality of data. But by looking at somewhatdisaggregated data one arrives at different interpretation and conclusion. Disentangling distinct trendsin subsidiary employment and employment in the young (up to 24 years of age), speciallyemployment of women in that age group leads to an insightful comparison in the Employmentgrowth. The temporal structural shifts in employment leading to reductions in subsidiary employment,child labour and women's labour, each of which has been identified as a form of employment wouldexpect to see decline in employment with increase in household wellbeing. But if we focus only onemployment in ages 25 or more, then far from a slowdown in growth of workers since 2004, weactually see a sharp increase in employment. This report presents more detailed analysis of the dataand is expected to be useful to the planners, policy makers and researchers dispelling the earlierapprehensions about the slow growth of employment. Suggestions for improvement of its' content andcoverage will be highly appreciated.

I am also thankful to the National Statistical Commission (NSC) and Working Group of the66th round for their valuable guidance at various stages of the survey. I specially thank Prof RaviSrivastav of JNU who reviewe~ the draft report and provided valuable comments and suggestions forimprovement. .

~(J. Dash)

Director General & Chief Executive OfficerNSSO

New DelhiNovember 2011

. 537 : , 2009-10 i

() ... 66 2009 2010 7402 5252 , 100957 (59129- 41828 ) 459784 (281327 178457 ) - - ( ), ( ), , ( ) ( ) - , '''' , ... 66 ( 2009 - 2010) :

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... 66 ( 2009- 2010) - + (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

548 208 382 556 128 352 550 186 374 537 202 374 539 119 339 538 180 365 11 5 8 17 9 13 12 6 9 19 24 21 30 70 37 22 33 25

(+) 556 265 414 559 146 362 557 233 400 547 261 408 543 138 350 546 228 392 9 4 7 16 8 12 11 5 8 16 16 16 28 57 34 20 23 20

548 231 394 556 141 358 550 207 384 531 223 381 536 130 343 532 198 370 17 8 13 20 10 15 18 9 14 32 37 33 36 72 42 33 43 36

536 197 371 550 129 350 540 179 365 501 182 346 522 117 329 507 164 341 35 16 25 28 12 20 33 15 24 64 80 68 51 91 58 61 82 66

II. 15-59 (. )

... 66 ( 2009 2010) 90.93 87.20 89.03 - - - 98.33 86.11 93.11 - - - 101.53 68.94 93.06 131.92 76.73 121.83 / 249.15 155.87 231.59 377.16 308.79 364.95

() 1000 / /

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Highlights

NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, 2009-10

i

HIGHLIGHTS

This report is based on the eighth quinquennial survey on employment and unemployment conducted in the 66th round of NSS during July, 2009 to June, 2010. The survey was spread over 7402 villages and 5252 urban blocks covering 100957households (59129 in rural areas and 41828 in urban areas) and enumerating 459784persons (281327 in rural areas and 178457 in urban areas). Employment and Unemployment indicators are measured in three different approaches, viz. usual status(US) with a reference period of one year, current weekly status (CWS) with one week reference period and current daily status (CDS) based on the daily activity pursued during each day of the reference week. The labour force indicators measured in US and CWS are in persons and in CDS in person-days. Unless otherwise stated, all usual status workers will mean all workers according to the usual principal status along with the workers according to the subsidiary status categorized not working in the principal status. Some of the key findings of the NSS 66th round (July, 2009 - June, 2010) are stated below.

A Household and Population

About 70 per cent of the households in India belonged to the rural areas and accounted for about 73 per cent of the total population.

The average household size in India was about 4.4. It was about 4.6 in rural India and about 4.1 in urban India. The sex ratio (females per 1000 of males) in India was 936. It was 947 in rural India and 909 in urban India.

About 12 per cent of households in both the rural and urban areas were headed by females. Compared to all households, they had, on an average, a relatively smaller household size (about 3.2 in rural areas and about 3.1 in urban areas) and a much higher sex-ratio (about 1785 in rural areas and about 1808 in urban areas).

Among those households having at least one member of age 15 years and above, about 5 per cent in the rural areas and 10 per cent in the urban areas had no usually employed member of age 15 years and above.

The population in the age group 15-59 years comprised about 59 per cent of the rural males and 61 per cent rural females. In the urban areas, about 66 per cent each of the males and females belonged to this age group.

In the rural areas, during 2009-10, about 71 per cent of males and 53 per cent of the females were literate. The corresponding proportions, in the urban areas, were 84 per cent and 74 per cent.

In 2009-10, about 35 per cent of the rural households had MGNREG job cards. During this period, about 24 per cent of the rural households got work in MGNREG works and 19 per cent of the rural households sought but did not get MGNREG works.

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ii

B Labour Force

According to the usual status (ps+ss), about 56 per cent of rural males and 27per cent of rural females belonged to the labour force. In the urban areas, the corresponding proportions were 56 per cent of males and 15 per cent for females.

During the period 2004-05 to 2009-10, the LFPRs according to usual status(ps+ss) remained almost the same for rural males but decreased by about 6percentage points for rural females. During that period, LFPRs according to usual status (ps+ss) decreased by about 1 percentage point for the urban males and decreased by about 3 percentage points for the urban females.

C Work Force

About 39 per cent of the population in the country was usually employed. The proportion was 41 per cent in the rural and 35 per cent in the urban.

The gender differential in the worker population ratio (WPR) was distinct. The WPR for rural males was 55 per cent while it was 26 per cent for rural females. In the urban areas, it was 54 per cent for males and 14 per cent for females.

The daily status rates were slightly lower than the current weekly status rates, which, in turn, were slightly lower than the usual status rates. The current weekly status WPR was 53 per cent for rural male, 22 per cent for rural females, 54 per cent for urban males and 13 per cent for urban females. The current daily status rates were 50 per cent, 18 per cent, 52 per cent and 12 per cent for rural males, rural females, urban males and urban females, respectively.

Among the usually employed (ps+ss), about 54 per cent of the rural males and 56 per cent of rural females were self-employed. In the urban areas, corresponding proportions were 41 per cent for both males and females. In the urban areas, about 42 per cent of the usually employed males and 39 per cent of the usually employed females were regular salaried/wage employees.

Between 2004-05 and 2009-10, in the rural areas, WPR in the usual statusapproach remained almost the same for the males and decreased by about 7percentage points for the females. In the urban areas, the rates decreased byabout 1 percentage point for the males and 3 percentage points for the females.

In rural India, the proportion of usually employed (ps+ss) male workers engaged in the agricultural activities declined gradually from 81 per cent in 1977-78 to 63 per cent in 2009-10 whereas for the female workers, the decline was less - from 88 per cent to 79 per cent during the same period.

In urban India, the trade, hotel and restaurant' sector engaged about 27 per cent of the usually employed (ps+ss) male workers while each of manufacturing and other services sector accounted for nearly 22 per cent of them. On the other hand, among the usually employed urban females, other services sector

Highlights


iii

accounted for the highest proportion (39 per cent), followed by manufacturing (28 per cent).

The proportion of urban females employed in other services sector increased from 36 per cent in 2004-05 to 39 percent in 2009-10 and the agriculture sector revealed a fall in its share by about 4 percentage points during this period.

D Unemployment Rate

The unemployment rate (number of person unemployed per 1000 persons in the labour force), according to usual status (ps+ss), was 16 in the rural areas and 34in the urban areas. It was 57 for urban females, 28 for urban males and 16 for both males and females in the rural areas.

The unemployment rates according to the current daily status (cds) approach are higher than the rates obtained according to usual status approach and weekly status approach, thereby indicating a high degree of intermittent unemployment. The unemployment rate according to the current weekly status (cws) approach was 33 in rural areas and 42 in the urban areas. According to the current daily status(cds) approach, it was 68 in the rural areas and 58 in the urban areas.

During the period 2004-05 and 2009-10, the unemployment rate in terms of the usual status (ps+ss), remained almost the same for rural males and decreased by 1 percentage point for urban males. For rural females also it remained almost thesame whereas for urban females it decreased by 1 percentage point.

In both the rural and urban areas, unemployment rate among the educated(secondary and above) persons of age 15 years and above was higher than that among those whose education level was lower than secondary: for usual status(ps+ss), unemployment rate among the educated was 4 per cent for each of rural and urban males while it was 12 per cent for each of rural and urban female.

The unemployment rate was much higher among the youth (15-29) as compared to that in the overall population. According to the usual status (ps+ss), unemployment rate among the youth was 5 per cent each for male and female in rural areas, 8 per cent for urban male and 14 per cent for urban female.

Among the educated youth (age:15-29 years and level of education: secondary and above), the unemployment rate was predominantly high in both the rural and urban areas. According to the usual status (ps+ss), the rates were 8 per cent for rural males, 18 per cent for rural females, 10 per cent for urban males and 23 per cent for urban females.

E Underemployment

During 2009-10, the proportion of usually employed (ps+ss) females who were found not to be employed during the week preceding the date of survey was 15per cent in rural India and nearly 6 per cent in urban India. The corresponding percentages for usually employed males were 3 and 1 only.

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iv

The proportion of person-days of the usually employed (ps+ss) utilised for work, in the rural and urban areas, was estimated at about 69 per cent and 85 per cent, respectively for females, and 92 and 96 per cent, respectively for males.

During 2009-10, in the age group 15 years and above, about 11 per cent of usually employed rural males and 6 per cent of usually employed urban males sought or were available for additional work. The corresponding percentages for females were around 8 in rural areas and 6 in urban areas.

During 2009-10, in the age group 15 years and above, about 10 per cent of rural males, 7 per cent of rural females and 5 per cent each of urban males and females reported availability for alternative work.

F Labour Mobility

During the two years preceding the date of survey, only a negligible proportion (less than 1 per cent) among the usually (ps) working persons had changed work status while change of establishment among the usually (ps) employed was reported for 5 per cent for rural male, 6 per cent for rural female, 4 per cent for urban male and 5 per cent for urban female..

The proportion of persons who changed their establishment is much less among those with education level higher secondary and above as compared to those with lower levels of education - be it in rural areas or in urban areas.

During the two years preceding the date of survey, about 1 per cent of rural males, urban males, urban females, and negligible proportion (0.3 per cent) of rural females who were workers in usual status (ps) reported change in their industry of work.

During the two years preceding the date of survey, about 1 per cent of rural males, urban males, urban females, and negligible proportion (.3 per cent) of rural females who were workers in usual status (ps) reported change in their occupation.

Highlights


v

I. Some important employment and unemployment indicators (per 1000) at a glance

all-India NSS 66th round (July 2009 June 2010) age: all agesrural urban rural+urban

indicator male female person male female person male female person(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

usual principal statusLFPR 548 208 382 556 128 352 550 186 374WPR 537 202 374 539 119 339 538 180 365PU 11 5 8 17 9 13 12 6 9UR 19 24 21 30 70 37 22 33 25

usual status (ps + ss)LFPR 556 265 414 559 146 362 557 233 400WPR 547 261 408 543 138 350 546 228 392PU 9 4 7 16 8 12 11 5 8UR 16 16 16 28 57 34 20 23 20

current weekly statusLFPR 548 231 394 556 141 358 550 207 384WPR 531 223 381 536 130 343 532 198 370PU 17 8 13 20 10 15 18 9 14UR 32 37 33 36 72 42 33 43 36

current daily statusLFPR 536 197 371 550 129 350 540 179 365WPR 501 182 346 522 117 329 507 164 341PU 35 16 25 28 12 20 33 15 24UR 64 80 68 51 91 58 61 82 66

II. Wage rates (Rs.) per day for persons of age 15-59 years

all-India NSS 66th round (July 2009 June 2010) category of workers rural urban

male female person male female personCasual labour in MGNREGA public works

90.93 87.20 89.03 - - -

Casual labour in other public works

98.33 86.11 93.11 - - -

Casual labour in other type of works

101.53 68.94 93.06 131.92 76.73 121.83

Regular wage/ salaried persons

249.15 155.87 231.59 377.16 308.79 364.95

Labour force participation rate (LFPR): LFPR is defined as the number of persons/ person-days in the labour force per 1000 persons /person-days

Worker Population Ratio (WPR): WPR is defined as the number of persons/person-days employed per 1000 persons/person-days.

Proportion Unemployed (PU): It is defined as the number of persons/person-days unemployed per 1000 persons/person-days.

Unemployment Rate (UR): UR is defined as the number of persons/person-days unemployed per 1000 persons/person-days in the labour force (which includes both the employed and unemployed).


Contents

Page

Chapter One Introduction 1 7

Chapter Two Concepts and Definitions 8 28

Summary of Findings

Chapter Three Households and Population 29 - 62

Chapter Four Labour Force 63 - 73

Chapter Five Employed (Work Force) 74 - 151

Chapter Six Unemployed 152 - 180

Chapter Seven Underemployment 181 195

Chapter Eight Labour Mobility: Change in Nature of Work 196 - 205

Appendix A Detailed Tables :Table1 to Table 75 (in CD) A-1 A-816

Appendix B Sample Design and Estimation Procedure B-1 B-8

Appendix C Population Projection C-1 C-3

Appendix D Schedule on Employment and Unemployment (Sch. 10) D-1 D-16

Appendix E RSEs of worker population ratio (WPR) E-1

Appendix A

Detailed Tables

Table No. Title PageTable (1) Number of villages/ UFS blocks, households and persons surveyed by

state/ u.t.A-1

Table (2) Number of households and persons surveyed by age and sex for each state/ u.t.

A-2- A-4

Table (3) Estimated number of households and persons by age and sex for each state/ u.t.

A-5-A-10

Table (4) Distribution (per 1000) of households by decile classes on household monthly per capita consumer expenditure for each principal household industry

A-11-A-12

Table (5) Distribution (per 1000) of households by decile classes on household monthly per capita expenditure for each principal household occupation

A-13-A-14

Table (6R/U) Distribution (per 1000) of households by household type for each decile class on household monthly per-capita consumer expenditure

A-15- A-16

Table (7R) Distribution (per 1000) of households by household type for each size class of land owned (rural areas only)

A-17

Contents


Table No. Title PageTable (8R) Average area of land possessed and average household size by size class of

land possessed and sex of the head of household (rural areas only) A-18

Table (9R) Distribution (per 1000) of households by household type for each size class of land cultivated for rural areas

A-19

Table (10) Number of households having MGNREG job card per 1000 households, distribution (per 1000) of households by status of getting work in NREG works and average number of days got work during last 365 days for each decile class on household monthly per capita expenditure

A-20

Table (11) Number of households having MGNREG job card per 1000 households, per 1000 distribution of households by status of getting work in NREG works and average number of days got work during last 365 days for each household type and status of having MGNREG job card

A-21-A-22

Table (12) Number per 1000 of households in rural areas getting work in MGNREG works and their per 1000 distribution by mode of payment of the wages earned during last 365 days for each decile class on household monthly per capita expenditure

A-23

Table (13) Number of households with member(s) reported having specified post office account per 1000 of households (P), and average number of such accounts (0.0) held by all the members per household (A) as on the date of survey and number of households with members(s) reported using specified services in any post office during the last 3 months per 1000 of households for each decile class on household monthly per capita expenditure

A-24-A-25

Table (14) Distribution (per 1000) of households with at least one member of age 15 years and above by number of usual status workers (ps+ss) of age 15 years and above for each decile class on household monthly per capita expenditure

A-26-A-29

Table (15) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by age-group for each decile class on household monthly per capita expenditure

A-30-A-33

Table ( 16) Per 1000 distribution of persons (of age 10 years & above) by marital status for each age-group

A-34-A-39

Table (17) Per 1000 distribution of persons of age 5 years & above by general education level for each age-group

A-40-A-48

Table (18) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by principal usual activity category for each age-group

A-49-A-57

Table (19) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by age group for each principal usual activity category

A-58-A-66

Table (20) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by usual activity category taking also into consideration the subsidiary economic status of persons categorized 'not working' in the principal status (ps+ss) for each age-group

A-67-A-75

Table (21) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by age-group for each usual activity category also taking into consideration the subsidiary economic status of persons categorized 'not working' in the principal status

A-76-A-84

Contents


Table No. Title PageTable (22) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by principal usual activity category for

each general educational levelA-85-A-129

Table (23) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by general educational level for each principal usual activity category

A-130-A-174

Table (24) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by usual activity category taking also into consideration the subsidiary economic status of persons categorised 'not working' in the principal status for each general educational level

A-175-A-228

Table (25) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by general educational level for each usual activity category taking also into consideration the subsidiary economic status of persons categorised 'not working' in the principal status

A-229-A-282

Table (26) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by usual activity category taking also into consideration the subsidiary economic status of persons categorized 'not working' in the principal status for each decile class on household monthly per capita consumer expenditure

A-283-A-288

Table (27R/U) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by usual activity category taking also into consideration the subsidiary economic status of persons categorised 'not working' in the principal status for each household type

A-289-A-294

Table (28R) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by usual activity category taking also into consideration the subsidiary economic status of persons categorised 'not working' for each household land cultivated class

A-295-A-297

Table (29) Distribution (per 1000 ) of usually working persons by industry of work A-298-A-332

Table (30) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by usual subsidiary economic activity for each usual principal activity

A-333-A-341

Table (31) Number of persons registered in employment exchange per 1000 persons of age 15-29 years and 15-45 years and their distribution (per 1000) by general educational level for each usual principal activity status

A-342-A-350

Table (32) Distribution (per 1000) of persons of age 15-59 years not pursuing any economic activity (i.e., non-workers) according to the usual principal status by seeking/availability/suitability for the type of occupation (NCO-2004 sub-division) for each usual principal activity status

A-351-A-368

Table (33) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by current weekly activity for each age-group

A-369-A-377

Table (34) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by age-group for each current weekly activity

A-378-A-386

Table (35) Distribution (per 1000) of person-days by current daily activity for each age-group

A-387-A-395

Table (36) Distribution (per 1000) of person-days by age-group for each current daily activity

A-396-A-404

Table (37) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by current weekly activity for each sub-round

A-405-A-413

Table (38) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by current daily activity for each sub-round

A-414-A-422

Contents


Table No. Title PageTable (39) Distribution (per 1000) of persons/person-days working according to

CWS/ CDS by NIC-2004 division/sectionA-423-A-428

Table (40) Distribution (per 10000) of workers by occupation sub-division /division A-429-A-431

Table (41R) Distribution (per 1000) of working persons-days by type of operation for each broad current daily work activity

A-432

Table (42) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by current weekly activity status for each general educational level

A-433-A-486

Table (43) Distribution (per 1000) of person-days by current daily activity for each decile class on household monthly per capita consumer expenditure

A-487-A-492

Table (44R/U) Distribution (per 1000) of person-days by current daily activity for each household type for rural/ urban areas

A-493-A-498

Table (45R) Distribution (per 1000) of person-days by current daily activity for each household land cultivated class for rural areas

A-499-A-501

Table (46) Average wage/salary earnings (Rs. 0.00) per day received by regular wage/salaried employees (31,71 & 72) of age 15-59 years by industry of work and broad education category

A-502-A-507

Table (47) Average wage/salary earnings (Rs.0.00) per day received by regular wage/salaried employees (31, 71 & 72) of age 15-59 years by occupation groups and broad education category

A-508-A-516

Table (48R) Average wage earnings (Rs. 0.00) per day received by casual wage labourers (activity status codes: 41, 51) by age-group, industry and type of operation for each sub-round for rural areas

A-517-A-525

Table (48U) Average wage earnings (Rs. 0.00) per day received by casual wage labourers (activity status code: 51) by age-group and industry for each sub-round for urban areas

A-526-A-528

Table (49) Number of days worked in a week by usual status casual wage labourer (ps+ss) and the average wages received per person-day worked in a week for each casual work status and industry

A-529-A-534

Table (50) Distribution (per 1000) of working person-days of current daily status workers who are either regular wage/salaried or casual wage labourers by periodicity of payment for each current daily status work

A-535-A-540

Table (51) Distribution (per 1000) of working person-days of workers who are either regular wage/salaried or casual wage labourers by broad classes of modes of payment for each current daily status work

A-541-A-546

Table (52) Distribution (per 1000) of self-employed persons /casual labourer/worker according to current weekly status by number of days with nominal work and number of days worked in a week.

A-547-A-573

Table (53) Distribution (per 1000) of self-employed persons/casual labourer/persons in the labour force according to usual status (ps + ss) by number of days with nominal work and number of days worked in a week

A-574-A-591

Contents


Table No. Title PageTable (54) Distribution (per 1000) of persons in the labour force according to current

weekly activity status by number of days seeking/available for work (unemployed) in a week and average number of days worked in a week for each sub-round

A-592-A-597

Table (55) Distribution (per 1000) of persons in the labour force according to current weekly activity status by number of days worked in a week and average number of days seeking/available for work (unemployed) in a week for each sub-round

A-598-A-603

Table (56) Distribution (per 1000) of self-employed/casual labourer/persons in labour force according to usual activity status (ps+ss) by number of days worked in a week and average number of days seeking/available for work (unemployed) in a week for each sub-round

A-604-A-621

Table (57) Distribution (per 1000) of persons in the age group 15-59 who were unemployed on all the 7 days of the week by duration of unemployment for each broad general educational level

A-622-A-630

Table (58) Distribution (per 1000) of persons in the age group 15-59 years who were unemployed on all the 7 days of the week but ever worked by duration of last employment for each broad general educational level

A-631-A-639

Table (59) Distribution (per 1000) of unemployed (all the 7 days of the week) persons (15-59) who had ever worked by reasons for break in employment for each broad industry (division as per NIC 2004) of last employment

A-640-A-648

Table (60) Distribution (per 1000) of unemployed (all the 7 days of the week) persons (15-59) who had ever worked by reasons for break in employment for each occupation group (as per NCO 2004) of last employment

A-649-A-666

Table (61) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by current weekly activity for each usual activity taking also into consideration the subsidiary economic activity of persons categorised not working in the principal status

A-667-A-672

Table (62) Distribution (per 1000) of person-days by current daily activity for each usual activity taking also into consideration the subsidiary economic activity of persons categorised not working in the principal status

A-673-A-678

Table (63) Distribution (per 1000) of person-days by current daily activity for each current weekly activity

A-679-A-684

Table (64) Distribution (per 1000) of persons of age 5 years and above who sought /were available for work by period of sought/ available for different usual principal activity

A-685-A-690

Table (65) Distribution (per 1000) of usual status workers who were without work for at least 1 month and who sought or were available for work on at least some days during those month(s) by availability of work and period without work for each usual activity status and broad industry division

A-691-A-708

Table (66) Distribution (per 1000) of usual status workers (ps+ss) who were without work for at least 1 month and who sought or were available for work on at least some days during those month(s) by nature of efforts made to get work for each usual activity status and broad industry division

A-709-A-714

Contents


Table No. Title PageTable (67) Distribution (per 1000) of usual status workers (15 and above) who had

sought or were available for additional work by duration and reason for seeking work/ availability for work for each activity status

A-715-A-723

Table (68) Distribution (per 1000) of usual status workers (15 and above) who had sought or were available for alternative work by duration and reason for seeking work/ availability for work for each activity status

A-724-A-732

Table (69) Distribution (per 1000) of self-employed persons according to the usual status (ps+ss) reporting their earning from self-employment as remunerative/ non-remunerative by amount of earning regarded as remunerative for each decile class on household monthly per capita expenditure

A-733-A-738

Table (70) Number per 1000 usual status workers of age 15 years and above i) with mostly full time work and ii) who have worked more or less regularly by activity status and broad industry division

A-739-A-765

Table (71) Distribution (per 1000) of permanent workers (ps+ss) of age 15 years & above by level of education for different activity status and industry

A-766-A-771

Table (72) Number of usual principal status workers who changed establishment of work, status of work during last 2 years per 1000 workers of age 15 years & above and distribution (per 1000) of those who changed their status of work by the last work activity status for each broad general education level and usual activity status

A-772-A-780

Table (73) Number of usual principal status workers who changed industry (division) of work during last two years per 1000 workers of age 15 years & above and their distribution (per 1000) by industry of last work activity for each broad present usual principal status and broad industry division

A-781-A-789

Table (74) Number of usual principal status workers who changed occupation (division) of work during last two years per 1000 workers of age 15 years and above and their distribution (per 1000) by occupation of last work activity for each broad present usual principal status and occupation division

A-790-A-807

Table (75) Distribution (per 1000) of usual principal status workers of age 15 years and above who have changed industry or occupation during last 2 years by reason for such change of job for each broad education and age group

A-808-A-816

Contents


NOTES ON TABLES

1. Estimates are provided separately for rural and urban areas and for males and females.

2. The estimates presented in the report, in general, refer to the mid-point of the survey period (July 2009 June 2010) of NSS 66th round, i.e., 01.01.2010.

3. It may be noted that as the tables are generally presented as per 1000 distribution or estimates per 1000, the figures are rounded off. Thus, while using the ratios from the survey results, it is to be noted that the accuracy of these derived aggre-gates will be limited to the number of significant digits available in the ratio or percentage estimates presented in the report. The estimated aggregates, wherever possible, can be used to get ratios with more significant digits.

4. If there are no sample households/persons in a particular category, the estimates/estimated proportions of households/persons in that category becomes 0. Estimated numbers per 1000 are also shown as 0, when they are greater than 0 but less than 0.5.

5. In the detailed tables, in some of the deeper classifications, some sample sizes may be small and this may have a bearing on the precision of the corresponding estimates.

6. The cell-level figures in the tables, when added up, may not exactly be equal to the figure shown against the total column (or line) due to (i) rounding off and/or (ii) presence of non-response cases.

Chapter OneIntroduction


Chapter One

Introduction

1.0 The Report in Perspective

1.0.1 The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), as a part of its 66th round survey programme during the period July 2009 - June 2010, carried out an all-India household survey on the subject of employment and unemployment in India. In this survey, the nation-wide enquiry was conducted to generate estimates of various characteristics pertaining to employment and unemployment and labour force characteristics at the national and State levels. Information on various facets of employment and unemployment in India was collected through a schedule of enquiry (Schedule 10) adopting the established concepts, definitions and procedures. Based on the data collected during the entire period of survey, estimates pertaining to employment-unemployment in India along with various characteristics associated with them have been presented in this report.

1.1 Objective of the survey on employment and unemployment

1.1.1 The main objective of the employment-unemployment surveys conducted by NSSOat periodic interval is to generate estimates of level parameters of various employment and unemployment characteristics at national and State level. These statistical indicators on labour market are required for planning, policy and decision making at various levels, both within the government and outside. The critical issues in the context of labour force enquiries pertain to defining the labour force and measuring participation of labour force in different economic activities. The activity participation of the people is not only dynamic but also multidimensional: it varies with region, age, education, gender, level of living, industry and occupational category. These aspects of the labour force are captured in detail in the NSS survey on employment and unemployment and estimates are generated for labour force participation rate, worker population ratio, unemployment rate, wages of employees, etc. The indicators of the structural aspects of the workforce such as status in employment, industrial distribution and occupational distribution are also derived from the survey. Besides, from the data collected on the particulars of enterprises and conditions of employment, the aspects of employment in the informal sector and informal employment are reflected through the conceptual framework of the survey.

1.2 Genesis of NSS Employment and Unemployment Survey

1.2.1 The quinquennial survey on employment-unemployment is one of the importantsurveys conducted regularly by the NSSO. The first such survey was done during September 1972 - October 1973 corresponding to the 27th round of NSSO. The present survey is the eighth in the series.



1.2.2 Past Quinquennial Surveys: The assessment of the volume and structure of employment and unemployment using large scale household surveys commenced with the NSS 9th round (May - September, 1955). Subsequently NSSO conducted a number of surveys on this subject to firm up the concepts and methods. The core conceptual framework for conducting such surveys was put in place by an Expert Committee on Unemployment Estimates (popularly known as the Dantwala Committee), set up by the Planning Commission. The Expert Committee reviewed these surveys and the indicators generated from such surveys conducted by NSS in the past. The concepts and definitions recommended by this committee formed the basis of the first quinquennial survey on employment and unemployment conducted in the 27th round of NSS (September 1972 October 1973). Since then, six comprehensive quinquennial surveys on employment and unemployment situation in India have been carried out in the past by the NSSO prior to the present quinquennial survey. These were carried out during the 32nd round (July 1977 June 1978), 38th round (January 1983 December 1983), 43rd round (July 1987 June 1988), 50th round (July 1993 June 1994), 55th round (July 1999 June 2000), 61st round (July 2004- June 2005) in which concepts, definitions and procedures were based primarily on the recommendations of the Dantwala Committee. The results of these surveys have been brought out in the form of NSS reports. In NSS 55th round, the aspects of enterprise characteristic of employment and in NSS 61st round the qualitative aspects of informal employment was added in the survey module of the quinquennial round.

1.2.3 Other surveys on employment-unemployment: Apart from these quinquennial surveys on employment and unemployment, NSSO had also been collecting information on certain key items on employment and unemployment, as a part of annual series, from a smaller sample of households in each round since its 45th round (July 1989 - June 1990) through the schedule on Household Consumer Expenditure (Schedule 1.0). The objective of data collected in the annual series was to measure employment and unemployment indicators in terms of the usual and current weekly statuses only and study of these indicators in respect of category of employment, industrial distribution of the usually employed, etc. These procedures continued till the 59th round (January-December 2003) of NSS. In the annual rounds, only activity status and industry of work according to usual principal status, subsidiary status and current weekly status approach were collected through a few columns of the demographic block of the Consumer Expenditure Schedule (Schedule 1.0). Particulars of employment and unemployment according to the usual principal status and usual subsidiary status were collected in the annual rounds by following a similar approach as in the quinquennial rounds. In the quinquennial rounds, particulars of current daily status of the household members are collected and current weekly status is derived from them, whereas in the annual rounds, current weekly status has been obtained through a direct query. In the 60th round (January-June 2004), a separate schedule on employment and unemployment was canvassed for the first time in an annual round and particulars on employment and unemployment was collected in the same manner as that of the quinquennial rounds. In NSS 62nd round (July 2005 - June 2006) and in NSS 64th round (July 2007- June 2008) also a separate schedule on employment and unemployment,



similar to the one canvassed during NSS 60th round, was canvassed and particulars on labour force were collected in the manner similar to the quinquennial rounds.

1.3 Scope of NSS 66th round Survey on Employment and Unemployment

1.3.1 The critical issues in the context of labour force enquiries pertain to defining the labour force and measuring participation of labour force in different economic activities. The activity participation of the people is not only dynamic but also multidimensional; it varies over regions, age, education, gender, industry and occupational categories. In NSS surveys, persons are classified into various activity categories on the basis of activities pursued by them during certain specified reference periods. Three reference periods are used in NSS surveys, viz. (i) one year, (ii) one week and (iii) each day of the reference week. Based on these three periods, three different measures of activity status are arrived at. The activity status determined on the basis of the reference period of one year is known as the usual activity status (US) of a person, that determined on the basis of a reference period of one week is known as the current weekly status (CWS) of the person and the activity status determined on the basis of the engagement on each day during the reference week is known as the current daily status (CDS) of the person.

1.3.2 In NSS 66th round Employment & Unemployment schedule, the major features of data collected in NSS 61st round were retained. In addition, some information on Home based workers was collected. There is another specific importance associated with the period of NSS 66th round. The present quinquennial round is the first one, since the major public intervention in the rural labour market made with the enactment of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005. The survey instruments for NSS 66th round appropriately incorporated the assimilation of data on some salient aspects relating to MGNREGA.

1.3.3 In NSS 66th round, data on employment-unemployment characteristics were collected through Schedule 10. The schedule captured a range of information on the following aspects:

i) Household characteristics, like household size, religion, social group, land possessed, land cultivated, etc. For the rural households information was collected, on whether the household had Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee (MGNREG) job card, whether got work in MGNREG works during the last 365 days, number of days got work in MGNREG works and mode of payment of the wages earned in MGNREG works. Information on household monthly consumer expenditure was also collected through a worksheet to study the employment-unemployment characteristics with the level of living of the population.

ii) Demographic particulars, like age, sex, educational level, status of current attendance and vocational training.

iii) Usual principal activity status and subsidiary economic activity status of the all persons.



iv) Particulars of the enterprise for all the usual status workers (excluding those engaged in growing of crops and growing of crops combined with farming of animals) viz., location of work place, type of enterprises, number of workers in the enterprise etc. and some particulars on the conditions of employment for the employees, like type of job contract, eligibility for paid leave, availability of social security benefits, etc. For self-employed persons in the usual status, some particulars were collected for identification of home-based workers.

v) Extent of underutilization of the labour time and on the qualitative aspects of employment, like changes in activity status, occupation /industry, existence of trade unions/associations, nature of employment (permanent/temporary), etc.

vi) Participation in specified activities by the household members who are classified as engaged in domestic duties in the usual principal activity status.

1.4 The survey outline of NSS 66th round survey

1.4.1 Geographical coverage: The survey covered the whole of the Indian Union except (i) interior villages of Nagaland situated beyond five kilometres of the bus route and (ii) villages in Andaman and Nicobar Islands which remained inaccessible throughout the year. However, all the sample first stage units of both rural and urban areas of Leh, Kargil and Poonch districts of Jammu & Kashmir became casualty and therefore these districts were outside the survey coverage.

1.4.2 Sub-round: The fieldwork of the 66th round of NSSO started from 1st July, 2009 and continued till 30th June, 2010. As usual, the survey period of this round was divided into four sub-rounds, each with a duration of three months, the 1st sub-round period ranging from July to September 2009, the 2nd sub-round period from October to December 2009 and so on. An equal number of sample villages/blocks (FSUs) was allotted for survey in each of these four sub-rounds. The survey used the interview method of data collection from a sample of randomly selected households.

1.5 Sample Design

1.5.1 A stratified multi-stage design was adopted for the 66th round survey. The first stage units (FSU) were the 2001 census villages (Panchayat wards in case of Kerala) in the rural sector and Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks in the urban sector. In addition, two non-UFS towns of Leh and Kargil of Jammu & Kashmir were also treated as FSUs in the urban sector. The ultimate stage units (USU) were households in both the sectors. Hamlet-groups/sub-blocks constituted the intermediate stage whenever these were formed in the sample FSUs. For the rural sector, the list of 2001 census villages (Panchayat wards in case of Kerala) constituted the sampling frame. For the urban sector, the list of latest available UFS blocks constituted the sampling frame. For non-UFS towns, frame consisted of the individual towns (only two towns, viz., Leh & Kargil constituted this frame). Within each district of a State/ UT, two basic strata were formed as follows: rural stratum



comprising all rural areas of the district and urban stratum comprising all the urban areas of the district. However, within the urban areas of a district, if there were one or more towns with population 10 lakhs or more as per population census 2001 in a district, each of them formed a separate basic stratum and the remaining urban areas of the district were considered as another basic stratum. There was no sub-stratification in the urban sector.However, to net adequate number of child workers, for all rural strata, each stratum was divided into 2 sub-strata. These were, sub-stratum 1: all villages with proportion of child workers (p) >2P (where P is the average proportion of child workers for the sate/ UT as per Census 2001) and sub-stratum 2: remaining villages.

1.5.2 At the all-India level, a total number of 12784 FSUs were allocated for survey in the central sample. This sample size was at par with the sample size of NSS 61st round. In addition, 24 State sample FSUs (16 for rural sector and 8 for urban sector) of Leh and Kargil districts of J & K were included in the central sample. The total number of sample FSUs was allocated to the States and UTs in proportion to population as per census 2001 subject to the availability of investigators and ensuring minimum sample allocation to each State/ UT. The State/ UT level sample size was allocated between two sectors in proportion to population as per census 2001 with double weightage to urban sector subject to the restriction that urban sample size for bigger states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, etc. did not exceed the rural sample size. A minimum of 16 FSUs (to the extent possible) was allocated to each state/ UT separately for rural and urban areas. Further the State levelallocations for both rural and urban areas were adjusted marginally in a few cases to ensure that each stratum/ sub-stratum got a minimum allocation of 4 FSUs. Within each sector of a State/ UT, the respective sample size was allocated to the different strata/ sub-strata in proportion to the population as per census 2001. Allocations at stratum/ sub-stratum level were adjusted to multiples of 4 with a minimum sample size of 4 and equal number of samples was allocated among the four sub rounds.

1.5.3 For the rural sector, from each stratum/ sub-stratum, required number of samplevillages were selected by probability proportional to size with replacement (PPSWR), size being the population of the village as per Census 2001. For urban sector, from each stratum FSUs were selected by using Simple Random Sampling Without Replacement (SRSWOR). Both rural and urban samples were drawn in the form of two independent sub-samples. All households listed in the selected village/block/ hamlet-groups/sub-blocks were stratified into three second stage strata (SSS). A total of 8 households were selected from each sample village/block for canvassing the employment and un-employment schedule. The sample households from each of the second stage strata were selected by SRSWOR.



1.5.4 Out of the total number of 12,808 FSUs (7,524 villages and 5,284 urban blocks) allotted for the central sample1 (including 24 state sample FSUs of Leh and Kargil districts of J & K: 16 for rural sector and 8 for urban sector), 12,654 FSUs (7,402 villages and 5,252 urban blocks) could be surveyed at the all-India level for canvassing Schedule 10. The number of households surveyed was 1,00,957 (59,129 in rural areas and 41,828 in urban areas) and number of persons surveyed was 4,59,784 (2,81,327 in rural areas and 1,78,457 in urban areas). The sample design and estimation procedure used for the survey is given in Appendix B of this report.

1.5.5 The domains of rural and urban sector in the survey are co-terminus with the criterion adopted in census. The urban frame used in the survey is the latest updated UFS that takes into account the newly declared towns after the last census 2001.Accordingly the rural sector is the one that is not urban.

1.6 Contents of this report

1.6.1 This report contains eight chapters, including the present introductory chapter, and four appendices. Chapter Two describes the concepts and definitions of those terms used in the survey in connection with the various items covered in this report. The main findings relating to the estimates given in this report are presented and discussed in Chapters Three to Eight. To start with, Chapter Three is on household and population characteristics. Discussions on the labour force, the work force and the unemployed are presented in Chapters Four, Five and Six, respectively. The next chapter, viz. Chapter Seven, deals with underemployment while the last chapter discusses the feature of labour mobility. In Chapters Three to Eight, wherever state level tables have been presented, those have been placed at the end of the respective chapters. The detailed tables forming the basis of this report are presented in Appendix A. Appendix B gives a detailed description of the sample design and estimation procedure used for the survey. In Appendix C, the Projected Population as on 1st March 2009 and 1st March 2010 supplied by RGI Office have been presented along with those projected for 1st January 2010 using compound rate of growth. The projections have been given for, male and female, separately, for rural and urban for each State/U.T. Appendix D gives a facsimile of the schedule canvassed in the survey. The RSEs of worker population ratio (WPR) according to usual status (PS+SS) and current weekly status (CWS) have been presented in Appendix E for the major States.

1.6.2 The detailed tables turned out to be very voluminous. Hence, the hard-copy of the detailed tables (Appendix A) does not form a part of the Report and Appendix A of the report is provided in CD.

1.6.3 The estimates of key employment and unemployment characteristics are generally presented, as ratios. However, the estimates of aggregates are also given in the margin of the detailed tables presented for all-India levels. It may be noted that estimates of ratios are

1 The sample selected for NSS 66th round which was surveyed by NSSO is termed Central sample. As is usual in the regular NSS rounds, most States and Union Territories participated in the survey: the sample surveyed by State Government officials is termed as State sample.



generally expected to be robust and the estimates of aggregates may be used only to combine the ratios. However, to arrive at estimated absolute number in any category, the users may apply the survey estimates of ratios to the census population or projections2. It may also be noted that as the tables are generally presented as per 1000 distribution or rates per 1000, the figures are rounded off. Thus, while using the ratios from the survey results, it is to be noted that the accuracy of these derived aggregates will be limited to the number of significant digits available in such ratios. The estimates presented in this report, in general, refer to the mid-point of the survey period (July 2009 June 2010) of NSS 66th round, i.e., 01.01.2010.

1.6.4 The estimates of key indicators of employment and unemployment have been presented for all the States and U.Ts. While using the estimates for the smaller States, it may be kept in mind that the sample sizes for them may not be adequate enough for getting sufficiently reliable estimates.

1.7 NSS 66th Round Reports on Employment and Unemployment

1.7.1 The results of NSS rounds are released in reports based on comprehensive tabulation of subject parameters and indicators in various cross classifications generated from the central sample data. Corresponding to NSS 66th round quinquennial survey on Employment and Unemployment, the results are planned for release in eight reports. In addition to these eight reports planned, a document on Key Indicators of Employment and Unemployment in India, 2009-10 has already been released in June 2011. Of the eight reports, the present one - first in the series of reports - deals in some detail, with the employment-unemployment estimates measured in terms of the three basic approaches of usual status, current weekly status and current daily status and their patterns along with their correlates. It also covers some aspects of underemployment. The report gives the results generated at all-India level and some important results for different states/union territories. The tentative titles of the other seven reports planned to be released are:

(i) Informal Sector and Conditions of Employment in India: 2009 10(ii) Employment and Unemployment situation among Social Groups in India: 2009 10 (iii) Status of Education and Vocational Training in India: 2009 10(iv) Participation of Women in Specified Activities along with Domestic Duties: 2009 - 10 (v) Employment and Unemployment situation in Cities and Towns in India: 2009 10(vi) Home-based Workers in India 2009-10(vii) Employment and Unemployment situation among Major Religious groups in India:

2009 10.

2 In Appendix C, the Projected Population as on 1st March 2009 and 1st March 2010 supplied by RGI Office have been presented along with those projected for 1st January 2010 using compound rate of growth. The projections have been given for, male and female, separately, for rural and urban for each State/U.T.

Concepts and DefinitionsChapter Two


Chapter Two

Concepts and Definitions

2.0 The concepts and definitions of some important terms used in the survey and relevant to this report are explained in the following paragraphs.

2.1 Household: A group of persons who normally lived together and took food from a common kitchen constituted a household. The adverb normally means that temporary visitors and guests (whose total period of stay in the household was expected to be less than 6 months) were excluded but temporary stay-aways (whose total period of absence from the household was expected to be less than 6 months) were included. Thus a child residing in a hostel for studies was excluded from the household of his/her parents, but a resident domestic servant or paying guest (but not just a tenant in the house) was included in the employers/hosts household. Living together was given more importance than sharing food from a common kitchen in drawing the boundaries of a household in case the two criteria were in conflict. However, in the special case of a person taking food with his family but sleeping elsewhere (say, in a shop or a different house) due to shortage of space, the household formed by such a persons family members was taken to include the person also. Each inmate of a hotel, mess, boarding-lodging house, hostel, etc., was considered to be a single-member household except that a family living in a hotel (say) was considered one household only. The same principle was applicable for the residential staff of such establishments. The size of a household is the total number of persons in the household.

2.2 Age (years): The age in completed years, as on the date of survey, of the household members were recorded.

2.3 Land owned by the household as on date of survey: A piece of land was considered as 'owned by the household' if permanent heritable possession with or without the right to transfer the title was vested in a member or members of the household. Land held in owner-like possession say, under perpetual lease, hereditary tenure, long-term lease for 30 years or more, etc., was also considered as land owned.

2.4 Land possessed by the household as on date of survey: The area of land possessed included land owned, leased in and land neither owned nor leased in (i.e. encroached) by the household but excluded land 'leased out'. For a piece of land under the possession of the household, if the household did not have the title of ownership and also did not have lease agreement for the use of land transacted, either orally or in writing, such land was considered as neither owned nor leased in. In collecting information regarding land possessed, the actual position as obtained on the date of survey was considered. The area of land possessed did not include the area of land owned, leased-in, etc. by the



servants/paying guests who were considered as normal members of the household, as per the definition of household taken up for the survey. 2.5 Land cultivated (including orchard and plantation) during July 2008-June 2009: Land cultivated (including orchard and plantation) during the agricultural year 2008-2009, i.e., July 2008 to June 2009 was recorded considering cultivation of land from the land 'owned', 'land leased-in' or from 'land neither owned nor leased-in'. Area with field crops and area under orchards and plantations was counted only once in the same year/ season. It may be noted that information on land owned, possessed or cultivated as described above was collected in hectares upto 3 places of decimals.

2.6 General educational level: A person was considered as literate if he/she could both read and write a simple message with understanding in at least one language. For all the individuals who were found to be literate, the general level of education was collected in terms of highest level of education successfully completed. Highest level of education successfully completed by each member of the household was decided by considering his/ her all general/ technical/ vocational educational level and was recorded in terms of 12 categories viz. (i) not literate, (ii) literate without formal schooling: (a) Education Guarantee Scheme (EGS)/Non-formal Education Courses (NFEC)/ Adult Literacy Centres (AEC), (b) Total Literacy Campaign (TLC), (c) others; (iii) literate but below primary, (iv) primary (v) middle, (vi) secondary, (vii) higher secondary, (viii) diploma/certificate course, (ix) graduate, and (x) postgraduate and above. The criterion for deciding primary, middle, secondary, etc. levels were the same as that has been followed in the concerned states/union territories. The category diploma or certificate course meant diploma or certificate courses in general education, technical education or vocational education, which is below graduation level. Diploma or certificate courses in general education, technical education or vocational education, which is equivalent to graduation level, was considered under the category graduate. Similarly, diploma or certificate courses in general education, technical education or vocational education, which is equivalent to post-graduation level and above were considered under the category post-graduate and above.

2.7 Technical educational level: The highest level of technical education successfully completed by each member of the household was recorded in terms of 12 categories viz. (i) no technical education, (ii) technical degree in agriculture / engineering / technology / medicine etc. (iii) diploma or certificate below graduate level in: (a) agriculture, (b) engineering/technology, (c) medicine, (d) crafts, (e) other subjects, and (iv) diploma or certificate equivalent to graduate and above level in: (a) agriculture, (b) engineering/technology, (c) medicine, (d) crafts, (e) other subjects. Technical diploma or certificate in other subjects included diploma or certificate in management, applied arts, etc.

2.8 Status of current attendance in educational institution: Particulars of current attendance in educational institution were recorded for persons of age below 30 years. It was first ascertained whether the person was currently attending any educational



institutions (government or private) or not. For persons who were not currently attending any educational institutions, reason for not attending viz. (i) school too far, (ii) to supplement household income, (iii) education not considered necessary, (iv) to attend domestic chores, and (v) others, was recorded. For those who were currently attending any educational institution, the course of study pursued by them was recorded in terms of 23 categories viz. (i) EGS/NFEC/AEC, (ii) TLC, (iii) pre-primary (nursery/Kinder garten, etc.), (iv) primary (class I to IV/V), (v) middle, (vi) secondary, (vii) higher secondary, (viii) graduate in: (a) agriculture, (b) engineering/technology, (c) medicine, (d) other subjects;(ix) post graduate and above, (x) diploma or certificate (below graduate level) in: (a) agriculture, (b) engineering/technology, (c) medicine, (d) crafts, (e) other subjects, (xi) diploma or certificate (graduate level) in: (a) agriculture, (b) engineering/technology, (c) medicine, (d) crafts, (e) other subject; (xii) diploma or certificate in post graduate and above level. Persons who were registered for any regular correspondence courses or distance education courses for a stipulated period at the end of which, were allowed to appear in the examination for the course, was also considered as currently attending. Persons who were awaiting results were also considered as currently attending.

2.9 Type of institution: The type of institution referred to the type of management by which the institution was run. For those who were currently attending any educational institution, the type of institution was recorded in terms of 5 categories viz. (i) Government, (ii) Local body, (iii) Private and aided, (iv) Private and unaided, and (v) not known. All schools/ institutions run by the State, Central Government, Public Sector Undertakings or Autonomous Organisations, which are completely financed by the Government were treated as government institutions. Schools/ institutions where there was some intervention of government in the management and were mainly financed by the government, were also treated as government institutions. All institutions run by municipal corporations, municipal committees, notified area committees, zilla parishads, panchayat samitis, cantonment boards, etc. were treated as local body institutions. Institutions that were run by an individual or a private organisation and received maintenance grant partly or fully from the Government or local body were considered as private aided institution. Institutions that were managed by an individual or a private organisation and not receiving maintenance grant either from a Government or a local body were considered as private unaided institution.

2.10 Vocational training: The main objective of vocational education and training is to prepare persons, especially the youth, for the world of work and make them employable for a broad range of occupations in various industries and other economic sectors. A vocational training was broadly defined as a training, which prepared an individual for a specific vocation or occupation. It aims at imparting training to persons in very specific fields through providing significant hands on experience in acquiring necessary skill in the specific vocation or trade, which make them employable or create for them opportunities of self-employment.



2.10.1 Formal vocational training: The vocational training that took place in education and training institutions which followed a structured training programme and led to certificates, diplomas or degrees, recognised by State/Central Government, Public Sector and other reputed concerns was considered as formal vocational training. By structured training programme, it was meant that (i) the training programme had a definite title with prescribed syllabus and curriculum and a specified duration of the training, and (ii) the training had some entry level eligibility in terms of education and age.

2.10.2 Non-formal vocational training:(a) Hereditary: The expertise in a vocation or trade is sometimes acquired by the succeeding generations from other members of the households, generally the ancestors, through gradual exposures to such works as are involved in carrying out the profession by their ancestors. The expertise gained through significant hands-on experience enables the individual to take up activities in self-employment capacity or makes him employable. These were considered as non-formal vocational training acquired through hereditary sources.

(b) Self-learning: The expertise in a vocation or trade when acquired by a person through his/her own effort, without any training under any person or organisation, was considered non-formal vocational training acquired through self-learning.

(c) Learning on the job: The expertise acquired by a person while in employment (current and/or past), either through informal training by the employer or organisation or through the exposure to the type of job that he/she was performing, was considered non-formal vocational training through learning on the job.

(d) Other: Other sources included cases where the expertise for a vocation or trade was developed even from the household members or ancestors, provided the said vocation or trade was different from the one relating to their ancestors.

2.11 Economic activity: The entire spectrum of human activity falls into two categories economic activities and non-economic activities. Any activity resulting in production of goods and services that add value to national product was considered as an economic activity for the employment and unemployment survey. Such activities included produc-tion of all goods and services for market (i.e. for pay or profit) including those of government services, and, the production of primary commodities for own consumption and own account production of fixed assets.

2.11.1 The full spectrum of economic activities as defined in the UN system of National Accounts was not covered in the definition adopted for the NSS 66th round survey of Employment and Unemployment. Production of any good for own consumption is considered as economic activity by UN System of National Accounts but production of only primary goods for own consumption was considered as economic activity by NSSO. While the former considers activities like own account processing of primary products as



economic activities, in the NSS surveys, processing of primary products for own consumption was not considered as economic activity.

2.11.2 The term 'economic activity' as defined in the employment and unemployment survey of NSS 66th round, therefore, included:

(i) all the market activities performed for pay or profit which result in production of goods and services for exchange.

(ii) of the non-market activities,

(a) all the activities relating to the primary sector (i.e. industry Divisions 01 to 14 of NIC-2004) which result in production (including free collection of uncultivated crops, forestry, firewood, hunting, fishing, mining, quarrying, etc.) of primary goods for own consumption

and

(b) activities relating to the own-account production of fixed assets, which include production of fixed assets including construction of own houses, roads, wells, etc., and of machinery, tools, etc., for household enterprise and also construction of any private or community facilities free of charge. A person may be engaged in own account construction in the capacity of either a labourer or a supervisor.

As per the practice followed in earlier rounds, certain activities like prostitution, begging, etc., which though fetched earnings, were not considered as economic activities. Activity status of a person was judged irrespective of the situation whether such activity was carried out illegally in the form of smuggling or not.

2.12 Activity status: It is the activity situation in which a person was found participated in economic and non-economic activities during the reference period. According to this, a person could be in one or a combination of the following three broad activity statuses during a reference period:

(i) working or being engaged in economic activity (work) as defined above,(ii) being not engaged in economic activity (work) but either making tangible efforts to

seek 'work' or being available for 'work' if 'work' is available and(iii) being not engaged in any economic activity (work) and also not available for

'work'.

Broad activity statuses mentioned in (i) and (ii) above are associated with 'being in labour force' and the last with 'not being in the labour force'. Within the labour force, broad activity status (i) and (ii) were associated with 'employment' and unemployment, respectively.



2.12.1 Identification of each individual in terms of a unique activity status could pose a problem when more than one of the three broad activity statuses listed above were concurrently obtained in a person. In such an eventuality, the identification uniquely under any one of the three broad activity statuses was done by adopting either the major time or priority criterion. The former was used for classification of persons according to the 'usual activity status' approach and the latter for classification of persons according to the current activity status approach. Each of the three broad activity statuses was further sub-divided into several detailed activity categories. If a person categorised as engaged in economic activity by adopting one of the two criteria mentioned above was found to be pursuing more than one economic activity during the reference period, the appropriate detailed activity status code was connected to that activity in which relatively long time had been spent. A similar procedure was adopted for assigning detailed activity code for persons categorised as engaged in non-economic activity and pursuing more than one non-economic activities.

2.12.2 The detailed activity statuses under each of the three broad activity statuses (viz. employed, unemployed and not in labour force) and the corresponding codes used in the survey are given below:code description

working (or employed)

self-employed11 worked in household enterprises (self-employed) as own-account worker12 worked in household enterprises (self-employed) as an employer21 worked in household enterprises (self-employed) as helper

regular wage/ salaried employee

31 worked as regular wage/salaried employee

casual labour41 worked as casual wage labour in public works other than Mahatma Gandhi NREG

public works42 worked as casual wage labour in Mahatma Gandhi NREG public works51 worked as casual wage labour in other types of works61 did not work owing to sickness though there was work in household enterprise 62 did not work owing to other reasons though there was work in household enterprise71 did not work owing to sickness but had regular salaried/wage employment72 did not work owing to other reasons but had regular salaried/wage employment

not working but seeking/available for work (or unemployed)

81 sought work or did not seek but was available for work (for usual status approach)81 sought work (for current weekly status approach)82 did not seek but was available for work (for current weekly status approach)



neither working nor available for work (or not in labour force)

91 attended educational institutions92 attended to domestic duties only 93 attended to domestic duties and was also engaged in free collection of goods

(vegetables, roots, firewood, cattle feed, etc.), sewing, tailoring, weaving, etc. for household use

94 rentiers, pensioners, remittance recipients, etc.95 not able to work owing to disability97 others (including beggars, prostitutes, etc.) 98 did not work owing to sickness (for casual workers only)99 children of age 0-4 years

It may be noted that codes 61, 62, 71, 72, 82 and 98 were applicable for current weekly status and current daily status approaches only. Moreover, activity status code 41 in the usual status is used for casual wage labour in all types of public works, whereas in the current activity status, code 41 is for casual wage labour in public works other than MGNREG public works and code 42 is for casual wage labour in MGNREG public works.

2.13 Workers (or employed): Persons who were engaged in any economic activity or who, despite their attachment to economic activity, abstained themselves from work for reason of illness, injury or other physical disability, bad weather, festivals, social or religious functions or other contingencies necessitating temporary absence from work, constituted workers. Unpaid helpers who assisted in the operation of an economic activity in the household farm or non-farm activities were also considered as workers. Relevant activity status codes 11 to 72 were assigned for workers. Workers were further categorized as self-employed (relevant activity status codes: 11, 12, 21, 61, 62), regular salaried/wage employee (relevant activity status codes: 31, 71, 72), and casual wage labour (relevantactivity status codes: 41, 42 and 51).

2.14 Seeking or available for work (or unemployed): Persons who, owing to lack of work, had not worked but either sought work through employment exchanges, intermediaries, friends or relatives or by making applications to prospective employers or expressed their willingness or availability for work under the prevailing conditions of work and remuneration, were considered as those seeking or available for work (or unemployed). Activity status codes 81 or 82 were assigned for unemployed.

2.15 Labour force: Persons who were either 'working' (or employed) or 'seeking or available for work' (or unemployed) constituted the labour force. Persons with activity status codes 11 82 constituted the labour force.

2.16 Not in labour force: Persons who were neither 'working' nor 'seeking or available for work' for various reasons during the reference period were considered as 'not in labour force'. Persons under this category are students, those engaged in domestic duties, rentiers, pensioners, recipients of remittances, those living on alms, infirm or disabled persons, too young persons, prostitutes, etc. and casual labourers not working due to sickness. Activity



status codes 91-95, 97 and 98 were assigned for persons belonging to category 'not in labour force'. For the purpose of this report, status code 99 was assigned to children of age 0-4 years.

2.17 Self-employed: Persons who operated their own farm or non-farm enterprises or were engaged independently in a profession or trade on own-account or with one or a few partners were treated as self-employed in household enterprises. The essential feature of the self-employed is that they have autonomy (decide how, where and when to produce) and economic independence (in respect of choice of market, scale of operation and finance) for carrying out their operation. The remuneration of the self-employed consists of a non-separable combination of two parts: a reward for their labour and profit of their enterprise. The combined remuneration is wholly determined by the revenue from sales after netting out value of purchased inputs used in production.

2.17.1 Categories of self-employed persons: Self-employed persons were categorised as follows:

(i) own-account workers: those self-employed persons who operated their enterprises on their own account or with one or a few partners and who, during the reference period, by and large, ran their enterprise without hiring any labour. They could, however, have had unpaid helpers to assist them in the activity of the enterprise;

(ii) employers: those self-employed persons who worked on their own account or with one or a few partners and, who, by and large, ran their enterprise by hiring labour; and

(iii) helpers in household enterprise: those self-employed persons (mostly family members) who were engaged in their household enterprises, working full or part time and did not receive any regular salary or wages in return for the work performed. They did not run the household enterprise on their own but assisted the related person living in the same household in running the household enterprise.

2.18 Regular wage/salaried employee: These were persons who worked in others farm or non-farm enterprises (both household and non-household) and, in return, received salary or wages on a regular basis (i.e. not on the basis of daily or periodic renewal of work contract). This category included not only persons getting time wage but also persons receiving piece wage or salary and paid apprentices, both full time and part-time.

2.19 Casual wage labourer: A person who was casually engaged in others farm or non-farm enterprises (both household and non-household) and, in return, received wages according to the terms of the daily or periodic work contract, was a casual wage labourer.

2.20 Public works: Public works were those activities which were sponsored by Government or Local Bodies, and which covered local area development works like



construction of roads, dams, bunds, digging of ponds, etc., as relief measures, or as an outcome of employment generation schemes under the poverty alleviation programme such as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee (MGNREG) public works, Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY), National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP), etc. The coverage of schemes under public works was restricted to thoseschemes through which the Government generated wage employment under poverty alleviation programme, or relief measures. The types of

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Employment and Unemployment Situation in India 2009-10 · Employment and Unemployment Situation in India ... Unemployment are brought out by NSSO in a number of reports. The NSSO